The Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark

What major Native American Tribes did the Corps of Discovery meet along their journey? Briefly describe their culture.

Missouri/Oto (July/August 1804), Yankton Sioux (August 1804),Teton Sioux (September 1804), Arikara (October 1804), Mandans/Hidatsa (October 1804-April 1805), Shoshone (August 1805), Nez Perce (September 1805-May 1806), and Blackfeet.

Tiyospanye

Native American term for extended family units

On their return journey, what did the they bring back?

New awareness of a rich and beautiful part of the continent.

In your opinion, who was the most important member of the Corps of Discovery and why.

Outline

Identify at least three goals that President Jefferson wanted Lewis and Clark to achieve

Outline 1.) To make contact with Native Americans--record their names and collect information about their numbers, language, culture and ability to defend themselves. 2.) To look for an all water route to connect the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean 3.) To lay the groundwork for future fur trading 4.) To improve geographical knowledge 5.) To record natural resources available and geology. 6.)To record possible locations for future settlements.

Who was Monroe assisted by?

Robert Livingston, the American minister in Paris

Arikara Encounter - key events/outcomes

Smallpox epidemic killed off many; survivors subject to attack and control by Tetons

Which country controlled the Mississippi and New Orleans?

Spain

Examples of speech making

"Red Children" of the "White Father" (Jefferson) in DC; must not fight with each other

Other

* Traveled over 8,000 miles in 2 1/2 years * Total cost was $40,000

What happened before the transfer of Louisiana to France took place? What did the Westerners demand?

-Spain withdrew the right of Americans to ship their goods through New Orleans. -They demanded that Jefferson go to war to win back their rights.

Meeting Ceremony

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Why did France decide to sell not only New Orleans, but the Louisiana Territory to the United States?

1.) A revolution had driven the French from their Caribbean colony of Haiti. Without this base, France would have trouble defending Louisiana in a war. 2.) Tensions between France and Britain were rising, war loomed, and Napoleon needed money to support the war effort.

Identify three goals that President Thomas Jefferson wanted Lewis and Clark to achieve in the dealings with the Indian Tribes.

1.) Convey American's wish was to be neighborly, friendly, and useful to them 2.) In addition to identifying them, find out the articles of trade they may need or furnish 3.) Invite the chiefs to visit DC, as guests of the US government

Legacy of Corps of Discovery

1.) Doubled size of Unites States 2.) Changed the struggle for control of North America, in particular the Oregon Territory 3.) Achieved a peaceful cooperation with the Native American Tribes 4.) Increased the geographic knowledge because of their mapping of the rivers and the tributaries 5.) Destroyed the dream of the infamous "Northwest Passage" 6.) Provided the first scientific descriptions of the new species including: grizzly bear, prairie dog, pronghorn antelope and the mountain goat 7.) First records of meteorology (weather) of the West 8.) Increased knowledge of botanicals (plants) of the West

Explain three challenges the Corps of Discovery encountered on the journey and how the expedition overcame those challenges.

1.) Extreme heat, injuries, insects and the strong current of the river (sometimes had to get out of boat to guide, herbs, roots, Lewis acted as physician) 2.) Wildlife (Lewis' dog, Seaman, acted as sentinel) 3.) 1804-05 winter at Fort Mandan in North Dakota (helped by Mandans) 4.) Almost starved as they traveled through the Bitterroot Mountains (helped by Nez Perce) 5.) Communicating with the Native Americans (translators)

Mandan/Hidasta culture: 2-3 things

1.) Mandan: Original people of North Dakota 2.) Hidastas were not friendly and prone to fighting with other tribes 3.) men hunted and women farmed, cooked and took care of children 4.) each family had a different duty depending on their rank 5.) they lived in large, circular lodges; floors had storage pits

Teton Sioux culture: 2-3 things

1.) a troublesome tribe; many white traders afraid of - The Scalp Dance 2.) the Tetons wore medicine bundlers around their necks and waists. They contained medals and other valuables. So sacred, only owners dared touch.

Identify and give examples of the four diplomatic strategies used by Lewis and Clark

1.) gift giving 2.) chief making 3.) speech making 4.) ceremonies/show of strength

Arikara culture: 2-3 things

1.) lived in villages which had been fortified with ditches and ringed with walls (this was unique) 2.) instead of teepees or huts or bark, lived in round lodges made of willow branches, straw, and mud that were large enough to house several families and their horses 3.) farmers, purchased meat from Tetons

Nez Perce culture: 2-3 things

1.) they pierced their noses 2.) they had a unique language similar to the clucking of a chicken 3.) they were light skinned; some wondered if not Welch

Shoshone culture: 2-3 things

1.) they were horse traders 2.) they were buffalo hunters

Blackfeet culture: 2-3 things

1.) violent reputation - they were known to raid and war with other tribes 2.) they traded with the Canadians, who provided them with guns and liquor and did not want to change business connections

Sacajawea

15-year old female guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition who saved the corps by finding foods when they were starving and helping them trade for horses with the Shoshone

William Clark

1770-1838; co-commander of the Corps of Discovery sent by President Jefferson to explore land west of the Mississippi River. He drew maps for the expedition. His maps included notes on native botanical and zoological specimens and on potential mineral deposits.

