Social Studies Final

Battle of Wounded Knee

A "battle" were the Seventh Cavalry killed as many as 300 mostly unarmed Native Americans

Initiative

A bill created by the people instead of lawmakers

The Jungle

A book that explained the poor conditions of the meatpacking industry

Horizontal integration

A business strategy where you buy companies who sell similar products to lessen the competition

Vertical integration

A business strategy where you buy the suppliers you rely on

Panama Canal

A canal which was considered a technological accomplishment and represented the nation's refusal to have any obstacle be in its way

War-guilt clause

A clause that forced Germany to admit full responsibility for causing

Treaty of Paris

A controversial treaty in which the US annexed the Philippines

Protectorate

A country controlled by a stronger power

Nationalism

A devotion to the interest and culture of one's nation

Treaty of Fort Laramie

A forced treaty in which the Sioux agreed to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Jefferson Davis

A former senator elected for president by the Confederates

Valeriano Weyler

A general sent by Spain to stop the rebellion in Cuba

Ulysses S. Grant

A general who lead the Union army to invade Western Tennessee

Central Powers

A group formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

Confederacy

A group formed by the secessionist state

Farmers' Alliance

A group that sent lecturers to educate people about topics like the lower interest rates on loans and government control on railroads and banks

League of Nations

A group that would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their differences without having to resort to war

San Juan Hill

A hill the Rough Riders claimed during a battle

Soddy

A home made by stacking blocks of prairie turf

Pure Food and Drug Act

A law which halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth and labeling

Alfred T. Mahan

A leader of the US Navy who urged government officials to build up naval power

William Tecumseh Sherman

A man Grant appointed as commander of the military division in the Mississippi

George M. Pullman

A man who made a town for his factory workers so they could get more work done

Upton Sinclair

A man who researched for a novel with the focus being the human conditions in the stockyards of Chicago

Grover Cleveland

A man who tried to lower tariff rates but was refused by Congress

Bessemer Process

A manufacturing technique that allowed for the mass production of steel

John D. Rockefeller

A merger who put competing businesses into trustees

Convoy System

A method which involved a heavy guard of destroyers escorting merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups

Populism

A movement in which people demanded reforms to lift the dept from farmers and other workers and give a greater voice in the government

Americanization movement

A movement made to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures to America's dominant culture

Progressive Movement

A movement which aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life

Muckraker

A name given to journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines

Assimilation

A plan under which Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and become part of the white culture

Dollar diplomacy

A policy made to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American business people

Woodrow Wilson

A reform governor of New Jersey and was the Democrats' candidate for the 1912 presidential election

Compromise of 1850

A series of resolutions senator Daniel Webster Clay presented to the Senate that were made to satisfy both the North and South

Rough Riders

A ship that exploded while on its way to Cuba

U.S.S. Maine

A ship that exploded while on its way to Cuba

Radical Republicans

A small group of Republicans in Congress who were angered at Lincoln's reconstruction plan

Trench warfare

A strategy in which armies fought for mere yards of ground

Transcontinental Railroad

A train route connecting the east and west regions of the U.S.

Treaty of Versailles

A treaty that carved areas out of the Ottoman Empire and gave them to France and Great Britain as temporary colonies

Referendum

A vote on the initiative

Total War

A war disregarding the laws of war

Yellow journalism

A writing style that contains exaggeration with few nuggets of truth

Sherman Antitrust Act

An act which authorized the federal government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them

Chinese Exclusion Act

An act which banned entry to the United States to all Chinese except for students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials

Dawes Act

An act which broke up reservations and gave some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans to farm

Foraker Act

An act which ended military rule and set up a civil act

Homestead Act

An act which offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who were head of the household

Clayton Antitrust Act

An act which prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another, gave labor unions and farm organizations the right to exist, allowed labor unions and farm organizations to exist and not be to subject antitrust laws, and prohibited injunctions against strikers unless they threatened damage

Interstate Commerce Act

An act which reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and had set up a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission

Kansas Nebraska Act

An act which repealed the Missouri Compromise, created new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty

Selective Service Act

An act which required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service

Thirteenth amendment

An amendment that abolished slavery

17th Amendment

An amendment that allowed for the direct election of senators

Platt Amendment

An amendment that forced Cuba to state their relationship with the United States in the Constitution

Fifteenth amendment

An amendment that made it so the right to vote will not be denied by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Fourteenth amendment

An amendment that prevented states from denying rights

Nineteenth Amendment

An amendment which granted women the ability to vote

political machine

An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

William Seward

Arranged to buy Alaska from Russia for the United States

Why was there nativism in the United States at the turn of the century?

Because as immigration increased, so did the strong anti-immigrant feelings too.

Propaganda

Bias and usually misleading information

settlement houses

Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area

Tenement

Cramped and unsanitary multi-family dwellings

Reparations

Damage caused by war

William Jennings Bryan

Editor of the Omaha World-Herald and delivered an impassioned address to the assembled delegates

Thomas Edison

Established the first research factory in Menlo Park, New Jersey

Through the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.

How did the U.S. get the rights to build the Panama Canal?

They worked by offering services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. The levels would be the precinct workers and captains, the ward boss, and city bosses.

How did the political machine work? What were all the levels?

Which groups were immigrating to the United States at the turn of the Century?

It was people from Ireland, Russia, Germany, and China.

Sitting Bull

Leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux

Gettysburg

Near where the most decisive battle took place

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War

Andrew Carnegie

Once the private secretary to the local superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad and became one of the first mongols to become rich

Allies

One of two major defense alliances and mainly consisted of France, Britain, and Russia

Nativism

Overt favoritism towards native-born Americans

Recall

Something that allowed voters to remove public officials from elected positions

Bull Moose Party

Teddy Roosevelt's progressive republican

Abraham Lincoln

The 16th President of the United States

Teddy Roosevelt

The 26th president of the United States and formed Square Deal

William Howard Taft

The 27th president of the United States

Lusitania

The British liner that was sunk by a U-boat

General John J. Pershing

The General of the American Expeditionary Force

What progressive reforms did Roosevelt undertake during his administration at the federal level?

