Socialism: core ideas and principles

According to the socialist view, competition (particularly within a _____ economy) is _____, promotes social _____ and generates _____, hostility and _____ . Why do socialists believe that capitalism encourages people to reject or disregard their common humanity rather than accept it? What does it encourage humans to be?

According to the socialist view, competition (particularly within a capitalist economy) is wasteful, promotes social divisions and generates conflict, hostility and resentment. Socialists believe that capitalism sets one person against another, a process that encourages people to reject or disregard their common humanity rather than accept it. It encourages humans to be self-centred and belligerent.

After the _____ World War, _____ regimes in _____ and _____ Europe pursued similar policies of state-controlled _____ .

After the Second World War, communist regimes in China and Eastern Europe pursued similar policies of state-controlled collectivism.

What idea does co-operation reinforce and reflect? What is formed between those who co-operate rather than compete? They also channel the _____ of the whole _____ or _____, rather than just the potential of a single _____ .

Co-operation reinforces and reflects the socialist idea of a common humanity, in both moral and economic terms. People who co-operate rather than compete with each other form connections based on understanding, respect and mutual support. They also channel the capabilities of the whole group or community, rather than just the potential of a single individual.

Socialists endorse collectivism for two fundamental reasons: 1) From a moral perspective What do socialist believe should take priority over self-interest? What does collective effort encourage? (x2)

Collectivism 1) From a moral perspective The interests of the group should take priority over individual self-interest Collective effort encourages social unity and a sense of social responsibility towards others

Socialist endorse collectivism for two fundamental reasons: 2) In practical economic terms What does collectivism utilise efficiently? Avoiding the wastefulness and limited impact of _____ _____ effort inherent in the _____ economy.

Collectivism 2) In practical economic terms Collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society efficiently Avoiding the wastefulness and limited impact of competitive individual effort inherent in the capitalist economy

Collectivism also implies that society can only be transformed by _____ endeavour - for socialists, it offers a way of achieving an _____ society.

Collectivism also implies that society can only be transformed by _____ endeavour - for socialists, it offers a way of achieving an _____ society.

Collectivism, therefore, reflects the socialist view that it is more important to pursue the interests of a _____ or a _____ rather than individual _____ .

Collectivism, therefore, reflects the socialist view that it is more important to pursue the interests of a society or a community rather than individual self-interest.

Common humanity What is the socialist belief in common humanity based on? How do socialist see humans? What tendencies do humans have according to socialists? (x3) Humans naturally prefer to _____ with, rather than _____ against, each other. Why can the individual not be understood without reference to society?

Common humanity The socialist belief in common humanity is also based on assumptions about human nature. Socialists see humans as social creatures with a tendency towards co-operation, sociability and rationality. Humans naturally prefer to co-operate with, rather than compete against, each other. In fact, the individual cannot be understood without reference to society, because human behaviour is socially determined.

Common ownership Broadly speaking, socialists have argued that private property should be _____ entirely and replaced with _____ _____ or that the latter should be applied in a more _____ way.

Common ownership Broadly speaking, socialists have argued that private property should be abolished entirely and replaced with common ownership or that the latter should be applied in a more limited way.

Common ownership In the USSR from the _____s, the _____ regime implemented an _____ form of _____ ownership by bringing the entire _____ under _____ control. More _____ socialists, including the _____ Labour government in the UK (1945-_____), have opted for _____ common ownership by _____ only key strategic industries, including _____ mines, the _____ and _____ , leaving much of the _____ in _____ hands. However, in recent decades, what have what have western socialist parties placed less emphasis on? In favour of what? (later link to Third Way)

Common ownership In the USSR from the 1930s, the Stalinist regime implemented an all-encompassing form of common ownership by bringing the entire economy under state control. More moderate socialists, such as the Attlee Labour government in the UK (1945-51), have opted for limited common ownership by nationalising only key strategic industries, such as coal mining, the railways and steel-making, leaving much f the economy in private hands. However, in recent decades, western socialist parties have placed less emphasis on common ownership in favour of other objectives.

Common ownership Why do socialists endorse common ownership? Define 'private property' in this sense.