When, where, and how did expedition begin?

1803, founded Camp River Dubois in St. Louis, MO. Lewis and Clark met with fur traders to acquire earlier maps of the area.

Mandan/Hidasta Encounter - key events/outcomes

1804-05 in North Dakota. Lewis and Clark spend the winter near the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes. Weather was very cold, so a Lewis and Clark built a fort, Fort Mandan, near the Madan villages. Daily visits from Native Americans. It is here that Lewis and Clark met Charbouneau and Sacagawea. Hidatsas told them that they must use horses for travel.

Who came along on the expedition with Lewis and Clark?

45 men, Clark's slave (York), and an Native American named Sacagawea who joined them later as a translator

Continental Divide

A massive high area of ground in the Rocky Mountains where rivers on either side flow in different directions.

Rendezvous

A meeting place, historically for fur trappers, Native Americans, and Voyagers.

Cartographer

A person who makes maps.

Louisiana Purchase

An agreement between the Unites States and France where the Louisiana Territory which stretched from the Mississippi River to the beginning of the Rocky Mountains (828,000 square miles) was sold to the US for 15 million dollars (about $283 million in today's dollars).

Who led this expedition?

Army officers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

What were the gifts Lewis and Clark were to take to give to the Indians they met?

Beads, buttons, curtain rings (to adorn fingers and ears), ruffled shirts, red fabrics, red-handled knives, and red paint for decorating bodies. Tomahawks and knives were also included. Page 20.

Portage

Carrying boats or cargo across land from one waterway to another or around an un-navigable section of a waterway

Chief Twisted Hair

Chief of the Nez Perce Tribe. Exchanged gifts with Corp of Disc. Lewis described him as a "cheerful man with apparent sincerity". He and his 2 sons helped Clark find good timber for making canoes and they traded goods for horses which he watched for Lewis and Clark temporarily.

They reached the _________ in the Rocky Mountains. Explain what this is.

Continental Divide; a place on a continent that separates river systems flowing in opposite directions.

Ethnology

Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "nation"[1]) is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them

Napolean Bonaparte

First Emperor of France who sold America a huge piece of land called the Louisiana Territory for $15 million.

Teton Sioux Encounter - key events/outcomes

Four-day meeting, beginning 9/24/1804. Tensions between Teton Sioux and Lewis and Clark as the Teton Sioux expected payment ("toll") for traveling through region and were used to receiving toll as French, Spanish, and British had all paid previously. Lewis and Clark believed not payable because part of US per Louisiana Purchase. For four days the visit see-sawed between friend gift-giving and angry words and threats. It ended on 9/29 with Lewis and Clark progressing up river, not paying, and aiming their cannons at the Indians. The head chief kept his warriors from attacking.

Jefferson feared what about this?

He feared that Napoleon Bonaparte, the French leader, intended to expand France's control in America.

Explain what Jefferson did instead.

He sent James Monroe to Paris to offer to buy the city of New Orleans and a territory to the east called West Florida from the French.

Charles Floyd

He was the quartermaster of the Expedition and only death on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Believed to have died of Appendicitis.

Did the American Indians need to establish trade relationships with the Americans (whites)? Who would benefit the most?

In my opinion, the Indians did not need the things the whites had until the whites showed up. As a result of their relationship with the white settlers, the American Indians lost everything. The white settlers had the most to gain. They need the American Indians to guide them, and after they took everything.

Meriweather Lewis

Jefferson's personal secretary and naturalist who accompanied William Clark in 1804 to explore the northern regions of the Lousiana Purchase on a two and a half year expedition that yielded a bounty of information on plant, animal and mineral specimens. He was also in charge of establishing diplomatic/positive relations with the Native American tribes. Cut short when the pair antagonized the Blackfoot Indians.

Shoshone Encounter - key events/outcomes

Late summer 1805. Lewis and Clark looking for them because they wanted horses to successfully cross Bitterroot Mountains before winter. Prior to Lewis and Clark, the Shoshone had not had contact with whites. The Shoshone chief, Cameahwait, was Sacagawea's brother. With the efforts of many translators, Lewis and Clark had their horses.

Chief Black Buffalo

Leader of the Teton Sioux who intervened and stopped the threat of an attack planned by Chief Partisan. (most of tension caused by not speaking same language).

Chief Partisan

Leader of the second largest tiyospayne or extended family units of the Teton Sioux and feigned drunkenness and became so offensive that Lieutenant Clark finally drew his sword.

