Socioemotional Development in Infancy

About Blank______ children under the age of 6 are in child care in the United States.

15 million

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of

7 to 8 months.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth.

______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.

Attachment

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Match the author or pair of authors with the appropriate temperament model.

Chess and Thomas- easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up temperament types Kagan- degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar Rothbart and Bates- dimensions of extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control

is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.

Emotion

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Erikson Bowlby Freud

According to Chess and Thomas' research, all children can be classified as having one of three temperament patterns.

False

Match the theorist with the description of his attachment theory.

Freud- Infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction. Erikson- A sense of trust is the foundation for attachment Bowlby- Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and is not distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?

He is an insecure resistant baby.

______ are more likely to be found in family child care and informal care settings than other age groups.

Infants and toddlers

Which of the following statements is true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which of the following are true of the developmental cascade model?

It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development. It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar?

Kagan

Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?

Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.

Which of the following are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?

Non-Latino white mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions.

One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?

Reactivity Self-regulation

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification system involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?

Rothbart and Bates

Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?

Self-conscious

Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?

Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas

Ainsworth created the Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

Temperament

In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes contribute to the development of social orientation in infancy.

True

Individual differences are at the heart of temperament.

True

Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True

Trust and the development of self and independence are central to personality development in infancy.

True

According to research, which of the following is a common occurrence for couples as they transition into parenthood?

a new gendered division of labor

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?

ability to distract oneself waiting longer to express anger

Which type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?

anger cry

According to Erikson, trust versus mistrust

arises in each successive stage of development.

According to research conducted across four different cultures, at about what age does separation protest peak?

at 13 to 15 months of age

The close emotional bond between a mother (or another caregiver) and her infant is called . (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)

attachment

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to

begin to regulate their emotions

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

behavioral organization communication with others

Which of the following describes reciprocal socialization?

bidirectional

According to the epigenetic view, the influence of heredity and the environment on development is

bidirectional.

Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry?

breath holding lack of preliminary moaning

The developmental model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

cascade

Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?

cognitive processes

As children become older, they develop Blank______ for controlling their emotions and become more adept at modulating their emotional arousal.

cognitive strategies

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional expression?

culture

Which of the following are biological influences related to a child's emotional capacities?

development of the brain stem maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the hippocampus

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) Blank______ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

Six-month-old Johnny often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) child.

difficult

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the

difficulty of interpreting infant emotion.

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure Blank______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

When it comes to self-conscious emotions, most developmental psychologists believe they

do not occur until the second half of the first year.

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) Blank______ child.

easy

According to a longitudinal investigation done by Chess and Thomas, of the different temperaments, the most children could be classified as

easy.

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of Blank______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

effortful

Which of the following dimensions to characterize temperament were proposed by Rothbart and Bates?

effortful control

Diversity in emotional experiences is the result of

embeddedness in relationships.

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially in relation to their well-being, is called

emotion.

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions.

Insecure avoidant babies

engage in little interaction with their caregiver.

Which of the following is least likely to influence an individual's emotions?

environmental quality

According to Rothbart and Bates, which dimension that characterizes the structure of temperament includes pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter?

extraversion/surgency

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include?

frustration fear Sadness

Which of the following are factors that contribute to social orientation and understanding in infants?

goal-directed behavior cooperation locomotion

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit.

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs

in the first year of life.

Some children develop strong effortful control but others do not. This is best described by

individual differences in temperament.

What is a common conflict defuser employed in well-functioning families?

laughter

Which of the following are positive emotions?

love enthusiasm joy

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

low intensity of mood low activity level somewhat negative affect

A slow-to-warm-up child has a Blank______ activity level, is somewhat Blank______, and displays Blank______ intensity of mood.

low; negative; low

A positive family climate for children involves which two of the following?

marital satisfaction between parents effective parenting

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are most likely to study which of the following factors?

mother-infant attachment the brain hormones

Rothbart and Bates' temperament dimension of Blank______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.

negative affectivity

Which pleasure center of the mother's brain is affected by the hormones oxytocin and dopamine, promoting mother-infant attachment?

nucleus accumbens

Early mutual gazing or eye contact between parents and infants is referred to as

parent-infant synchrony.

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as . (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

personality

Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as emotions.

positive

Children and parents socialize one another. This is called

reciprocal socialization.

Social _referencing_ is described as interpreting the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.

referencing

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive; social

Self- involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control their emotions.

regulation

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure Blank______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and

role.

An important form of reciprocal socialization is , in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking. A good example of this is peek-a-boo.

scaffolding

Which of the following best refers to a situation where a parent adjusts his or her level of guidance to fit a child's performance?

scaffolding

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

securely attached

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include?

sensation seeking positive anticipation impulsivity

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

slow-to-warm-up easy difficult

Research suggests that infants and young children with an inhibited temperament are at risk for developing Blank______ in adolescence and adulthood.

social anxiety disorder

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

social referencing

Within a family system, each member is part of several

subsystems

In mother-infant interactions, the term Blank______ refers to the situation where each person's behavior depends on the partner's previous behavior.

synchrony

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their

temperament.

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?

the setting the social context the characteristics of the stranger

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn Blank______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.

trust