Common ownership Socialists endorse common ownership because they believe that private property has several important drawbacks. Private property - productive wealth or capital

Debates about equality What does a key debate within socialism focus on? In many ways, this is a debate about the role of the _____ .

Debates about equality A key debate within socialism focuses on the extent to which social and economic equality can or should be achieved. In many ways, this is a debate about the role of the state.

Debates about equality By contrast, what level of equality do social democrats wish to achieve? Through what kind of state role? How do they wish to achieve this? (x3) What is the primary aim of social democrats? If this can be achieved, what can be tolerated? For social democrats, what does the state not own or control? What is the role of the state in the eyes of social democrats? (What should it adjust? In order to narrow what?) In essence, what do social democrats seek to reform rather than abolish? For this reason, what do they maintain continues to play an important role in human motivation? As a result, what is the social-democrat position on social equality flexible enough to accept?

Debates about equality By contrast, social democrats wish to achieve relative equality through more limited state intervention. They wish to achieve this through welfare measures, government spending and progressive taxation. Their primary aim is to remove absolute poverty and, if this can be achieved, then a certain level of inequality can be tolerated. For social democrats, the state does not own or control all the means of production - its role is to adjust distribution to narrow differences in wealth and life chances. In essence, social democrats seek to reform rather than abolish capitalism and for this reason maintain that material incentives continue to play an important role in human motivation. As a result, the social-democrat position on social equality is flexible enough to embrace equality of opportunity.

Debates about equality What do revolutionary socialists, such as Marxists, demand with regards to equality? How can this level of equality only be guaranteed? (Distribution of what? The abolition of what? And the introduction of what for all means of production?) Under this system, what dies the state exercise and what does it supervise? To prevent what?

Debates about equality Revolutionary socialists, such as Marxists, demand absolute equality for everyone in terms of material rewards and life opportunities. Such equality can be guaranteed only by controlled distribution of goods and services, the abolition of private property and the introduction of common ownership of all means of production. Under this system, the state exercises common ownership and supervises the distribution of resources to prevent the return of social and economic inequalities.

Disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality Absolute equality Absolute equality is based on the notion that everyone will receive the same _____ , providing they make a _____ to society. Over time, what will each person do? Who supports this approach? As the basis for what? Who rejects this approach? Why?

Disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality Absolute equality Absolute equality is based on the notion that everyone will receive the same rewards, providing they make a contribution to society. Over time, each person will make a broadly equal contribution to society. This approach is supported by Marxists as the basis of a communist society But rejected by social democrats and the Third Way as impractical and potentially demobilising

Disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality Equality of opportunity Equality of opportunity is based on the principle that everyone should have an _____ chance to make the _____ of their _____ . There should be a 'level _____ _____ ' with no artificial _____ to progress for those with _____ , _____ and a _____ attitude to _____ work. Who supports this approach? On what grounds? Who rejects it? Why?

Disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality Equality of opportunity Equality of opportunity is based on the principle that everyone should have an equal chance to make the best of their abilities. There should be a 'level playing field' with no artificial barriers to progress for those with ability, talent and a positive attitude to hard work. This approach is supported by social democrats and the Third Way on meritocratic grounds But rejected by Marxists because it does not seek to remove capitalism and its structural inequalities

Disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality Equality of outcome What should rewards be based on? Why will some inequality persist? But what will differences in rewards not be as marked as? Which strand of socialism tends to support equality of outcome (who reject _____ ) ? As a way of removing the influence of what? Who opposes equality of outcome? (x2) Why?

Disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality Equality of outcome Rewards should be based on an individual's contribution Since this will vary from person to person some inequality will persist but differences in rewards will not be as marked as when in the free-market system Equality of outcome tends to be supported by fundamentalist socialists (who reject capitalism) as a way of removing the free market's influence But it is opposed by social democrats and the Third Way as a form of artificial social and economic 'levelling'.

Disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality Equality of welfare What does equality of welfare accept? But what does is maintain that every individual is entitled to? Guaranteed by what? Who endorses equality of welfare? Why? Who rejects it? Why?

Disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality Equality of welfare Equality of welfare accepts that human society is inevitably unequal But also maintains that every individual is entitled to have an equal minimum standard of living guaranteed by state welfare provision Equality of welfare is endorsed by social democrats and the Third Way because it provides a vital safety net for the most vulnerable in society Marxists reject it because this welfare provision does not seek to remove capitalism and its structural inequalities

Drawbacks of private property 1) As wealth is created by the _____ endeavour of humans, it should be owned _____, not by _____ .

Drawbacks of private property 1) As wealth is created by the collective endeavour of humans, it should be owned collectively, not by individuals.

Drawbacks of private property 2) Private property encourages _____ and fosters the false belief that the achievement of personal _____ will bring fulfilment.

Drawbacks of private property 2) Private property encourages materialism and fosters the false belief that the achievement of personal wealth will bring fulfilment.

Drawbacks of private property 3) Private property generates social _____ between _____ and _____ - not' groups, such as _____ and _____ .

Drawbacks of private property 3) Private property generates social conflict between 'have' and 'have-not' groups, such as owners and workers.

Under socialist collectivism, how are the following sectors handled...? Education

Education The state runs the school system, which is free and available to everyone

What kind of role for the state has developed for socialists due to the belief in a common humanity? What do Marxists and state socialists argue that the agency of the state can be used to control? What is the view of social democrats with regards to state intervention?

Finally, the belief in a common humanity has led socialists to support an interventionist role for the state. Marxists and state socialists argue that the agency of the state can be used to control economic production and distribution for the benefit of everyone. Social democrats also advocate for state intervention, in the more limited from of welfare and redistribution programmes, to help those in greatest need.

Give an example of when the Marxist idea of collectivism has been used in history. When? Where? What happened and why?

For example, in the USSR in 1929, most industries were nationalised and all agricultural land was collectivised in order to transform a backward state into a modern industrial society, using complete state control of the economy to bring about change.

For the economy to function properly, what do most contemporary socialists accept the need for? But what is also stressed? For example, _____ effort to boost _____ growth not only increases _____ standards for the _____ population but also provides the funds (through _____) to finance _____ measures to help the _____ and the _____ .

For the economy to function properly, most contemporary socialists accept the need for at least some material rewards to motivate people, but they also stress that these should be linked to moral incentives. For example, co-operative effort to boost economic growth not only increases living standards for the working population but also provides the funds (through taxation) to finance welfare measures to help the vulnerable and the poor.

Define 'fraternity'

Fraternity - literally a 'brotherhood' - humans bound together by comradeship and a common outlook because they share the same basic nature and interests, while differences due to class, religion, nationality and ethnic background are far less significant.

Under socialist collectivism, how are the following sectors handled...? Health Care

Health Care National Health Care service, funded from general taxation, provides free care based on need

Under socialist collectivism, how are the following sectors handled...? Housing

Housing Subsidised homes provided by local government

Humans have the capacity for _____ action and can work together in order to achieve their _____ . In this sense, they are tied together by the bonds of _____ .

Humans have the capacity for collective action and can work together in order to achieve their goals. In this sense, they are tied together by the bonds of fraternity.

Under socialist collectivism, how are the following sectors handled...? Industrial relations

Industrial relations Workers organised in trade unions with bargaining rights over terms and conditions

Under socialist collectivism, how are the following sectors handled...? Industry

Industry Key industries under state control to operate in national interest

What does the socialist belief in collectivism say about the best way to reach human objectives?

It maintains that humans can achieve their political, social and economic objectives more effectively through collective action than through individual effort

Define 'Marxism'

Marxism = an ideological system, within socialism, that drew on the writings of Marx and Engels and has at its core a philosophy of history that explains why it is inevitable that capitalism will be replaced by communism.

Marxists and _____ socialists advocate _____ action though a centralised _____ that organises all (or nearly all) production and _____.

Marxists and state socialists advocate collective action through a centralised state that organises all (or nearly all) production and distribution.

