Social Psychology Final Exam

What did Ash find that matters in perception study ?

- 1.order of words - the first word has one of the greatest impact. First impressions matter. - 2.certain words have strong meanings. -3. context of other words.

What is the fundamental attribution Error?

- Heider: "Behaviour engulfs the field" - this is that peoples behaviour is what tends to be focused on. This makes it harder to notice siutational pressures. So we will make systematic situational error. - see behaviour more as a function of the person than they should.

What is social identity theory?

- any distinction between groups causes favouritism for your own group. Minimal group Experiment: - social identity theory says that ANY distinction between groups causes favouritism for your own group. Study: Split up school children based on if they are in the overestimator and underestimator group. The children gave up points to members of the groups, they gave more money to the people in their group.

What is the Jones and Harris model in Fundamental Attribution Error?

- choices should determine whether a personal or situational attribution should be made. - they wanted to look at speeches, and if someone actually chose to make that speech or not. And if this would influence if that speech would influence if people thought that was their true beliefs or not. Showed that it didn't matter if the crowd knew if the speech was forced or not, what mattered was the topic being spoken about. They would then assign a personal attribution, not situational.

What is the Sherif study?

- conformity study - looked at how people responded by what other people had to say - Norm formation" How do people come to share ideas" - looked at autokinetic effect - ask them how much the light moved. to everyone, it will look like the light is moving, no one gives that answer tho as it look like it's moving. He wanted to see if people would come to an agreement over how much the light moved. - found that if you bring people in over a few days, that over time people agreed on how much the light is moving. <- this is caused norm formation. As they made an agreement on something. to make a case that it was norm formation he added variations. ------ He brought some people in a year later, brought them in again and showed the norm lasted over time. ---- transmission of belief - he brought in a confederate who would make really inflatted guesses on how much the light is moving. When the norm forms in this group, they influence the other people in the group. Norm formed is big. Beliefs can be transmitted up to 5 generations.

What is Wilson and Ross Temporal comparison?

- degrading our past self, and bringing our success from the past time can make us feel better about ourselves. Study: - students rated themselves on a number of positive and negative traits in sept. - when they had students rate themselves in November, they went down a bit. This could be because starting university is hard. When they did the re self rating, they asked what their self rating was in September, and the students remembered their self rating to be a lot lower than what they actually said. " i may not feel good about myself now, but I at least feel better about myself than I used too" if if this isn't true. When people compare themselves to the past, they can create an illusion that they're changing for the better.

What are schemas?

- guide our processing of info - example 1: gave us a vague passage. But then once the prof gave us a schema (which gave us the topic of the post) it made the post easier to read. - schemas help us make sense of reality, and frame our way of thinking.

What is Kurt Lewin?

- he brought a unique perspective to psychology - wanted to have scientific study on how people relate to and come to understand one another. + a Gestalt psychology perspective (which is all about perception. - he was interested in how people perceive each other, came up with "Behaviour is a function of the person and the situation".

What is the autokinetic effect?

- illusion because everyone sees something that isn't there - if you put osmeone in a dark room and shine a light on the wall, it will look like to everyone that the light is moving, but it is perfectly still. - the reason the light looks like it is moving is because our eyes move ever so slightly.

What was manipulated in the weapons effect study?

- in the control group, there was nothing in the room of the study - in experimental group there is a shot gun and a pistol. - another group had a badminton racquet Found that when the shot gun was on the filing cabinet, people fired more shocks. showed that when people are frustrated and there is an agressive cue (the gun) people are more aggressive (administerd more shocks)

What is Kelley's covariation model of attribution?

- make attributions based on covariation principal - have to figure out whether the person caused the behaviour or if there is a situational cause. - Is the situation driving the behaviour? How are other people influenced by the situation? Kelley's argues that a cause must be present when an event occurs and absent when it doesn't occur. The cause has to be present when the behaviour occurs. and has to be absent when it doesn't happen. We have three kinds of covariation information: - 1. Consensus information - What do other people say about the event? -2. Distinctiveness - what does this person say about other events? -3. Consistency If there is low consensus, high distinctiveness, high consistency, we can make attribution error to the person. If the consensus is high, the distinctiveness is high, the consistency is high, the attribution can be situational.