Examples of gift giving

Lewis and Clark brought along with them eighty peace medals of silver to distribute to the tribal chiefs. Certificates of Loyalty (Warcharpa Certificate of Loyalty) were also given to chiefs. They brought knives, needles, hawk's bells, brass kettles, blue blankets, leggings, red flannel, hats, shirts, glass trade beads, pocket mirrors, magnifying glasses, tobacco, and red and green face paint, among other items. Sometimes Lewis and Clark made mistakes by giving gifts that the tribes didn't value.

Blackfeet Encounter - key facts/outcomes?

Lewis and Clark split up for a portion of their return. Lewis did not wish to run into this tribe, but did. The Blackfeet were not happy to hear that Lewis considered the Nez Perces and Shoshonis to be friends. On last day, Blackfeet Indians ended up dead when they tried to steal guns. This is the only time turing the Expedition when Indians were killed. Lewis and his group fled the area as fast as they could afterward.

Examples of ceremonies/show of strength

Lewis and Clark wanted the tribal leaders and people to know that the United States was powerful, so they put on shows of strength. Examples of showing strength included parading in official uniforms with flags, shooting cannons, or giving a demonstration of their new air gun. The tribal peoples showed their strength by notching their arrows in bows or performing dances such as the scalp dance. They also used special ceremonies such as the smoking of the pipe to indicate kinship or cement friendships. The captains and the chiefs did not always understand each others' ceremonies and often the Indian tribes felt that the captains treated them as children. This offended some of them.

Examples of chief making

Lewis and Clark weren't always certain who the "chief" of a tribe was. They sometimes "made chiefs" or decided to whom they would give the biggest peace medals and best gifts. Sometimes the chiefs they chose did not match with the tribes' choices. For instance, tribes might change their leaders depending on whether they were at war or at peace or on a hunt. When Lewis and Clark chose one leader to honor and gave that person a large peace medal or special gift, they might leave out another important leader who would be offended at not being recognized. Also, there were different kinds of leaders. Episodes like this caused Lewis and Clark problems. (like Black Buffalo versus Partisan)

Define expedition.

Long and carefully organized journey

Thomas Jefferson

Mastermind of Louisiana Purchase and President of the US during the Corps of Discovery.

What major rivers did the Corps of Discovery travel on their way to the Pacific Ocean?

Mississippi, Missouri, Jefferson, Clearwater, Snake, and Columbia. Other rivers traveled include: Ohio, Platt, Marias and Yellowstone.

Toussaint Charbonneau

Served as an interpreter, cook and scout and joined the Corps of Discovery when they hired his wife (Sacajawea).

Keel Boat

Shallow covered riverboat that is rowed or poled up and down rivers. Used most often in transporting freight.

Chief Cameahwait

Shoshone Chief, Sacagawea's brother. Provided horses and maps to Lewis and Clark Expedition

George Drouillard

Son of a french canadian father and shawnee indian mother. he could speak french and hidatsa and was an excellent hunter with a good knowledge of the Indians' character and sign language.

What did Jefferson discover (in 1801)?

Spain had secretly transferred New Orleans and the rest of its Louisiana territory to France.

Topography

Study and mapping of surface land features like mountains, rivers, and rock formations.

Botany

Study of plants, including its characteristics like height, color and soil

Geology

Study of rocks, minerals, and soil. It also includes the history of origins of a physical area.

Missouri/Oto Encounter - key events/outcomes

The Missouri Indians were the first Lewis and Clark met. They were hard to find because they had deserted their villages. After a smallpox outbreak, many moved in with their friends, the Otos.

Fauna

The study of animals from a particular region

Celestial

The study of stars, planets, asteroids and their position in the sky

How were crops/goods shipped and why?

They shipped their crops down the Mississippi to the port at New Orleans; because there were few roads to the West

Commerce

Trade in goods or services on a large scale

Nez Perce Encounter - key facts/outcomes ?

When Lewis and Clark met the Nez Perce (as they were crossing the Bitterroot Mountains), they were close to starvation. The Nez Perce helped.

York

William Clark's personal slave, but important member of the Corps of Discovery. Viewed with interest by the Native Americans because of his unique features and great strength.

Pirogues

a boat like a canoe

Vermillion

a bright red pigment consisting of mercuric sulfide; broadly : any of various red pigments

Cache

a group of things that have been hidden in a secret place because they are illegal or have been stolen

Artifact

a simple object (such as a tool or weapon) that was made by people in the past

Most of the one million settlers that lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River were what?

farmers

What did the Pinckney Treaty do?

guaranteed Americans the right to ship goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans.

What did Spain threaten and what was negotiated to prevent the threat from happening?

to close the port to American ships; Pinckney Treaty

What did Jefferson call on Congress to do before the Louisiana Purchase?

to finance a western expedition