Who have pursued collectivism in a more limited way? What do they accept to a degree? For example, which Labour government adopted this approach? Which industries did they nationalise? What was left in private hands?

Moderate socialists who accept some degree of free-market capitalism in the economy have pursued collectivism in a more limited way. For instance, the 1945-51 Labour government in the UK nationalised key industries- such as coal, electricity, and iron and steel- but left much of the economy in private hands.

How do most socialists feel about state intervention and state planning? To promote _____ goals and ensure that the _____ of goods and services is not left to _____ forces.

Most socialists call for some form of state intervention and state planning to promote collectivist goals and ensure that the distribution of goods and services is not left to free-market forces.

What trend in socialist belief has come about surrounding collectivism? Since when? Why?

Since the 1970s, socialists generally have attached less importance to collectivism. This is due to a growing perception that collectivism in developed countries such as the UK (mainly in the form of state welfare, trade union power and government intervention in the economy) was producing a dependency culture and a sluggish, uncompetitive economic sector.

Social class Although clearly central to the ideology, what do socialists disagree over? Marxists traditionally emphasise the fundamental role of _____ politics based on _____ division between _____ and _____ . In this analysis, how is a person's class position economically determined? Who do Marxists claim conflict is inevitable between? Under the _____ system, argue Marxists, the state becomes an instrument of _____ rule, with the _____ using institutions and _____ to maintain their _____ . According to the Marxist theory, what eventually happens to society as a result of this class conflict? Eventually, what does this process lead to? What is overthrown? For Marxists, the state will only _____ away once the workers' gains have been _____ and social class _____ are replaced by a _____ , _____ society.

Social class Although clearly central to the ideology, socialists disagree over the importance of social class Marxists traditionally emphasise the fundamental role of class politics based on economic division between capital and labour In this analysis, a person's class position is economically determined by their relationship to the means of production Marxists maintain that conflict is inevitable between the owners of productive wealth and those who have to sell their labour to survive Under the capitalist system, argue Marxists, the state becomes an instrument of class rule, with the bourgeoisie using institutions and agencies to maintain their dominance According to the Marxist theory, this class conflict will grow in intensity and eventually divide society into two antagonistic groups - the 'haves' and 'have-nots' Eventually this process leads to a proletarian revolution that overthrows the capitalist state and the bourgeoisie For Marxists, the state will only wither away once the workers' gains have been consolidated and social class differences are replaced by a classless, equal society

Social class As a result, how have moderate socialist parties adapted their programmes in recent decades? They have also attempted to redefine their brand of _____ politics in terms of '_____' concerns, such as _____ and _____ issues, and have placed less emphasis on the redress of _____ grievances.

Social class As a result, in recent decades, moderate socialist parties have adapted their programmes to appeal to non-manual workers. They have also attempted to redefine their brand of progressive politics in terms of 'classless' issues, such as green and feminist issues, and have placed less emphasis on the redress of working-class grievances.

Social class By contrast, social democrats define social class in more _____ terms, emphasising _____ and _____ differences between non-_____ and _____ occupational groups How do social democrats argue that socialist objectives can be achieved? To do what to class distinctions? What does the state not represent according to social democrats? What does it instead provide? Unlike Marxists, who stress class _____ and _____ action, social democrats advocate class _____ in society and _____ social improvement.

Social class By contrast, social democrats define social class in more fluid terms, emphasising income and status differences between non-manual and manual occupational groups Social democrats argue that socialist objectives can be achieved through targeted state intervention to narrow (not remove) class distinctions The state, according to social democrats, does not represent an instrument of oppressive class rule but rather provides the welfare and redistribution schemes by which class inequalities can be reduced Unlike Marxists, who stress class conflict and revolutionary action, social democrats advocate class consensus in society and peaceful social improvement

Social class Over the last _____ years or so, the connection between _____ ideology and _____ politics has weakened considerably. The decline in _____ politics, reflected in the social democrats more _____ stance, has been an important consequence of significant changes in the _____ , notably _____ and the rise of the _____ sector. What has deindustrialisation led to the decline of? What had these staple industries previously supported? (x3) What has the contraction of the staple industries undermined? What has it reduced? What has deindustrialisation created? With economies based on what? What has expanded?