How does Schemas affect our memories and the reconstruction of these memories?

- memories are shaped by schemas that influence them. - study: How people remember viewing traffic accidents. - Could bring a schema to the situation by the questions she asked. - Schemas guide our preception of reality of things that occured in the past If the studier said "How fast did the cars go when they smashed into each other" people would say that they saw breaking glass and that the cars were going much faster. But if she said "How fast were the cars going when they bumped into each other, people said the cars were going slower.

What is the relationship between plane crashes and suicide?

- plane crashes where there is just the pilot involved. - thought is, is that when someone sees that someone crashed an airplane this might suggest that someone is actually trying to kill themselves. Most people prob wouldn't think this, but if you already want to kill youself and then you see this you may read into it like they wanted to kill themselves. - this looked at suicide and how they were affected by small plane crashes. These tend to be coverd in local news, but not in places far away. They compared sucicide rates in the area it was covered right beside the area that it wasn't coverd. - within a month of the plane crash occruing, the sucicde rate was 35% the normal rate, 1 month after it's still increased by 20%, 2 months it drops back down. Right after these small plane crashes the suicide spikes. ex: seeing the plane crash suggests that if that person killed themselves and if I'm alreadying thinking of doing it, it'll make me do it more.

What is Self Verification theory?

- presenting yourself to maintain your self-views. - people want other people to view them as they view themselves. - sometimes people want others to see even their negative qualtities. - might promote behaviour that isn't self-serving. Study: picking a partner who doesn't like you - if the person has a negative self-concept, they would rather interact with someone who has an unfavourable impression on them instead of someone who has a favourable one. - they want someone who will see them as they see themselves. - if the person has a positive self-concept. Would rather interact with someone with a favourable view.

What is the Ross, Amabile and Steinmetz study on fundamental attriubtion error?

- set up a game show, had two subjects. One got to be the questioner and one got to be the contestant. - Questioner came up in 10 questions that they thought they would know but the contestant wouldn't. - then they had someone rank how smart they thought the questioner and contestant are. Both the contestants and observers thought the questioners were smarter, but they were both equally smart.

What was Spencer's minimal group study?

- showed the social identity theory - done at University of Michigan. - asked to rate one person from the University of Michigan and one person from Ohio state, they say that the michagan person is around a 9/10 on personality. Person from Ohio state get's a 4.

What is the social comparison theory?

- we gain impressions of ourselves by comparing with others - we also compared ourselves with ourselves- over time. (how you were as a child with now) this are called temporal comparisons.

what is the cognitive theory for sterotyping?

- we have sterotypes to make sense of the world - we have to simplify things - We have to put things and people into categories.

What is the Delinquency study and balance?

- young men who were arrested between 15-17 - wanted to see how possible selfs would affect future arrests. - boys who did the best had a balance in their possible selves, the boys who had feared possible selfs paired with expected possible selfs on how to over come it least likely to become criminals again. ex: I fear becoming a drug dealer, but I expected something that would help overcome this I will avoid that group. Expectations can drive to positive behaviour. Fear: help motivate the desires and expectations.

