Social Studies Lesson 39 The Fall of the Republic

military hero and Rome's most famous leader

Julius Caesar

Octavian's army defeats the armies of Cleopatra and Anthony at the battle of Actium. True or False

True

Julius Caesar Roman leaders battled for power

*Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar -Crassus was killed in 53 BC -Caesar is the hero of the lower class

triumvirate

A government controlled by three people with equal power. *Twice in the late pre-Principate period of the Roman republic, political power shifted from the formal magistrates and senate to a triumvirate.

online content After ending his rule as consul, where did Julius Caesar go to further his glory? How did the senate see his conquests? (site 2)

Caesar won a five-year appointment as governor. The more fame Caesar won the more senators feared him and they described how his victories as cheap.

a people that played a major role in shaping Roman Civilization

Etruscans

online content Tiberius Gracchus wanted what reform for the citizens of Rome? What was his larger goal? (site 1)

His larger goal was to limit the amount of land to each family to about 330 acres

online content How did Anthony and Cleopatra meet and why did they have something to gain from each other? (site 2)

I'm not sure how they met. Possibly either in Rome or Tarsus. They worked together to impress the Egyptian people

latifundia

Large farming estates in ancient Rome. *The first latifundia in Rome were accumulated from the spoils of war, confiscated from conquered peoples beginning in the early second century BCE.

Octavian, Anthony, and Lepidus

Second Triumvirate

What was the "bread and circuses" policy and how did Roman politicians benefit from it?

The bread and circuses policy was to calm the poor people from getting into wars. They thought that it was nice of them to give them bread and they thought the circuses were cool and fun but I don't know what they thought about the gladiator fights, which is where you fight to the death.

Which of the following is not a leader in the First Triumvirate of Rome? a. Crassus b. Octavian c. Pompey d. Julius Caesar

b. Octavian

Patricians Plebeians ---------------- ---------------- ruling class majority great landowners owners of small farms, craftspeople, merchants originally, only patricians served in council served in Senate and held of the plebs public office According to the chart, which class was made up of landowners? a. patricians b. plebeians c. both patrician and plebeians d. none of the above

c. both patrician and plebeians

"As for the rich, they kept apart in their handsome houses and --when they wished to escape the heat and the dust of Rome -- in villas at such pleasant retreats as Herculaneum and Pompeii. These villas were estates of superb style and comfort, as can be seen in a letter from the orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his brother, who was traveling in Gaul. 'All's right on your estate,' Cicero wrote. 'Nothing left to do but the baths and a promenade and the aviary. The paved colonnade gives dignity. The columns have been polished and the handsome curve of the ceiling will make it an excellent summer room....Your landscape gardener has won my praise; he has enveloped everything in ivy--even the Greek statues seem advertising it. It's the coolest, greenest retreat. Statues, wrestling ground, fish pond, water system--all are fine." Cicero's letter to his brother, as quoted in Empires: Time Frame 400 BC-200AD How will Cicero's brother feel when he receives this letter? a. anxious b. angry c. sad d. happy

d. happy

"As for the rich, they kept apart in their handsome houses and --when they wished to escape the heat and the dust of Rome -- in villas at such pleasant retreats as Herculaneum and Pompeii. These villas were estates of superb style and comfort, as can be seen in a letter from the orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his brother, who was traveling in Gaul. 'All's right on your estate,' Cicero wrote. 'Nothing left to do but the baths and a promenade and the aviary. The paved colonnade gives dignity. The columns have been polished and the handsome curve of the ceiling will make it an excellent summer room....Your landscape gardener has won my praise; he has enveloped everything in ivy--even the Greek statues seem advertising it. It's the coolest, greenest retreat. Statues, wrestling ground, fish pond, water system--all are fine." Cicero's letter to his brother, as quoted in Empires: Time Frame 400 BC-200AD "Even the Greek statues seem advertising it" means a. ivy is carved in the statues b. the statues are part of an ad for gardening c. the statues need more ivy d. the statues are covered in ivy

d. the statues are covered in ivy

a large farming estate

latifundia

the Latin word for "I forbid"

veto

Caesar's rise to power

•Declares himself dictator of Rome for life •Filled the Senate with members loyal to him •gregorian calendar created •Opponents feared he wanted to be king -"beware the ides of March" *march 15, 44BC Caesar is surrounded by his enemies and stabbed to death •Caesars death made the poor mad. -Octavian (caesars nephew), Lepidus and Anthony fought for power after Caesars death. -Octavian and Lepidus split the Roman world into two *Octavian in the west and Lepidus in the east. -Anthony and Cleopatra form an alliance with Egypt 31 BC war starts -Anthony and Cleopatra go back to Egypt and commit suicide, than Octavian rules the Roman world

The Fall of the Republic Objectives

•Identify why the use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, increased poverty and corruption, and brought the army into politics •Explain why military hero Julius Ceasar seized power and made reforms •Describe how the Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire under Augustus

The army enters politics: Marius

•Marius (107 BC) -recruited soldiers from the poor *he offered to pay them in money and land for helping the army -changed the army from citizen volunteers to paid professionals -many people tried to use the military to seize the power of Rome.

Caesar's military campaign

•The Republic people decide that they don't want Caesar so he fought for power. First Triumvirate. •44BC is dictators (Caesar's) it wasn't a bad thing, it meant that he had total power. •March 15, 44BC Caesar is surrounded by his enemies and stabbed to death.

Rome becomes an empire

•The second Triumvirate -Octavian, Anthony, and Lepidus -Battle of Actium •Who was Augustus? -Augustus is the magestic and is the month of August. •Cicero didn't like dictators at all.

Trouble in the Republic why did the reform fail?

•Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus -the poor believed their problems were from the wealthy taking their land

Trouble in the Republic Rich versus Poor

•Wealthy Romans bought land to create latifundia. -the government was made up of the wealthy •The poor couldn't make any decisions -farmers had trouble -they barely had any money to live, but the govern- ment gave them free bread to calm them down. •The government took jobs away and made more people slaves •The government ran circuses and had gladiators