Social Work 3103: Chapter 1 and 2

what were the impacts of the PROGRESSIVE ERA

- expansion of social welfare at state level -maternalist approach policy dominates -focus on immigrants' assimilation to middle class norms -little attention to racial/ethnic minorities -demise of radical and reformist movements -growing importance of social science research -emergence of social work profession

What were some new social problems

1. High unemployment and frequent "panics" 2. increased poverty 3. immigration

What are the two principles that brought about the emergence of formal social welfare systems?

1. poverty is not a crime 2. justice and mercy require the affluent to take responsibility and care for the needy

Why were asylums popular

1. provided sanctuary from "evil" urban life. 2. Belief in possibility of human perfectibility 3. Recognition of the role of environment 4. expanded concept of "mental illness" for social control and to end outdoor relief

What are the criticisms of the poor laws

1. they were ineffective and inequitable 2. expensive 3. had negative impact on economy and labor market 4. encouraged idleness, degeneracy, and dependency 5. reflect a distrust of the poor and distinguished between poverty and pauperism

newcomers would be returned to their place of legal residence even though there were no actual application for assistance.

1662 poor relief act

(1) administrative consolidation (2) end of outdoor relief for able-bodied persons.

1834 law

by 1920, _____ states in the US had similar laws but they had limited impact

43

What were the names of social welfare in colonial America for WORK RELIEF

Apprenticeship (children) Farming Out (Adults Auction or Contract method (Adults) Indenture (Children and Adults)

first emerged in the 17th century France, Most patients were women, debtors, and African Americans; Hospitals used as extra-legal prisons to treat mentally ill via "moral treatment"; medical model of psychiatric care introduced in 1830s and 1840s

Discovery of the asylum

Francis galton

Eugenics

supervised by local "overseers". Only distributed to "worthy poor"

Home (outdoor) relief

Aim to implement a more democratic conceptualization of community by bridging the class and ethnic boundaries that threatened to fragment the US society

Jane Addams (settlement house movement)

Westward expansion/conquest: (1800-1860)

Louisiana purchase, florida, Mexican war

to rationalize the delivery of relief by applying new principles of organization derived from industry to the creation of scientific charity

Mary Richmond (charity organization societies)

*pension for civil war widows expanded to widows of workers killed by industrial accidence *influence of 'maternalist' view of social welfare *States begin passing pre-wwI. by early 1930s, nearly all states have similar laws. *Origin of "welfare" (Now TANF)

Mother's pension

* 1st passed in Denmark and UK * Viewed as an alternative to poorhouse and relief * 1911: introduced in congress. No progress. * 1914: Arizona passes 1st state law * 1915: Alaska passes a similar law *Both declared unconstitutional by courts *Through 1920: state laws have mixed record of effects and constitutionality

Old age pensions

What was happening in the world when The Poor Laws became founded

Puritans desires were met because of the realities of colonial life in America, the crisis of mid 14th century into the 17th century, wars with native americans

England: 1. Persistant unemployment problem. 2. Industries available to cause forced migration 3. potential employers waiting to be hired 4. to meet the needs of the poor 5. to control the needs of the poor

Reasons for poor laws

- state government, especially in south. - U.S becomes more "racialized" - religious BIAS vs. Catholics and Jews

Resistance to reform

what were the name of social welfare in colonial American for outdoor relief

Tax remissions, in-kind aid, temporary cash aid

Local responsibility and control for relief

The English Poor Laws

* Scientific approach to charity * future orientation of reformers * growing importance of social research * desire to restore an "organic community." * goal of assimilation: myth of "melting pot"

The progressive era

How did relief provisions in America continue to practice english poor laws

They categorized and stigmatized the needy, collected taxes to pay for aid, maintained local responsibility and control of social welfare.

special services and special needs of disabled soldiers and sailors were recognized; relief was provided as a right on the basis of disability

acte for reliefes of souldiours

based on the civil war and social welfare... - public and private social welfare - civil war pensions: long-term effects - freedmen's bureau (1865-1871) - SCAA --> charities organization societies - lingering trauma of war

after the war

"anti-social" behavior of immigrants reflects cultural and class differences

alienation

What were the name of social welfare in colonial American for Indoor relief

almshouses, asylums, workhouses, prisons, orphanages, reformaties

progressive era promoted ________ to middle class norms but ignored issues of racial and ethnic minorities

assimilation

abuses of "farming out" of the poor, especially toward children, led to growth of reform movements in state governments and voluntary associations

auction system

1. rationalization for poverty and inequality 2. assumption that relief causes dependency 3. belief that poverty the results of individuals failings (encourages socially irresponsible behaviors) 4. belief that poor relief restricted market economy

benjamin franklin

Development of physical infrastructure (1800-1860)

canals, roads

Moralistic conceptions to scientific charity- modern principles of management and industry are applied to the distribution of relief

charity organizations societies

During this time, if the father was not there to take care of the family, the family was looked at as

dangerous and looked down upon

based on the civil war and social welfare, - growth of private social welfare - US Sanitary commission - American Red Cross - State charities and associations when did this take place

during the war

1. ended home relief for able-bodied poor 2. Built almshouses and workhouses 3. shifted responsibility from towns to counties 4. created county superintendents of poor 5. Emergence of concept of "less eligibility."