What are types of self-serving cognitions? (6)

1. False consensus - when we believe that other people agree with us more than is justified. - people tend to think "everyone agrees with me" - study: number of different situations, and then asked how many of their fellow students would do the same thing. "Eat at Joe's" - wear this sign. People who thought they would wear the sign said that 66% of people would too. While if people thought they wouldn't wear the sign, they thought 66% people wouldn't wear the sign. - we have a belief that people will agree with us 2. False Uniqueness Affect - thinking that few others behave or think like you - only occurs when people show exemplary or horrendous behaviours. "When I do something great, I'm the only person who does it" 3. Overestimation of our contribution and abilities - when people work together in a group, everyone thinks they did more than their share. study by Ross: had married couples rate how much they contributed to household chores, but each thought they did more than half. This could be because of what you have access to remember "you will clearly remember the times you did the dishes, it's hard to remember when your spouse did the dishes if you weren't there. 4. Explanations of success and failure - typical finding is that people when they do well, they make internal attribution "i did well because of how talented I am" - when people fail they make an external attribution "that was a bad test, not enough time" 5.Basking in Reflected Glory - latching on to other's people's success can make you feel better Study: What people wear after the game - After a game where the team won, people would where sweaters of the team logo everywhere, but after they lost, no one would wear them. Study: Feedback and Badges - group was either given positive, no or negative feedback. Groups that got good feedback, 66% took the badges home, 50% of people who go no feedback took them home, while if they got negative feedback only 10% took the badges home. 6. Self Handicapping - neg conseuences - use this to prevent the self from getting hurt. - Exams and drinking - get drunk before exam so then when they do badly they can say "what can I expect, I was hungover, how could I do well". This strategy shows that some people engage in behaviour that can undermine their performance. This allows for them to provide an excuse in case they don't do well.

How do we make attributions?

1. Fundamental attribution error

how do we come to the particular impressions ?

1. Non-verbal behaviour - most important is A).facial expressions. We have 6 basic ones. b) Body language. We use non-verbal behaviour to see if someone is lying. Look for micro facial expressions. People make a little facial expresion that doesn't fit with what they're saying, this fits a que for that that're lying.

Under cogntive theory, how do sterotypes form?

1. Out-Group Homogeneity Effect - people think that members of their own group are diverse. " My group has so many different people, other groups? Very alike" - to think everyone in an outgroup is the same it causes you to sterotype them. You know a lot of people from your own gourp so you diffeerenitate, but you don't know many people from the out group, so you generalize. 2. Illusory Correlations - concered with sterotypes, because they are negative generalization.

What are some aggressive cues?

= Guns = Black uniforms (tend to have more penalties)

Why does social identity theory think we favour people in our groups versus another group?

Because we want to feel better about ourselfs. - if we favour our own group, we feel better about our social identity.

What is modelling and aggression? study name too

Bobo Doll Study - "Does seeing other people act aggressively make people aggressive?" Had children watch an adult beat up a bobo doll Three groups Aggressive Model: Doll was beat up, children watched this. Non- Aggressive Model: Adult build a tower out of toys. Children watched this Control: didn't see an adult in there at all. Children watched, They were then given the chance to play in this room. The question was "Did they whack the Bobo doll more after seeing the aggressive model?" - They whacked the bobo doll within 2 minutes of play an avg of more than 25 times. - In the non-aggressive and control, the average was 1 time.

What is Self-Schemas?

Created by Hazel Markus Schemas are ways to understand the world. ~lenes on how you look at the world~ Self schemas: dominant way we think of ourselves. These are the things that are important to us, and guide our understanding on what the world is like. It's important that we are this way. So Hazel brought in people who described themselves as independent, dependent or neither. She asked people how independent or dependent are you. Had Indepedent self-schematics Depedent self schematics Aschematics - doesn't care about independent or dependent showed these three types of people words that cued independent traits or dependent traits. They had to descripe if those words described them or not and how quickly they could make these decisions. Indepedent trait and indepdent people: made connection that these words connected to them the fastest. While on dependent traits: Indepedent people were the slowest and dependent people were the quickest. this shows how quickly you think about things is the self-schemas influence how quickly you think about things.

what are dependent and independent variables ?

Dependent - effects - need to be valid and reliable Independent - causes (what we're testing) - things we manipulate ex: we're doing a study on connection between watching violence makes you more violent. The independent variable woulf be the experimental group: watching violence, in control : no violence. The depedent would look at the measure used for violence so the mark on a survey.

What is the Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, and Sears study?