Social class Over the last 50 years or so, the connection between socialist ideology and class politics has weakened considerably The decline in class politics, reflected in the social democrats' more moderate stance, has been an important consequence of significant changes in the economy, notably deindustrialisation and the rise of the service sector. Deindustrialisation has led to the decline of traditional staple industries (such as coal mining and steel making), which had previously supported a culture of working-class solidarity, pro-socialist worker politics and powerful trade unions. The contraction of the staple industries has undermined working-class solidarity and working-class communities, and has reduced the size of the manual workforce Deindustrialisation has created post-industrial societies with service- and information- based economies and expanding middle classes

Social class Social classes are not viewed as an _____ or _____ feature of society because _____ societies aim to eradicate all class _____, and other socialist societies seek diminish class _____ significantly.

Social class Social classes are not viewed as an essential or everlasting feature of society because communist societies aim to eradicate all class distinctions, and other socialist societies seek to diminish class inequalities significantly.

Socialists argue that this form of equality can be justified in several ways: Social equality ensures fairness According to socialists, what is the cause of economic inequality? Rather than what? For this reason, why do some socialists tend to reject equality of opportunity? Why do they argue this concept is unfair? Which view on human nature does this argument reflect?

Social equality ensures fairness According to socialists, economic inequality is caused by the structural inequalities in a capitalist society, rather than innate differences of ability among people. For this reason, some socialists tend to reject equality of opportunity because, in their view, such a concept justifies the unequal treatment of people on the grounds of innate ability. This argument reflects a view of human nature that emphasises people are born with the potential to be equal.

Social equality ensures fairness However, other socialists maintain that, since it is part of human nature to have different _____ and _____ , inequality in the form of _____ rewards is inevitable to some extent. Which approach do these socialists tend to adopt? To ensure what?

Social equality ensures fairness However, other socialists ensure that, since it is part of human nature to have different abilities and attributes, inequality in the form of differential abilities and attributes, inequality in the form of differential rewards is inevitable to some extent. These socialists tend to endorse an egalitarian approach to ensure that people are treated less unequally, in terms of material rewards and living conditions.

Social equality is a means of satisfying basic human needs In terms of the economy, what do most socialists agree on about the free market? What is it driven by? What can it not do fairly? In their view, only the _____ mechanism of the state can _____ for everyone, _____ of social position, and combat the _____ effects of the _____ market.

Social equality is a means of satisfying basic human needs In terms of the economy, most socialists agree that the free market, driven by profit motive, cannot allocate wealth and resources fairly to all members of society. In their view, only the redistributive mechanism of the state can provide for everyone, irrespective of social position, and combat the divisive effects of the free market.

Socialists argue that this form of equality can be justified in several ways: Social equality is a means of satisfying basic human needs Social equality is essential to satisfy basic _____ needs that are part of _____ nature and needed for a sense of human _____ . Given that all basic human _____ are the same (such as _____ , friendship and _____ ), socialists call for the equal, or more equal, distribution of _____ and _____ to promote human _____ and realise human _____ .

Social equality is a means of satisfying basic human needs Social equality is essential to satisfy basic human needs that are part of human nature and needed for a sense of human fulfilment. Given that all basic human needs are the same (such as food, friendship and shelter), socialists call for the equal, or more equal, distribution of wealth and resources to promote human fulfilment and realise human potential.

Social equality reinforces collectivism On the other hand, what does social inequality encourage? Why are societies with great economic and social inequalities unstable? Eventually, if the situation is not addressed, what will happen? Give two examples of when this occurred (place and date). Why do socialists also condemn equality of opportunity?

Social equality reinforces collectivism On the other hand, social inequality encourages conflict and instability. Societies with great economic and social inequalities are unstable because they are sharply divided into the 'haves' and 'have-nots'. Eventually, if the situation is not addressed, the disadvantaged sections of society will revolt in protest against their conditions, as happened in Russia in 1917 and Mexico in 1910-20. In a similar way, socialists also condemn equality of opportunity for fostering a competitive 'dog-eat-dog' outlook.