The Interstate Commerce Act, Elkins Act, and Hepburn Act

Angel Island

The area in which Chinese immigrants entered the United States

Gold standard

The backing of dollars solely with gold

Prohibition

The banning of alcoholic beverages

Popular Sovereignty

The belief that the government is built through and around the will of the people

Ellis Island

The chief immigration station of the United States

Militarism

The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy

Urbanization

The growth of cities

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austrian throne who was assassinated

Graft

The illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Alexander Graham Bell

The inventor of the telephone

Eugene V. Debs

The man who formed the American Railway Union

Credit Mobilier

The name of the company apart of a scheme where stockholders gave this company a contract to lay track at two to three times the actual cost

Robert E. Lee

The new commander of the Confederate army after Johnston was injured. He drove McClellen away from Richmond as an attempt to save the Confederate capital

Andrew Johnson

The only Senator from a Confederate state to remain loyal to the Union

William McKinley

The person the Republican Party elected for president

Patronage

The practice of giving government jobs to people who helped get a candidate elected

Suffrage

The right to vote

Secession

The withdraw of states

The Allies and League of Nations

What are the alliances in WWI?

Protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, and fostering efficiency

What are the four goals of progressivism?

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism

What are the four main causes of WWI?

Because Wilson's refusal to extend civil rights to African Americans showed the limits of progressivism.

What brought progressivism to an end?

They built nine steel-hulled cruisers.

What did the U.S. do to strengthen their military?

The Convoy System

What did the United States use to overcome the threat of German U-boats?

The National Child Labor Committee banned child labor and set maximum work hours.

What efforts were made to reform industry (think children and working hours)?

The destruction of the U.S.S. Maine

What event brought the United States into the war?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

What event started World War I?

A battle broke out and led to the deaths of George A. Custer and all of the Seventh Cavalry.

What happened at Little Bighorn?

Cuba was given freedom, Guam and Puerto Rico were given to the US, and the Philippines was sold for $20 million.

What happened to Guam, the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico as a result of the Treaty of Paris?

It blew up with newspapers claiming that the Spanish did it causing many Americans to demand war with Spain.

What happened to the U.S.S. Maine and what was the U.S. reaction?

It broke up reservations and gave them to Native Americans to farm.

What is the significance of the Dawes Act?

The League of Nations

What peacekeeping organization did Woodrow Wilson want to create after WWI

They sponsored state and local political candidates,elected legislators, and successfully pressed for laws to protect their interests.

What steps did Grangers take to regulate the railroads?

Desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, and belief in cultural superiority.

What three factors fueled the new American imperialism?

Scallywags, Carpetbaggers, and African Americans

What three political groups dominated Southern government postwar?

The Treaty of Versailles

What treaty brought WWI to an end?

A civil government.

What type of government was set up in Puerto Rico?

Trench Warfare

What type of warfare was used during WWI?

The Fourteen Points

What was Wilson's plan for world peace called?

It forced men to register to be randomly selected for military service

What was a result of the Selective Service Act?

Their platform was an increase in money supply, an eight hour work day, graduated income tax, a federal loan program, popular vote for US Senators, and a one term presidency.

What was the Populist Party's platform?

The ruling went against Scoot and established that slaves are not citizens, and have no rights in court as well as validating slavery for the South.

What was the ruling in the Dred Scott case? What was so monumental about the Dred Scott case?

They believed that land couldn't be owned and the American justification in taking it was that since Native Americans didn't "improve" the land, they forfeited their rights to it.

What were Native American beliefs about land? What was the American justification in taking it?

The Enforcement Acts were a series of acts made to stop Klan violence.

What were the Enforcement Acts?

Some government employees who got their jobs weren't qualified.

What were the consequences of the patronage system?

Housing, Water, Sanitation, Crime, Transportation, and Fire

What were the six problems facing local governments as a result of urbanization.

3-part strategy... a. Navy blockade of southern ports. b. Split the Confederacy in two by moving down the Mississippi River. c. Union armies would capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

What were the strategies of the North going into the Civil War?

Had a strategy that was mostly mostly defensive, although southern leaders encouraged their generals to attack the North if the opportunity arose. mostly defensive, although southern leaders encouraged their generals to attack the North if the opportunity arose.

What were the strategies of the South going into the Civil War?

Make America go to war with Spain.

What were the yellow journalists trying to do?

November 11, 1918

When did World War I end?

Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War.

Who did Carpetbaggers consist of?

Men who were registered to vote for the first time, with 9/10 supporting the Republican Party.

Who did Native Americans consist of?

White Southerners who joined the Republican Party along with small farmers.

Who did Scallywags consist of?

Because it didn't specify the relationship between them and Cuba.

Why did American coerce Cuba into adding the Platt amendment to their constitution?

Because of Taft's support of political boss from Illinois.

Why did the Republican Party split?

Because we were producing more goods than we needed.

Why did we need new markets to sell goods in?

The land contained lots of timber, minerals, and oil.

Why was Alaska actually a great purchase by the U.S.?

Conservation

Wilderness areas that would be preserved

Fourteen Points

Wilson's vision for world peace

George Custer

a colonel who reported that the Black Hills had Gold

Bimetallism

a monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks

No man's land

barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire.

Imperialism

policy of bigger countries taking over smaller ones

Zimmerman Note

secret telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted and decoded by British agents

Social Darwinism

the idea of stronger people, nations, and businesses thriving and weaker ones failing