social psychology

Which of the following best illustrates group polarization?

After the pep rally, the students in the school had even more school spirit.

An example of proximity affecting interpersonal attraction is when

Candace is fond of Jerome because she lives next door to him.

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of the mere-exposure effect?

Hal begins to like a certain sports car after seeing it frequently on the road, even though he did not like the car at first.

Which of the following is the best interpretation of Solomon Asch's findings, pictured above, concerning conformity in perceptual judgments?

Conformity increases as group size increases to about four persons.

Which of the following situations best describes consummate love?

Craig and Niveah share many intimate details about their lives, are very attracted to each other, and celebrate with a commitment ceremony.

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of modeling aggression?

Dane, who is three years old, watched a video of a child who was repeatedly throwing a toy truck at the wall. The next time Dane played with his toy truck, he threw it at the wall.

A researcher has a hypothesis that men are more likely to be influenced by the central route to persuasion when buying a car than women are. The researcher randomly selects thirty men and thirty women to observe while they buy a car, and the researcher finds that women pay attention to information about the reliability of the car, whereas men pay attention to available colors that the car comes in. Which conclusion can the researcher draw?

The hypothesis is not supported, because the results indicate that women are influenced more by the central route to persuasion than men are.

Which of the following is the independent variable in Philip Zimbardo's classic Stanford Prison Experiment?

The role of prisoner or guard

A stereotype is defined as which of the following?

A generalization about a social group

A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does. If the new employee consequently performs poorly, which of the following will most likely have occurred?

A self-fulfilling prophecy

In Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments, subject were LEAST likely to deliver maximum levels of shock when the

subject observed other subjects who refused to obey the experimenter's orders

The tendency to believe that another person's behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called

the fundamental attribution error

"It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured." This belief is best explained b

cognitive dissonance theory

Which of the following findings would support an interpretation of aggression as catharsis?

Societies that value aggressive sports are generally less aggressive than societies that do not value aggressive sports

Which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm?

Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with their peers.

Which of the following behaviors is most closely associated with the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

Sutan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, Sutan asks him for $15 more.

Which of the following is most useful in under-standing an employer's interpretation of an employee's poor performance?

Attribution theory

Which of the following best illustrates the mere-exposure effect?

Because she saw her every day during class, Tracy began to like Angela and developed a friendship with her.

Which of the following scenarios best represents conformity?

Beth becomes a vegetarian when she starts college because all of her new friends are vegetarian.

Which of the following examples best represents altruism?

Booker stops to help someone even though it puts him in danger.

Dr. Marcia assigned students a paper in which they had to support the side of a controversial topic they did not agree with. Before asking the students to write the paper, she gave them a survey to determine how strongly they disagreed with the topic. After the students wrote their papers, Dr. Marcia gave them another survey to rate their disagreement with the topic. She observed that the students' feelings about the topic became more strongly in agreement with the topic. Which of the following is the best conclusion?

Cognitive dissonance was likely a contributing factor to the students' change in feelings.

Which of the following was true of Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity?

If the confederates' judgments were not unanimous, the degree of conformity by experimental subjects decreased.

Which of the following scenarios best represents the frustration-aggression principle?

Jeremy punches the steering wheel of his car because he is stuck in traffic.

The scenario that best describes out-group homogeneity bias is

Kara, who plays soccer, notices the uniqueness of her soccer teammates, but she thinks all basketball players are the same.

Ethnocentrism is described in which scenario?

Martin distrusts a certain religion because it is uncommon in the country where he lives.

In Stanley Milgram's' classic study, a participant was placed in one room and a confederate was placed in another room where the participant could not see the confederate. Participants were told to shock the confederate when the confederate answered a question incorrectly. What was a major ethical violation of Milgram's study?

Participants must be allowed to leave the experiment at any time, and in Milgram's study when the participants asked to leave, the experimenter said they must continue.

Which of the following is the best example of scapegoating?

Ryan, who is a member of one racial group, does not get into the college he wants to attend. Even though his application was weak, he blames members of another racial group for his rejection.

A teacher who is mistakenly informed that a student is learning disabled begins to treat that student differently from others. The teacher does not call on the student in class or help her with challenging material. The student's graded gradually decline. This result is an example of which of the following?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A researcher would test the elaboration likelihood model by

conducting an experiment in which the researcher showed a class two commercials to determine their persuasive power. One commercial explained that a certain brand of seltzer water has no preservatives or sugar, which makes it healthier than other beverages. The other commercial showed a celebrity drinking the seltzer water and saying that she drinks it all the time.

The failure of bystanders to give victims of automobile accidents needed assistance is sometimes explained as an instance of

diffusion of responsibility

A basic assumption underlying the definition of groupthink is that

group members desire peace and harmony within the group

After discussing a topic, a group makes a decision that is more extreme than the average position of all of the group members prior to discussion. The group's action is an example of

group polarization

According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to

his intelligence

The factors chiefly responsible for interpersonal attraction include

proximity and similarity

When his team wins a basketball game, Joe says it is because his team is so good; however, when his team loses, he says it is because the referees made a lot of unfair calls. Joe is most clearly demonstrating

self-serving bias, because he sees his team as being better than it is

Leila saw a man treat a passerby rudely. Shortly after that, she saw him slip and fall to the ground. She immediately thought, "What a clumsy man," without acknowledging that he had walked onto a patch of ice. Leila is demonstrating the fundamental attribution error because

she blamed his fall on his being clumsy

The tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media is referred to as

the mere-exposure effect

Which of the following concepts was advanced by social psychologists to help explain why people who are part of a crowd sometimes commit aggressive, antisocial acts that they would not commit if they were alone?

Deindividuation

According to the graph above, the greatest degree of attitude change is likely to be produced by which of the following forms of advertising?

Easy messages on television and difficult messages in newspaper

Which of the following examples describes groupthink?

The employees of a company did not want to disagree with one another by sharing their true opinions on paint colors, so the office was painted an ugly beige color.

Which method should be used by a researcher to test conformity? Assume in all groups that the researcher recruits participants and asks them to observe line X and line Y, where line X is clearly shorter than line Y.

Use nine confederates and one participant. The nine confederates go first and incorrectly say that line X is longer.

The more people present at a scene, the less likely it is that anyone will help a person in need. This phenomenon is a manifestation of

diffusion of responsibility

Of the following students, who is most clearly demonstrating an internal attribution?

Martin, who says he earned a spot on the football team through his hard work.

Research findings in the area of interpersonal attraction indicate that individuals are most likely to be attracted to others who are

similar to them in attitudes and values

According to research on attraction, people are most likely to be attracted to others who are

similar to themselves in many ways