Socio: Chapter 9 Review

13. Why is the incarceration of drug offenders a highly ineffective way to reduce the number of illegal drugs sold in the United States? a. Demand for drugs drives the drug market, so incarcerated drug sellers are simply replaced. b. Sentences for drug offences are so short that they do not act as a deterrent. c. Most drug offenders are illegal immigrants, so they are deported instead of incarcerated. d. With the legalization of medical marijuana, there will be less of a need to police drug sales.

a. Demand for drugs drives the drug market, so incarcerated drug sellers are simply replaced.

27. What was the primary focus of major laws passed in the 1980s, including the 1984 Crime Control Act, Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, and Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988? a. Rehabilitation as a mechanism for combating drug abuse b. The implementation of mandatory minimum sentences for drug convictions c. Increasing racial equity in drug sentencing d. All of the above

a. Rehabilitation as a mechanism for combating drug abuse

9. How are current views of incarceration in the United States different from those in the mid-twentieth century? a. Today, incarceration is viewed as an effective means of controlling crime, whereas, historically, it was viewed as an ineffective strategy. b. Today, incarceration is only used as a last resort, whereas, historically, it was used even for petty crimes. c. Today, incarceration in not viewed as a punishment but as a means for rehabilitation, whereas, historically, incarceration was a stepping stone to the death penalty. d. Views on incarceration have stayed relatively the same, but as the population grew, so did the number of incarcerations.

a. Today, incarceration is viewed as an effective means of controlling crime, whereas, historically, it was viewed as an ineffective strategy.

1. Our criminal justice system systematically denies rights and opportunities to African Americans, effectively replacing openly racist policies of the past. a. True b. False

a. True

2. Following emancipation, the number of black convicts increased so much that a convict-lease system was born, whereby convicts could be leased to the highest bidder to work as slaves. a. True b. False

a. True

3. Mass incarceration is raced, classed, and gendered. a. True b. False

a. True

6. Nonviolent offenders are the fastest-growing segment of the prison population. a. True b. False

a. True

16. Mass incarceration has directly affected women in three distinct ways from men. Which of the following is not one of those ways? a. White women are incarcerated at equal rates as women of color, due to gender biases in drug enforcement. b. Nearly 80 percent of women prisoners had experienced some form of abuse in their lives, with a number in jail for retaliating against their abuser c. Women are more likely than men to have been the primary caregivers prior to being incarcerated, meaning that their children are more directly affected. d. Incarceration is a relatively new phenomenon for women, with rates rising dramatically in the context of the "War on Drugs."

a. White women are incarcerated at equal rates as women of color, due to gender biases in drug enforcement.

30. John's father was the primary breadwinner in his family. When John's father was incarcerated, his family could no longer afford the rent in their neighborhood and now live in a poorer neighborhood with worse-quality schools. This is an example of a. collateral consequences. b. the prison industrial complex. c. neoliberalism. d. mandatory minimums.

a. collateral consequences.

26. Convictions for _____ represent the fastest growing source of incarceration. a. nonviolent drug offenses b. white-collar crimes c. violent offenses like murder and rape d. traffic violations

a. nonviolent drug offenses

17. John Lamberth's investigation of police stops on the New Jersey turnpike provided convincing evidence of the discriminatory practice of a. racial profiling. b. steering. c. racially restrictive covenants. d. police brutality.

a. racial profiling.

28. _____ tend to be disproportionately racially profiled for traffic stops and stop-and-frisks on street corners. a. Whites b. Blacks and Latinos c. Blacks only d. Blacks and Asians

b. Blacks and Latinos

4. The Thirteenth Amendment prohibits forced labor as a punishment for crime; therefore, prisons must pay their prisoners the minimum wage for their labor. a. True b. False

b. False

5. Incarceration rates have been decreasing among women in recent decades. a. True b. False

b. False

32. _____ led to some reductions in incarceration. a. The election of Donald Trump b. The Great Recession/global economic crisis c. The rise of neoliberalism d. The "War on Drugs"

b. The Great Recession/global economic crisis

19. When taking into account the severity of the charge, blacks receive _____ prison sentences when compared to whites and receive the death penalty _____ than whites. a. equal; more often b. longer; more often c. shorter; as often d. longer; as often

b. longer; more often

8. Fill in the blanks (2): The United States has _____ people in prison than any other country, yet mass incarceration has been _____ at reducing crime and illicit drug use. a. less; effective b. more; ineffective c. more; effective d. less; ineffective

b. more; ineffective

21. The enormous investment in our prison industrial complex, combined with the perceived political benefits of crime control, have led to policies that ensure that more people are sentenced to prison, thereby creating the need for more prison beds. In this way, the prison industrial complex can be likened to a a. scavenger. b. self-perpetuating machine. c. dependent child. d. the "New Jim Crow."

b. self-perpetuating machine.