Socialists argue that this form of equality can be justified in several ways: Social equality reinforces collectivism What does social equality reinforce in society and the economy? (x3) Put simply, when are humans more likely to co-exist harmoniously in society and work together for the common economic good? For example, modern _____ has high levels of _____ equality based on extensive wealth _____ and social _____ . Socialists have argued that such measures have made a major contribution to the _____ , _____ and _____ output of _____ society.

Social equality reinforces collectivism Social equality reinforces collectivism, co-operation and solidarity within society and the economy Put simply, humans are more likely to co-exist harmoniously in society and work together for the common economic good if they share the same social and economic conditions. For example, modern Sweden has high levels of social equality based on extensive wealth redistribution and social welfare. Socialists argue that such measures have made a major contribution to the stability, cohesion and economic output of Swedish society.

Socialists advocate co-operation based on their _____ view of human nature. How do socialists believe humans are naturally inclined to work? What produces the best results for society?

Socialists advocate co-operation based on their positive view of human nature. They agree that humans are naturally inclined to work together for the common good and that co-operative effort produces the best results for society.

What do socialist argue human nature is moulded by? According to socialists, how can people only be defined or understood? This line of argument leads socialists to conclude that membership of a _____ or _____ offers humans true freedom and fulfilment.

Socialists argue that human nature is moulded by social conditions - the experiences and circumstances of a person's life. According to the socialist view, people can be defined or understood in terms of the social groups they boing to. This line of argument leads socialists to conclude that membership of a community or society offers humans true freedom and fulfilment.

The end of the Cold War in _____ and the collapse of the USSR in _____ reinforced this view as collectivism suffered a significant ideological defeat.

The end of the Cold War in 1989 and the collapse of the USSR in 1991 reinforced this view as collectivism suffered a significant ideological defeat.

What is the pursuit of collectivism commonly seen to involve? (x3)

The pursuit of collectivism is commonly seen to involve the growth of the state, the expansion of the state services and responsibilities, and an increase in state spending.

What is arguably the fundamental value of socialism?

The pursuit of social equality or equality of outcome is, arguably, the fundamental value of socialism.

However, what do the various strands of socialism vary in?

The various strands of socialism vary in their commitment to collectivism.

There are two basic criticisms of collectivism: 1) Because collectivism emphasises _____ action and _____ interests, it suppresses human _____ and _____ .

There are two basic criticisms of collectivism: 1) Because collectivism emphasises group action and common interests, it suppresses human individuality and diversity.

There are two basic criticisms of collectivism: 2) As collectivist objectives can only really be advanced through the agency of the _____, it leads to the growth of arbitrary _____ power and the erosion of _____ freedoms.

There are two basic criticisms of collectivism: 2) As collectivist objectives can only really be advanced through the agency of the state, it leads to the growth of arbitrary state power and the erosion of individual freedoms.

What has this emphasis on common humanity led socialists to conclude about human motivation? People should work hard in order to improve their _____ or _____ because they have a sense of _____ for other humans, particularly the least _____ . What does the moral incentive to improve society rest on?

This emphasis on a common humanity has led socialists to conclude that human motivation can be driven not just by material considerations but also by a modern view of people's role in society. people should work hard in order to improve their society or community because they have a sense of responsibility for other humans, particularly the least fortunate. The moral incentive to improve society rests on the acceptance of a common humanity.

Which socialist view on human nature is the root of the belief in collectivism? How do humans prefer to live?

This emphasis on collectivism is rooted in the socialist view of human nature, which argues that humans are social animals; as such, they prefer to live in social groups rather than alone.

Workers' control British _____ socialism, a _____ control movement that emerged in the early _____ century, was internally divided over the role of the _____. What did all guild socialists argue for? In the pursuit of what? However, some called for the state to _____ essentially in its _____ form, whereas others called for the state to be turned into a _____ body composed of workers' _____ , _____ organisations and _____ government bodies.

