Social Psychology- Chapter 5 & 6

lead to animosity between the A team and the B team.

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team. These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach's new arrangement is likely to

superordinate.

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups is

cognitive dissonance.

A teenager is out with her friends at the mall. Although she doesn't believe in shoplifting, when they all take earrings and put them in their pockets, she does as well. As a result, she will most likely experience

self-perception

According to Daryl Bem's ________________ theory, a person examines their behavior to reveal what their attitude is.

gender stereotypes.

According to social-role theory, gender differences that arise from social roles provide a continuing basis for

internally; more

According to the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model, _____ motivated individuals may learn to control their prejudices _____ effectively over time.

benevolent

Affectionate feelings toward women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as _____ sexism.

increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype.

All of the following result from social categorization except

high need for cognition.

Analytical people who enjoy thinking carefully, show a

prejudice

Bonnie dislikes all lawyers. This is an example of

stereotyping, discrimination

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.

"Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries... if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seen them all."

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which of the following statements that Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity?

change; formation

Dissonance theory explains attitude _______________, while self-perception theory explains attitude _______________.

identify what men and women should be like.

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes

hostile sexism

Negative feelings directed at women's abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as

like him/her.

Persuasion research has shown that, due to similarity, a person will be more persuaded by someone who is

racism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.

whether the message communicator is viewed as being an expert and someone who can be trusted.

Regarding one of the elements of persuasion, credibility pertains to

A person's attitude will always predict their behavior.

Regarding the relationship between a person's attitudes and their behavior, which one of the following is NOT completely accurate?

must exert a great deal of cognitive effort in order to avoid prejudice when interacting with African Americans.

Research by Jennifer Richeson, Nicole Shelton, and colleagues demonstrates that Caucasian individuals who score high on a measure of implicit racism

people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans.

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by African Americans in academic settings may be due to

improvement in minority group and maintenance of test scores for the majority group.

Research on the jigsaw method has found that jigsaw classrooms saw a(n)

create good impressions.

Self-presentation theory argues that people will adopt attitudes consistent with behaviors in order to

overestimate differences between groups.

Social categorization leads people to

realistic conflict theory.

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by

positive or negative beliefs about a social group.

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern

Outgroup homogeneity effect

The belief "they're all the same" best epitomizes which of the following concepts?

the contact hypothesis.

The idea that, under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups can reduce prejudice is most consistent with

offers a solution to deal with the problem.

The most effective fear-arousing message is one that

Administer the implicit association test (IAT) to subjects.

What is one method of measuring unconscious attitudes?

attitude inoculation.

What is one technique that can be used to resist persuasion by others?

cognitive dissonance.

When a person's behavior is incongruent with their attitude and they feel unsettled or disturbed because of it, this is referred to as

central; peripheral

When people are presented with information and they are naturally analytical or the information is highly involving, they are likely to be persuaded via the ________________ route to persuasion. When people are not engaged with the information, or they tend to make snap judgments, they are more likely to be persuaded via the _______________ route.

Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

the location of the communication

Which one of the following choices is NOT one of the four elements of persuasion, originally described by Karl Hovland, and used today in persuasion research?

A message that appears to be designed to change our attitude.

Which one of the following choices is most likely to be the LEAST persuasive?

The central route to persuasion.

Which route to persuasion is more likely to produce lasting change?

a job interviewer's behavior can create a self-fulfilling prophecy that leads applicants of a particular race to objectively perform more poorly than other applicants.

Word and colleagues (1974) conducted a study examining the influence of racial stereotyping on job interview performance. This study demonstrated that

negatively; better

Zena just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice. She comes upon Alec, a resident of a nearby neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful. It is likely that the news Zena just received will cause her to judge Alec more _____, making her feel _____ about herself.

stereotype

a belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.

insufficient justification

a condition in which people freely perform an attitude-discrepant behavior without receiving a large reward

insufficient deterrence

a condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatened.

jigsaw classroom

a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts

implicit association test

a covert measure of unconscious attitudes derived from the speed at which people respond to pairing of concepts- such as black or white with good or bad.

sleeper effect

a delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a non-credible source

social dominance orientation

a desire to see ones ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to accept cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

modern racism

a form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

ambivalent sexism

a form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs, and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing feeling and beliefs

subliminal presentation

a method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

stereotype content model

a model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth

attitude scale

a multiple item questionnaire designed to measure a person's attitude toward some object

need for cognition

a personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities

bogus pipeline

a phony lie detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions

attitude

a positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea

superordinate goal

a shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individual's or groups

system justification theory

a theory that proposes that people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.

implicit attitude

an attitude, such as prejudice, that one is not aware of having

facial electromyograph

an electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes.

illusory correlation

an overestimate of the association between variable that are only slightly or not at all correlated.

discrimination

behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.

stigmatized

being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in particular social group or because of a particular characteristic

relative deprivation

feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others.

outgroups

group's with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership

ingroups

groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

prejudice

negative feelings towards persons based on their membership in certain groups.

sexism

prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.

aversive racism

racism that concerns the ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs on the one hand and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs on the other

implicit racism

racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

social categorization

the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

stereotype threat

the experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes abouts one's groups.

inoculation hypothesis

the idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument

peripheral route to persuasion

the process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial ques.

central route to persuasion

the process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments

persuasion

the process by which attitudes are changed

evaluative conditioning

the process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or things

elaboration

the process of thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication.

outgroup homogeneity effect

the tendency to assumes that there are greater similarities between members of outgroups than there are between members of ingroups.

ingroup favoritism

the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.

theory of planned behavior

the theory that attitudes toward a specific behavior combine with subjective norms and perceived control to influence a person's actions.

contact hypothesis

the theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.

realistic conflict theory

the theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

psychological reactance

the theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive.

social identity theory

the theory that peoples favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.

social role theory

the theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.

cognitive dissonance theory

theory holding that inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce