Socioemotional Development in Infancy
About Blank______ children under the age of 6 are in child care in the United States.
15 million
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?
4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed
In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of
7 to 8 months.
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth.
______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.
Attachment
Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?
Chess and Thomas
Match the author or pair of authors with the appropriate temperament model.
Chess and Thomas- easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up temperament types Kagan- degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar Rothbart and Bates- dimensions of extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control
is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.
Emotion
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?
Erikson Bowlby Freud
According to Chess and Thomas' research, all children can be classified as having one of three temperament patterns.
False
Match the theorist with the description of his attachment theory.
Freud- Infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction. Erikson- A sense of trust is the foundation for attachment Bowlby- Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
He is a securely attached baby.
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and is not distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?
He is an insecure resistant baby.
______ are more likely to be found in family child care and informal care settings than other age groups.
Infants and toddlers
Which of the following statements is true of stranger anxiety?
It appears at about 6 months of age.
Which of the following are true of the developmental cascade model?
It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development. It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.
Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar?
Kagan
Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?
Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.
Which of the following are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?
Non-Latino white mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions.
One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?
Reactivity Self-regulation
Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification system involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
Rothbart and Bates
Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?
Self-conscious
Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?
Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas
Ainsworth created the Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.
Temperament
In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes contribute to the development of social orientation in infancy.
True
Individual differences are at the heart of temperament.
True
Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.
True
Trust and the development of self and independence are central to personality development in infancy.
True
According to research, which of the following is a common occurrence for couples as they transition into parenthood?
a new gendered division of labor
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?
ability to distract oneself waiting longer to express anger
Which type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?
anger cry
According to Erikson, trust versus mistrust
arises in each successive stage of development.
According to research conducted across four different cultures, at about what age does separation protest peak?
at 13 to 15 months of age
The close emotional bond between a mother (or another caregiver) and her infant is called . (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)
attachment
The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to
begin to regulate their emotions
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
behavioral organization communication with others
Which of the following describes reciprocal socialization?
bidirectional
According to the epigenetic view, the influence of heredity and the environment on development is
bidirectional.
Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry?
breath holding lack of preliminary moaning
The developmental model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
cascade
Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?
cognitive processes
As children become older, they develop Blank______ for controlling their emotions and become more adept at modulating their emotional arousal.
cognitive strategies
Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional expression?
culture
Which of the following are biological influences related to a child's emotional capacities?
development of the brain stem maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the hippocampus
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) Blank______ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
difficult
Six-month-old Johnny often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) child.
difficult
The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the
difficulty of interpreting infant emotion.
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure Blank______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
disorganized
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
When it comes to self-conscious emotions, most developmental psychologists believe they
do not occur until the second half of the first year.
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) Blank______ child.
easy
According to a longitudinal investigation done by Chess and Thomas, of the different temperaments, the most children could be classified as
easy.
According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of Blank______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.
effortful
Which of the following dimensions to characterize temperament were proposed by Rothbart and Bates?
effortful control
Diversity in emotional experiences is the result of
embeddedness in relationships.
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially in relation to their well-being, is called
emotion.
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions.
Insecure avoidant babies
engage in little interaction with their caregiver.
Which of the following is least likely to influence an individual's emotions?
environmental quality
According to Rothbart and Bates, which dimension that characterizes the structure of temperament includes pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter?
extraversion/surgency
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include?
frustration fear Sadness
Which of the following are factors that contribute to social orientation and understanding in infants?
goal-directed behavior cooperation locomotion
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term
goodness of fit.
According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs
in the first year of life.
Some children develop strong effortful control but others do not. This is best described by
individual differences in temperament.
What is a common conflict defuser employed in well-functioning families?
laughter
Which of the following are positive emotions?
love enthusiasm joy
Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?
low intensity of mood low activity level somewhat negative affect
A slow-to-warm-up child has a Blank______ activity level, is somewhat Blank______, and displays Blank______ intensity of mood.
low; negative; low
A positive family climate for children involves which two of the following?
marital satisfaction between parents effective parenting
Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are most likely to study which of the following factors?
mother-infant attachment the brain hormones
Rothbart and Bates' temperament dimension of Blank______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
negative affectivity
Which pleasure center of the mother's brain is affected by the hormones oxytocin and dopamine, promoting mother-infant attachment?
nucleus accumbens
Early mutual gazing or eye contact between parents and infants is referred to as
parent-infant synchrony.
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as . (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
personality
Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as emotions.
positive
Children and parents socialize one another. This is called
reciprocal socialization.
Social _referencing_ is described as interpreting the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.
referencing
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?
reflexive
A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile does.
reflexive; social
Self- involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control their emotions.
regulation
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure Blank______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and
role.
An important form of reciprocal socialization is , in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking. A good example of this is peek-a-boo.
scaffolding
Which of the following best refers to a situation where a parent adjusts his or her level of guidance to fit a child's performance?
scaffolding
What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?
securely attached
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include?
sensation seeking positive anticipation impulsivity
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
slow-to-warm-up easy difficult
Research suggests that infants and young children with an inhibited temperament are at risk for developing Blank______ in adolescence and adulthood.
social anxiety disorder
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?
social referencing
Within a family system, each member is part of several
subsystems
In mother-infant interactions, the term Blank______ refers to the situation where each person's behavior depends on the partner's previous behavior.
synchrony
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their
temperament.
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates
the concept of goodness of fit.
Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?
the setting the social context the characteristics of the stranger
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn Blank______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.
trust