Workers' control British guild socialism, a pro-workers' control movement that emerged in the early 20th century, was internally divided over the role of the state. All guild socialists argued for state ownership of industry in the pursuit of workers' control However, some called for the state to remain essentially in its existing form, whereas others called for the state to be turned into a federal body composed of workers' guilds, consumers' organisations and local government bodies

Workers' control Critics reject such schemes on the grounds that they are _____ and fail to acknowledge that business needs _____ and _____ as well as workers. According to this opinion, which attribute do workers lack needed for success? By taking over the management functions of appointments, promotions and dismissals, what may manual employees adversely affect?

Workers' control Critics reject such schemes on the grounds that they are utopian and fail to acknowledge that business needs risk-takers and investors as well as workers. According to this opinion, workers often lack the entrepreneurial attributes necessary for success. In taking over the management functions of appointments, promotions and dismissals, manual employees may adversely affect the economic viability of their workplace.

Workers' control For what reason do some socialists argue that workers should control the means of production? What does workers' control aim to do? For example, French _____ in the late _____ and early _____ centuries called for the overthrow of _____ and the introduction of workers' control of the _____ based on the _____ _____ and _____ political institutions.

Workers' control Some socialists maintain that, as the workers are the key factor in the production process, they should have the right to control the means of production Workers' control aims either to dilute or replace capitalist control of the economy For example, French syndicalists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries called for the overthrow of capitalism and the introduction of workers' control of the economy based on the trade unions and proletariat political institutions

Workers' control Those endorsing workers' control hold contrasting views regarding what? _____ are hostile towards the state, regarding it as an instrument of _____ oppression and an inefficient _____ structure incapable of initiating meaningful _____ . Consequently, what do syndicalists call for the state to be replaced by? Based on what?

Workers' control Those endorsing workers' control hold contracting views regarding the role played by the state in the socialist transformation Syndicalists are hostile towards the state, regarding it as an instrument of hostile oppression and an inefficient bureaucratic structure incapable of initiating meaningful reform. Consequently, syndicalists call for the state to be forcibly replaced with a form of workers' control based on federation of trade union bodies.

Workers' control What can workers' control be seen as an important step towards? What would be an example of 'moderate' workers' control in a capitalist society? (x2) These moderate examples of workers' control provide a method of introducing _____ reform to the _____ and _____ structure. Give an example of more extreme means of workers' control. This was seen with the workers' councils operating in _____ in the _____ and _____ . What idea do these more extreme means of workers' control reinforce?

Workers' control Workers' control can be seen as an important step towards a socialist society 'Moderate' workers' control - such as increased trade union and shop floor influence over manager's decisions - provides a method of introducing limited reforms to the social and economic structure More extreme means of workers' control - industrial self-management by workers living under state socialism This was seen with the workers' councils operating in Yugoslavia in 1950s and 1960s These more extreme means of workers' control reinforce the idea that a socialist society should raise the condition and status of the working class

Workers' control What does workers' control cover? What do they aim to provide? What do they seek to establish for workers?

Workers' control Workers' control covers a range of schemes that aim to provide workers with full democratic control of their places of employment. These schemes seek to establish real decision-making powers for workers in their particular industries or occupations

Workers' control Workers' control is clearly based on socialist views about ____ nature, as it promotes _____ effort and the pursuit of _____ interests. Some socialists have argued that workers' control, with its emphasis on fully involving _____ in all aspects of the _____ process, can maximise human _____ by combating _____ at the workplace and undermining the _____ view of _____ as a mere commodity.

Workers' control Workers' control is clearly based on socialist views about human nature, as it promotes collective effort and the pursuit of group interests. Some socialists have argued that workers' control, with its emphasis on fully involving employees in all aspects of the production process, can maximise human potential by combating alienation at the workplace and undermining the capitalist view of labour as a mere commodity

Workers' control What does workers' control mean? It can also be used in a wider and more _____ sense to mean workers' control of the _____ . The concept has influenced different strands of socialist thought, including _____ and _____ .

Workers' control Workers' control refers to the complete or partial ownership of an economic enterprise (such as a business or factory) by those employed there It can also be used in a wider and more political sense to mean workers' control of the state The concept has influenced different strands of socialist thought, including Marxism and syndicalism