24. Which country has the highest incarceration rate? a. China b. the United States c. France d. Russia

b. the United States

10. The _____ accounts for much of the disparity between the incarceration rate of the United States and those of other countries. a. Patriot Act b. "War of Terror" c. "War on Drugs" d. economic recession of 2007

c. "War on Drugs"

18. What could explain why, in Seattle, blacks represent nearly two-thirds of all those arrested for drugs even though the majority of those who sell and use drugs in Seattle are white? a. Drug cartels hire blacks to act as scapegoats for white drug dealers who are caught by the police. b. Whites are more cautious about where they sell drugs and who they sell drugs to. c. Police officers tend to target predominantly black neighborhoods in criminal law enforcement operations. d. Black drug users are less likely to resist arrest during police raids.

c. Police officers tend to target predominantly black neighborhoods in criminal law enforcement operations.

29. _____ have experienced the greatest financial benefits of mass incarceration in recent years. a. Taxpayers b. Schools c. Private, corporate-run prisons d. All of the above

c. Private, corporate-run prisons

23. What was the primary inspiration for the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act signed by President Johnson in 1968? a. Drug use became viewed as a public health epidemic. b. Crime spiraled out of control in American communities. c. Republican and Democratic politicians realized that anticrime rhetoric could help win elections. d. There was a growing belief that prisons were barbaric.

c. Republican and Democratic politicians realized that anticrime rhetoric could help win elections.

25. In the United States, the typical mandatory minimum sentence in federal court for a first-time drug offense is a. no more than six months in jail. b. rehabilitation. c. five to ten years in prison. d. a warning.

c. five to ten years in prison.

22. Marie is a Latina single mother from Florida who was given a minimum sentence of twenty-five years for illegal possession of hydrocodone. Marie's mother, who is disabled, will have to take care of Marie's children. This scenario demonstrates how a. Latinas are more likely to engage in drug use than black women. b. incarceration has done little to reduce drug offenses within the Latino community. c. inequality in the criminal justice system works to negatively affect families. d. All of the above

c. inequality in the criminal justice system works to negatively affect families.

7. W. E. B. DuBois likened the prison system to a. the eugenics movement. b. the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. c. slavery in private hands. d. racial genocide

c. slavery in private hands.

15. Incarceration can be likened to _____ in that it is legal to discriminate against felons, thus denying rights and opportunities to African Americans who are disproportionately incarcerated. a. the eugenics movement b. race-based channeling c. the "New Jim Crow" d. social service reform

c. the "New Jim Crow"

11. Blacks and Latinos make up over 50 percent of the U.S. prison population. Their overrepresentation in prisons is largely due to a. the fact that they commit more crimes than whites. b. their higher rates of drug use. c. their higher rate of imprisonment for drug crimes. d. the fact that they are more likely to get caught for white collar crimes.

c. their higher rate of imprisonment for drug crimes.

31. Formerly incarcerated people with felony records can be denied a. employment. b. housing. c. the right to vote. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

33. _____ do(es) not have a strong deterrent effect on crime rate. a. Economic changes b. Fluctuations in the drug market c. Community-level responses d. Incarceration

d. Incarceration

20. Besides the incarceration of offenders, what other purpose do prisons serve? a. Profits from prisons are used to support local schools. b. They effectively reduce overall crime rates through deterrence. c. They provide free college educations to all inmates. d. They provide employment to thousands of workers.

d. They provide employment to thousands of workers.

14. Black men are sent to prison on drug charges at thirteen times the rate of white men, yet five times as many whites as blacks use illegal drugs. This demonstrates how a. the "War on Drugs" has been only been effective in reducing drug use by whites. b. black men are more likely to plead guilty to drug charges. c. black men are more likely to sell drugs than whites, but whites are more likely to use drugs. d. enforcement of drug laws disproportionately affects people of color.

d. enforcement of drug laws disproportionately affects people of color.

12. In the United States, incarceration rates have _____ as crime rates have _____. a. decreased; decreased b. increased; increased c. decreased; increased d. increased; decreased

d. increased; decreased