social psychology slides 3
_______ _______: a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
self-fulfilling prophecy
_______ ______: a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory; if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
availability heuristic
_______ _______: a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
behavioral confirmation
_______ _____: persistence of one's initial conceptions
belief perseverance
_______ ______: imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't -imagining worse alternatives help us feel better -imagining better alternatives and pondering what we might do differently next time helps us prepare for the future
counterfactual thinking
_______ ______: attributing someones behavior to someones dispositions and traits (their mental state or an internal cause)
dispositional attribution
_______ ______: perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
illusory correlation
_______: mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source
misattribution
incompetence feeds _________
overconfidence
_______ _______: the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs
overconfidence phenomenon
_______ _______: the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member
representativeness heuristic
_______ ______: people whose attitudes have changed often insist that they have always felt much as they now feel
rosy retrospection
_______ ______: the theory of how people explain others' behavior
attribution theory
_______ thinking often involves schemas, emotional reactions, the effects of expertise and snap judgements
automatic
_______ ______: "implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to "intuition" - also known as system 1
automatic processing
_______ _____: a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
confirmation bias
_______ ______: "explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious - also known as system 2
controlled processing
_______ ______: mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements
embodied cognition
_______ _______: the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior (discounting of the situation)
fundamental attribution error
_______: a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements
heuristic
_______ ______: incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of an event and receiving misleading information about it
misinformation effect
_______: activating particular associations in memory
priming
_______ ______: attributing someones behavior to the physical & social situations or external causes... (the environment or the situation)
situational attribution
individualistic western view predisposes people to assume that people, not _______, cause events
situations
_______ _______: an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior
spontaneous trait inference