Frustration and aggression. Theory of Frustration: - they said that frustration always leads to aggression. - frustration is caused when someone's goal is blocked. - aggression is not always expressed in physical ways. - they said aggression would occur as first targeted against whatever is blocking the goal. If this isn't possible, aggression is often displaced on a target that is easy to aggress against. Ex: American south (correlational finding)

Is there evidence that heat leads to aggression?

Good evidence. BUT the correlation of heat and aggression is very weak. In experimental studies where they control the heat and look at aggression, they see an inverted U-shaped curve. Aggression goes up as temp increases until it gets really hot then it drops off.

What is self-presentation?

HOw do we present ourself to other people? - Self monitoring - Self verification

What is the Heider Phenomenological model ?

How do we make attributions from behaviour. - knowing people's general tendencies can help figure out what kind of people they are. - used the Brunswick lens model.

Violent porn and rape study results?

In this they had a control group and violent porn. They then had people fill out a scale of rape myth acceptance scale where they ask what would justify rape. - after men watch violent porn, they endorse these rape justifications, compared to those who don't watch violent porn. Men who are prone to commite rape, when they watch violent porn, it could push them over the edge and make them more likely to be rapist.

can you establish causality in surveys?

It's really hard because time order is not really built in like we see in studies. - time order can be used in longitudinal surveys (so survey and then survey later, etc) - elimination of other causes is tricky.

What are the two theories of Attribution?

Kelley's covariation - this looks at consensus information - distinctivness - consistency and Jones and Davis' - choice - expectedness - non common causes/effects

what do surveys let us do?

Let's us take a sample of a population and then use that information to represent a larger group. Does not use random assignment, they use random sampling/selection.

How does social context help people form their self-concept?

Look at McGuire "Who am I study" if you ask people to describe themselves what they will do is describe themselves in ways that make them unique. - this could lead to self-schemas, all we'd have to add is that characterisitic being important to us. Social context influences how we think about ourselves.

What is the effect of pornography on Aggression?

Non-violent porn produces mixed results. - Neutral: in one study they had people come in and they watched a film with no porn. - there was a very little increase in aggression - Erotic: Sex, but no violence - Aggressive porn: people are hurting each other. - increased violence on female targets, but not male targets. Showed people diff types of porn then got them to shock people. They could shock either males or females. they say that violent porn makes people more aggressive against women, while non-violent porn makes them view women as sex objects & depersonalize them, some of that could lead to violence.

What is the looking glass selfs?

ONe theory on how we form self-concept. looking glass self - developed by Cooley and Mead - people gain a sense of who they are by taking on the perceptions that other people have on them. people see you as nice and helpful, that's how you'll see yourself. some evidnece that we do form our self persecption from others. But not a strong connection.

What is the Brunswick lends model ?

Perceiver shapes reality through the lends of their beliefs and perceptions we have two kinds of attributions here, 1. Attributions of causality - locus of causality : internal vs external - if it was caused by the person or the situation. ex: if a person punched someone in the face bc soemoen was holding their child hostage and told them they had to punch someone in the face, we'd aassociate that they did this attribution due to the situatin, while if they punched someone randomly, we'd say it was the person. 2. Attributions of resppnbility - if soemone enages in a behaviour, are they responsible for that behaviour. - in order to hold someone responsibility we have to think that the person has intention and or foreknowledge on the outcome. we don't always know the extent of negative consequences. In practice, attributions of responsibility are not the same as attributions of causality although in practice they are often confused. They think that if someone caused an action that means they intended too. But this may not be the case.

Where do self concepts come from? What is possible self?

Possible self: may not characterize you. It's a view on what you will be in the future. Provides a motive to become that or not. Three ways people descripe themsevles - what they hope to be - what they expect to be What they fear to be - these can influence the self-schemas we hav. -delinquency Study and Balance

What were the studies done for introspection ?

Raising the tide study Rating of a warm and cold instructor Affective Forecasting

What is Jones example for Self Handipaping?

Set up a test that was either ranked important or unimportant. - they would say the test was either really important for how you'd do in life, or if it was just a small test. Manipulated: one condition, they would say next door there is going to be this loud noise, this may screw up your test. in other condition, there was no noise that could be used as an excuse. Now they looked to see if people would take a pill, they said they were studying to see the effect of this medication on testing. but it was a placebo. They said the pill could distrupt their performance. If it was an important test and they didn't have an excuse of the noise, they would take the pill that could interfere with their performance, they wanted the self handicap to explain their performance.

T/F "What is accepted is shaped by what is popular, and by political force"

TRUE

What did Fein and Spencer show in Jewish American Princess study

The term Jewish American princess, it's a negative stereotype about rich jewish women. - In the study, they gave an intelligence test, with half positive/ half negative feedback. - then asked them to evalaute women for a women placement. The only thing that's changed is the name. They would make sure that in one situation the women was clearly jewish, and the other one the women was italian. - If the people got positive feedback then they rank her pretty positvely no matter her ethnicity. But if they got negative feedback, they ranked her as jewish horribly, but they don't rank her badly when she's seen as white. One reason that people may be sterotypic and predadious against others could be because they are trying to feel better about themsevles "my groups better"

What is the model of the effect of personality and porn on aggression ?

This finds two factors that makes someone more likey to be a rapist. Things that work together for rape prone perosnality 1. Sexual Promiscuity 2. Hostile Masculinity - look down on women these are the men who are at risk to be rapists. study: representative sample of uni students and measured just as these men were coming into uni they measured if they had these personality traits. They found the ones who were most likely and then wanted to see what factors determine which of these men would actually later on become a rapist. Turned out the strongest predictor for men with the personality was weather or not they watched a lot of violent porn. - men who are prone to rape and watch violent porn are 6 times more likely than those rape prone men who do not.

What is self monitoring?

This is a type of self-presentation. - High Self- Monitors: this is when some people present themselves to fit the situation. - Low Self-Monitors: while other people tend to ignore the situation, and will always react the same way. Study: Self-monitors bend to the situation - uses conformity, so people were making judgements on colours. Had confederates name the colours, if it was blue, (most ppl would call it this) they'd have the confederate say it was green. - maniuplated the norms of this situation. In one situation, they may have told them that it's really important for them to stick up for what they believe in (autonomy norm) In this, High self-monitors conform a lot less, but when they are told conformity norms, they conform a lot more.

What is American South?

This is under the frustration theory of Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer and Sears - In the states, the whole economy was dependent on the price of cotton. So they were curious to see if when the price of cotton went down what does this do to people in this siutation. Thought that as cotton prices went down, people are frustrated, but you can't get mad at cotton so aggression was displaced onto the blacks who were killed. Extreme strong correlation between cotton prices and lynching.

What is introspection?

This is when we look inside ourselfs. - in general our introspection are not good. People really don't understand themselves as well as they think they do. Nisbett and Wilson study: : - we have very little understanding on what goes on inside of us. We think we know why we do them, but we don't.

What is radon sampling/selection?

This is when you randomly take people from a big group and put them in a smaller group. This small group is then representative of the big group. - everyone has to have the same chance of being slected and equal chance

What is the two step model of attribution?

This is who we make attributions. - Gilbert argues that people make an automatic person attribution. When we're trying to find out why someone is doing something they are doing, their behaviour, we do the following two steps. step 1. Snap (we do it automatically) it's a person attribution. step 2: harder, and not automatic. This is a correction of the fundamental attribution error. We try to correct for situational forces. This correction isn't adequate, we can't correct enough. When the ability to think is compromised, only the person attribution is made.

What is the Raising Tide study?

This was done by Wilson and Nisblet Was to look at Introspection. -They made participants listen to words and remember them . -Then you would answer the following questions (distractor). - Write down the original list of words So the words were Ocean, moon, tree, building, chair, salt, surf and fire. One of the distractor questions was about name a type of laundry detergent, most people would answer with tide. Why? Words that people are trying to remember influenced what brand that they put down.