early 19th c. reforms

what was the source of the idea for asylums

enlightenment and american revolution

(The Poor Laws): only residents of a particular community were _____

entitled to receive aid

led to the involuntary sterilization; racist ideas about poverty and childhood education; holocaust

eugenics

Who did the english poor laws make responsible for the needy

families

was looked at as a central force for economic, social, and political stability

family

adults are legally obligated to care for and support the minor children, grandchildren, and aging parents

family responsibility

a paternalistic view of help led to a materialists approach to social policy

focus on needs, not rights

1st policy to provide assistance to newly emancipated slaves

freedman's bureau

Aids for Industrial workers was first introduced in _______ in 1880

germany

hid urban problems from public view, gave a scientific and pseudo-scientific veneer to the moral basis of social welfare, ignored structural causes of social problems, created a fertile climate for the development of professional organizations

impact of asylums

designed to protect the populace from certain classes of persons who annoyed or threatened them. Providing relief but mandating the public enters some form of public housing to receive the aid.

indoor relief

populations forced to migrate to make room for

industrialization

almshouses, workhouses, and other forms of "asylums"

institutional (indoor) relief

towns and cities render public aid

local responsibility

Public responsibility for the relief of the poor refers to

local responsibility, family responsibility, residency requirements of legal settlement

1. Rise of industrialization and factory system 2. growth of nation's physical infrastructure 3. New forms of communication/transport 4. westward expansion and conquest 5. political dominance of south

major US trends (1800-1860)

Emancipation proclamation; strengthening of federal government; civil war amendments (13, 14, 15); failure of reconstructions; creation of national economy

major consequences of civil war

Social policies emerged as a result of the combination of

many different cultures and ideas

declared unconstitutional in 1904. First federal law in 1908

maryland passed 1st lAW IN 1903

Due to the population increase, there was also an increase in

need for services

The English Poor Laws has different categories of

needy persons

what did the English Poor Laws create

obligation of society to help

What were the conflicts between the charity organization societies and the settlement house movement

old style charity vs. scientific charity; favoring indoor relief vs. outdoor relief

Assistance to people in their homes for the worthy poor. People do not have to enter public housing to receive assistance.

outdoor relief

How was social control achieved?

parliament/government catered to larger corporations/industrialists, larger farm owners, local/town public officials

refers to the underclass of today

pauperism

Potential recipients of relief were the

poor, ill, disabled, elderly, orphans, widows with young kids

New "urban" issues were created by

poverty

the natural state of laboring classes (working poor)

poverty

- abolition of child labor -establishment of children's bureau (1912) -creation of juvenile court (1st one in Chicago) -Creation of kindergartens and playgrounds -expansion of public education

protection of children

MAJOR TRENDS IN COLONIAL AMERICA THAT SHAPED SOCIAL WELFARE.....?

protestant reformation and the work ethic, scientific revolution and enlightenment, the great awakening, rationales for commercial capitalism and expansion of slavey

They served the roles of being compassionate on the needy but also saving society from the social unrests that may occur from not responding to the needs of the poor.

public assistance, child welfare, and mental health services

Indoor relief and outdoor relief... are seen today as what programs

public assistance, child welfare, mental health sercies.

- 1st passed in Germany -opposed by AMA and most organized labor in US. -efforts in ny and california fail - only small % of mentally ill are institutionalized - influence of eugenics on mental health -social workers help pass various public health measures at the local and state level.

public health and MH care

American colonies: 1. to provide relief to those who could not support themselves 2. to control the needs of the poor

reasons for poor laws

common good> the sum of individual good. Expanded government role

refutation of 19th century liberalism

By 1795, policy objectives shifted from solely providing _______, to placing ______________

relief to the poor; to placing heavy regulations on those who received services

what type of work did the english poor laws require

residency and coercive work

individuals were required to have a specified location listed as their residence in order to receive any services

residency requirements of legal settlement

Charity organization societies, settlement& self-help organizations were created by immigrant groups

resistance to social reform

Population growth + New commercial opportunities =

rural

radical, political, and cultural foundational sources

settlement house movement

The increasing fragmentation along class, racial, and religious lines these views reflected led to the desires for a

simpler, less conflict ridden era

Hebert Spencer and William Sumner

social darwinism

pseudoscientific explanations used to justify socioeconomic inequality and to oppose policies that would address poverty

social darwinism

- growing use of police power: jailing of poor and "tramps" - suppression of strikes by police and army - charity organization societies - public welfare institutions - religious missions/forced conversion

social work as social control

when parents could not support the family... these schools taught the women how to provide for their family by "_______" fabric

spinning schools: spinning

what did the english poor laws establish?

stigma of pauperism

cotton gin, steam engine, railroads, mass production. growth of key industries (textiles, coal)

technology (1800-1860)

Established new role for government, part of transition from feudalism to capitalism, were the consequences of demographic and social changes

the english poor laws (1349-1662)

church getting involved to provide services to families

the friends almshouse

* means of resisting government encroachment * maintain church/state separation * Lack of government aid for social welfare * Tradition of self-help and mutual aid, especially among ethnic and religious communities

the growth of "voluntary" SW

There is to be a public responsibility for the relief of the poor who could work, and work for the able-bodied"

the new elizabethan poor laws

Combined goals of the elizabethan poor laws

to meet the needs of the poor and to control the needs of the poor

what was the goal of the resistance to social reform

to restore and reconstruct the "nostalgic" vision of an "organic" american community

During the time of the elizabethan poor laws there were

uncontrollable fires, high child mortality rates (due to lack of medicine), hazards of fishing

unemployed but not willing to support oneself-does not try

unworthy poor

impact of class relations, public health, culture, and politics

urbanization

what was the response to increase poverty

voluntary organizations began to emerge (community service society)

Who made up a large percentage of the poor (the poor laws in the colonies)

widows and their children (a lot of widows due to husbands fighting in war)

impact of time, machines

work

the need to work to provide for one's family

work ethic

The English Poor Laws also distinguished "_______" and "_______"

worthy and unworthy poor

poor who require aid but continue to work in efforts to support themselves; the ill, children, elderly etc.

worthy poor