social psychology slides 3

_______ _______: a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

self-fulfilling prophecy

_______ ______: a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory; if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

availability heuristic

_______ _______: a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

behavioral confirmation

_______ _____: persistence of one's initial conceptions

belief perseverance

_______ ______: imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't -imagining worse alternatives help us feel better -imagining better alternatives and pondering what we might do differently next time helps us prepare for the future

counterfactual thinking

_______ ______: attributing someones behavior to someones dispositions and traits (their mental state or an internal cause)

dispositional attribution

_______ ______: perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

illusory correlation

_______: mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

misattribution

incompetence feeds _________

overconfidence

_______ _______: the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs

overconfidence phenomenon

_______ _______: the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member

representativeness heuristic

_______ ______: people whose attitudes have changed often insist that they have always felt much as they now feel

rosy retrospection

_______ ______: the theory of how people explain others' behavior

attribution theory

_______ thinking often involves schemas, emotional reactions, the effects of expertise and snap judgements

automatic

_______ ______: "implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to "intuition" - also known as system 1

automatic processing

_______ _____: a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

confirmation bias

_______ ______: "explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious - also known as system 2

controlled processing

_______ ______: mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements

embodied cognition

_______ _______: the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior (discounting of the situation)

fundamental attribution error

_______: a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements

heuristic

_______ ______: incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of an event and receiving misleading information about it

misinformation effect

_______: activating particular associations in memory

priming

_______ ______: attributing someones behavior to the physical & social situations or external causes... (the environment or the situation)

situational attribution

individualistic western view predisposes people to assume that people, not _______, cause events

situations

_______ _______: an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior

spontaneous trait inference