What is anchoring effects and framing effects in Surveys and what are they apart of?

Unbiased questions. Anchoring effects: - pushing people in one direction - when you state something that is a fact when it's not "most people feel X, do you feel X?" Framing effects - framing questions to seem like there is only one answer.

What was Markus and Kunda study on the working self?

Wanted to see if they could influence the working self-concept. - tried to set up a self schemes where everyone would have two opposing ones. - when you're feeling left out and don't fit in the self schema that probablay gets activated is similar to other people, so you could actvate the self-schema of wanting to be similar to other people. but there are also times when we could think we are too similar to other people, and we want to distiguish ourself, so we have dissimiliaties on our minds. People came to the study, and they were asked preferences on a lot of different things. Then had two same sex confederates. In one situation they had the 2 confederates give answers that were almost the exact same perference as the person. 18/20 prefences were the same. This would active dissimilar self concept. In the other situation they had the confederates pick completely different answers for 18/20. Measure the similatities. People who were not like the confederates were a lot quicker to say me to similar words. But those who were virtual clones to the confederates said not me really fast to similatitiy words. People who were not like the confederates had a working self concept of similatiry, so they say me really quick to similairty terms. People who are cirtual clones have working concept of dissimilatites so they really fast to say "not me", Idea: we have self-schemes that we tend to show how we think about ourselves and in any given moment, our working self concept can be shown that influences on ourself.

What is the heat and aggression study? (baseball game)

We know that aggression doesn't cause heat. <- ruling out all other possible causes - Heat and Bean Ball - Does heat lead to the beating of batters more often? - across three seasons, they looked at the temp the game was played at and how many batters was hit. - when the temp was below 70, on avg player gets hit every third game. As temp rises there was a slight rise in players hit. But once the temp hits above 90, increases a **** ton. When it's really hot outside, players are 3 times more likely. - so there is a correlation, but could the variable that as it gets hotter the pitchers hands get sweaty so they can't throw as accurately and it's the wildness that's causing the batters that can hit. - so he controlled for walks, wild pitches .

Why do we tend to make fundamnetal attribution error?

We use schemas as a frame for the world. When we make attributions, we're only seeing something through a lenes.

What is causation?

What makes one factor lead to another factor. - need correlation first, but just because we have this, doesn't mean we have causation.

What is the Asch study?

Will people make a judgement that's clearly wrong just because people are saying it. - "Would people confrom with unamigusous stimuli" study: - on the left side of a wall he would have one line, and then on the other side he had another three lines. They had to pick which of the three lines were the standard line. The answer is really clear. He set up different trials, 7 of the people were confederates, and 1 real subject. First 6 people were confeds last was real. through the first few rounds they pick all the right ones, but then on the 5th trial give all the wrong answer. results: 1/3 of subjects gave the wrong answer, 70% of the subjects gave the wrong answer AT LEAST ONCE Variations: - group sizes (can get good conformity from 3 confeds) - Non-consensus in confederates lead into a substantial drop in conformity. Conformity happens once people who are giving the wrong answers are in agreement. People know what the right answer is, they won't give the wrong answr in private. But they will in private.

cAn people have multiple self-schemas?

Yes, but we can use some at differnt times than others. At any given movment some can influence what we're processing, while the others schemes may not. we use a certain set of them at a point in time and this is called the working self.

Has heat been related to agression?

Yes, it's not really strong. There is a weak correlation between heat and aggression.

Compare random sampling/selection and random assingment

You use random sampling/selection in surveys. This means that people in large group all have the equal chance to be selected to be in the small group, they also have to all have the same chance. Let's you take a small part of a large group to be represenative. Random assingment is used in studies where there is just complete random assingments. People are randomlly placed in groups.

Why do people enagage in self-bias?

because we may try and maintain a positive self image. - Self- Affirmation theory - Steele says that their is an assumption that we want to have a positive view on the self. - we want to see ourselves as okay. - we respond to threat in an effort to maintain a positive self-image. - Self-affirmation and basking in reflected glory

What is the Self-Reference Effect ?

looked at how we can improve our memory. - best way to remember the word is to think about how this word relates to you. (self reference is the best way to remember a word)

What is Gestalt psychology?

looks at perception - understanding why we saw somethings but blurred out others. - "The whole is not equal to the sum of its parts.

What are other strong effects of TV on Aggression?

makes us immune to Aggression. WE see violence on TV so we tend to be less scared of it in person. We care less about violence in the real world. We adapte to it. Can make violence easier to imitate - Bandura study suggests this. (watching someone do real violence gives people ideas on how to be violent) May make some people especially prone to commit violent acts - ppl who are on the edge of commmitting these acts, watching them, this could push them to carry out the actions.

how to eliminate other causes?

random assignment procedural control - when you keep both groups as similar as possible BUT the variable being examined is different.

Does violence in TV and movies cause violence in society?

remember if we want to infer causation, we have to have correlation + time order + randomness. - There is a correlation between watching violent TV and engaging in violence. - look at people who have been arrested for crimes. - amount of how much they watch TV correlates with the level of crime they commit. So people who do low level crimes don't watch as much TV as someone who does high level of crimes. - Does this mean that watching violent TV causes people to be violent, or does it mean that people who are violent tend to watch more TV. Or is there a third variable. - can solve the above through longitudinal study by looking at how much violence TV children watch and how violent they are and follow them thru the years. When you look at this, it shows the pattern that watching violent TV early on causes violent behaviour. But being violent early on does not cause you to watch more violent TV. This solves time order.

What is the Jones and Davis' correspondent inference theory?

response to attribution theory - when someone does something is it a reflection on who they are? - do they make corresponding inference? do your actions show who you are? There are factors we should look at when we make correspondent inference? - a) choice (if someone chooses to do something we can make a correspondent inference) - b) Expectedness ( if they are doing what is expected then there could be a lot of social pressures there so it could say it isn't apart of their true self. So we shouldnt make correspondent inference) but if people go against social pressure then we can make a correspodent inference on it. -c) Noncommon causes/effect. when someone picks between two things, this highlights the non-common effects between what they're choosing about. You make analysis on what's different.

What is the revision of the frustration-Agression Hypothesis?

said that frustration doesn't produce aggression it produces anger. Anger is an emotional reaction that readies people to aggress. If there is an aggressive cue, frustrated people will aggress. Weapons effect study - brought people in the lab and put them thru frustrating experience (number of hard questions and another person got to shock them) - then the tables were turned and they got to administer the shock and they got to pick the strength of the shock. Showed if there are aggressive cues people will be more aggressive

What are the two types of heuristics?

these are schemas that guide our information processing. 1. Representative Heuristic - Kahnrman and Amos created this. - we're not thinking about it logically, we think about things with stereotypes. So we pick things that fit that sterotype instead of things that are more statistically accurate 2. Availability Heuristic - Kahnerman and Tversky - study: What are there more of? - Words that begin with K, or words where K is the third letter. most people would say that there are more words with K as the first letter, but it's wrong. K in the third position is three times more common. Easier to think of Key, Kite, but not like Bike. This is because, we categorize words with their first letter. SO it's easier to think of words that start with K. So we overestimate it. Availability of something influences how likley we think it is. But availability and likelihood are NOT the same.

What is realistic conflict theory ? + The Sherif's Cave Experiment.

this captures how conflicts develop between groups in society. - Developed by Sherif - interested in real fights between real groups. - The Cave experiment is a boys summer camp that was run for 8 years. - he divided the camp into two groups, they had competitions. Nothing was different between the two groups, but they came to hate each other. What makes you come to hate the other group? - they artificially fuelled the hatred (said the other group would meet them on a hike) - everyone rated the members of their group better than members of the other group. How do you create this absolute hatred of the other groups. Because of realistic conflict. The group was competing for scarred resources, they identify with their group over the other group. Shierf tried to repair the relationships, he set up a number of situtiaonts to try and make the kids to like each other, he tried to undo the conflict that happened. WHat happened is not just doing things together (they would just call each other names) he developed the "Working towards a superordinate goal" this is where they would work together as a big group in order to achieve something. Only way to get success is that you need both sides of the groups. This allowed for teamwork .

What was the ratings of warm or cold instructor?

this was a study on introspection done by Nisblet and Wilson. A student explained what a prof was like to a range of other people in the class, but for some he described the prof as cold, and for others he described him as warm. All the students sat in the same lecture after, only difference is that in one case he's described as warm or cold. THis makes a difference on how good we think the prof is. If he was described as warm, they ranked him better. If he was described as cold, they ranked him worse. In our persepction of people, one word matters, people couldn't pinpoint the true cause of their feelings.

What was the affective forecasting study?

trying to see if people can guess how upset they would be about something. "How would you feel if you failed this class" And then they would see people who failed the class and how they feel by that, and if they matches how they feel. showed: People greatly overestimate how bad things will make them feel bad, and will overestimate how good things will make them feel good.

Why do people conform in the ash study?

two different types of influence Normative influence - what happens when you go along just because the other people are pressuring you to - if I say that the right answer is the right answer here, everyone is going to judge me - just want to fit in with the group ~This was what we saw in Ash study. Informational influence - you go along with what other people say because you think it's valauable. - "something could be wrong with my glasses" - I'm just one person, they were 6, maybe they had more information about it than me.

what is valid VS reliable ?

valid: measures what it's suppose to measure reliable: measure that you would get the same thing, over and over again.

What do we need to infer causation?

very hard testing -need to show that the cause is correlated with the effect. -- 1. need correlation first, but just because we have this, doesn't mean we have causation. -2. Time order ( we need to show that factor A happened, then factor B happened bc of exposure to A) 3. eliminate all other possible causes.

What was Asch gestalt model of person perception ?

wanted to look at how people bring together different impressions they have of a person. - thought that we bring these traits together "The whole is not equal to the sum of its parts" we don't just see what they are like, we create an overal gestalt. study: people develop these gestalt over the traits they infeir on what they are like. Person 1: - "imagine someone who is smart, cold, determined, practical and cautious, skillful, intelligent" Person2 : - someone who is intelligent, skillful ,industries, warm ,determined, practicle, cautious. The only difference is that one person is cold and one is warm. People would see person 1 as someone who would use their skills for bad, but person 2 would use it for good. We change the meaning of traits by the other words assoicated with it. ppl form overall wholes of ppl, and this is not equal to its parts

What is the actor observer bias?

we don't commit the Fundamental Attribution error to ourselves. - for us, we attribute more causes to the situation. - what causes it? - Heider: "when you're the actor the field engulfs your behaviour" - one factor that could cause this is different access to information. Seeing situation as it unfolds means the situation is what is focal. Easier to see the situation causing the behaviour then. When people have first person point of view they made situational attributions. But from third person point of view they make a fundamental attribution error. Is this a motivational bias? - people don't always want to cause their own behaviour. It's a self serving bias.

What is self-evaluation and maintenance theory?

we manage our reactions to maintain our self-esteem. - in order to keep our self esteem, a. we can get closer or more distant from others. b. change how important something is to us c. Change our perception of how well we did. study: "Not even a little help from our friends" - password game, so they had to guess a word. - they either said the domain was of high importance or of low importance. "the ability of the password game is really intelligenet" "or just a little game" - People played this game either with a close friend or a stranger. They looked at how good of clues they gave the friend or the stranger. When domain was of less importance, people were more likely to help their friends over a stranger. But if it was of high importance, the person tend to help the stranger more than the friend. This theory says that you would do this because helping a friend would do better than you.