Sociology 101 Ch. 16

The Cold War was an ongoing state of military tension between which countries?

Soviet Union United States

Which of the following statements about political participation in the United States are true?

It is stratified by class. Working-class and poor people are less likely to vote than are middle-class people. There is no strong labor or socialist party to speak on behalf of working-class voters.

Which of the following were part of the "New Deal" policies introduced in 1933?

Social Security program new spending for public works

Which of the following are true about hunting and gathering economies?

The entire community served as single economic unit. People obtained food through hunting and gathering foodstuffs. They represent the first known economy.

Which of the following protections are generally opposed by free-market capitalists?

labor protection protection of the environment consumer protection

In the United States, working-class and poor people are ______ to vote than middle-class people.

less likely

Which of the following were identified as the common political ideologies in the United States?

libertarianism progressivism liberalism conservatism

Wealthy corporations and individuals lobby for which of the following?

lower tax rates tax loopholes

High income earners get the biggest piece of common tax breaks, which include

lower tax rates on capital gains income. tax-free pension contributions. deductions for mortgage payments.

Economies that contain both market-based capitalism and government intervention are called ______ economies.

mixed

Today, the world's largest and most vibrant economies are all ______ to varying degrees.

mixed economies

A system of government headed by a single person who typically inherits the position as a member of a ruling family is called a

monarchy

A business that is treated legally as an entity separate from its owners whose facilities spread across the globe is called a(n)

multinational corporation

Johan Galtung referred to the absence of overt conflict as ______ and the existence of social justice as ______.

negative peace; positive peace

Honoring soldiers who have fought in war, museums with exhibits on past wars, and slogans such as "Support our troops" are all designed to encourage citizens to do which of the following?

support military engagement

The United States government defines ______ as politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets.

terrorism

We typically apply the label ______ to groups we oppose but not our allies who may engage in similar activities.

terrorist

The key moment in the development of the National Security State was the passage of

the National Security Act of 1947.

Which of the following enabled the military to introduce and enforce new ideas and behaviors?

the authority structure

Which of the following groups benefits when the less affluent opt out of the political process?

the more affluent

Organized armed conflict among two or more trained military groups is called _______

war

Campaign donations give donors and lobbyists unique access to

elected officials

At its best, politics can produce which of the following benefits?

defending our civil liberties protecting the quality of people's lives through regulations providing social services

A ________ is a political system in which the right to vote is widespread and government leaders are selected through multi-party elections.

democracy

Which of the following is a type of complex and unregulated investment device that led to high-risk speculation in the housing market in the early 21st century?

derivatives

Military recruitment is much easier during periods of

economic recession

The benefits that campaign donors and lobbyists receive fall into which of the following categories?

eliminating regulations lucrative government contracts

Basic training teaches soldiers how to

kill obey their commanding officers suppress their emotions

Political violence directed at civilians by governments is called

state terrorism.

Efforts to promote support for war or military action can be seen in which of the following strategies?

"Support our troops" car magnets honoring soldiers with monuments

Government analysis found that with loopholes and tax deductions, large companies paid ______ percent in taxes, which is significantly less than the corporate tax on the books.

14

Which of the following statements best describes what issues count as politics?

A mixture of culture and power determines politics.

______ is found in countries that have considerable private ownership of industry and market-based economies but few civil rights or political freedoms.

Authoritarian capitalism

Which of the following described war as "the continuation of politics by other means?"

Carl von Clausewitz

Authoritarian capitalism is practiced in which of the following countries?

China

Which of the following best explains why the manufacture and distribution of crack cocaine is frowned upon in U.S. society, even though it could be very profitable?

Economies reflect the cultural values of a society, and U.S. society finds crack cocaine unacceptable.

Which of the following sociologists argued that social cohesion is necessary for the maintenance of a well-functioning society including economic life?

Emile Durkheim

True or false: Populists utilize an elite mentality.

False

Which of the following suggests that direct physical violence is related to the underlying social conditions of inequality and injustice?

Johan Galtung

Who is considered to be the best-known founder of peace studies?

Johan Galtung

Which of the following are part of the five key dynamics of the spiral of silence theory identified by Scheufele?

People who believe their views are unpopular will be guarded and silent. People monitor the environment for common opinions and opinion trends.

Which of the following statements regarding political ideologies are true?

Politics do not line up neatly with basic ideologies. Political ideologies vary by society. Political ideologies embody the values of political culture.

Which of the following statements regarding populism are true?

Populists have an "us" versus "them" mentality. Populists use simplistic, crude, and coarse language. Populism thrives on intensifying divisions rather than finding solutions.

Which of the following became U.S. colonies after the 1898 war with Spain?

Puerto Rico Cuba

Which of the following statements about the U.S. military since the middle of the twentieth century are true?

The U.S. spends more on its military than any other country. The U.S. has maintained the most powerful military in the world.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of concentrated power on political systems?

The poor do not see political participation as a wise investment.

Which of the following statements are true about the power elite theory?

The power elite theory is a form of conflict theory. Power is concentrated in the hands of a small number of elites.

Which of the following best defines politics?

The struggle over power.

According to Weber, what is the defining characteristic of governments, or "the state"?

They hold the monopoly on the legitimate use of force.

True or false: Both non-state actors and legitimate national governments engage in terrorism.

True

True or false: Factors that affect economic life include both politics and culture

True

True or false: Factors that affect economic life include both politics and culture.

True

There is ______ correlation between military spending to promote security and a deep sense of fear and insecurity among citizens of the United States.

a positive

The effects of the global financial meltdown that took place from 2007 to 2009 continued for

a decade

A type of government that typically features self-appointed leaders who exert great control over the lives of the citizens is called ______ government.

authoritarian

Which of the following are the types of government that predominate modern society?

authoritarian democratic

The three basic types of government structures are which of the following?

authoritarian governments democracies monarchies

Training for soldiers typically begins at which of the following levels?

boot camp

An economic system that emphasizes private ownership of the means of production which are operated for profit is called __________.

capitalism

Before there were terrorists, the United States perceived the ______ as the main threat to security.

communists

Most contemporary monarchies are

constitutional

When industrialization expanded in the nineteenth century, home became associated with ______, and work became associated with ______.

consumption; production

A business that is treated legally as an entity separate from its owners is specifically referred to as a

corporation

At the end of the nineteenth century the United States began to enlarge the military out of the desire to

expand U.S. influence abroad.

Which two of the following led to the 2007-2009 global economic crisis?

fraudulent corporate tactics increased household consumer debt

Which of the following reflect the individualistic competitive economic life of the United States?

free market free trade

Which of the following groups have had more mixed experience on matters of social justice in the military?

gays and lesbians women

A socialist system relies on ______ to coordinate its economic activities.

government

The global financial meltdown of 2007-2009 was rooted in the ______ industry

housing

Laissez-faire capitalists oppose government regulations on grounds that they

increase the cost of doing business.

The basic problem of the "Soviet-style socialism" was that

it was run by an authoritarian government with no accountability.

In the 1980s the Soviet Union introduced major economic structural reforms called ______ and introduced democratic freedoms called ______.

perestroika; glasnost

The ______ theory argues that political power is fragmented among many different competing groups.

pluralist

Which of the following theories suggests that politics is a constant negotiation among various interests and that policies change as one or another group gains more influence?

pluralist

Citizens learn basic norms and expectations about political life and attitudes toward involvement in politics through a process called

political socialization

The loss of faith in democratic institutions is exacerbated by

populism

According to German sociologist Max Weber, politics is about

power

The term that suggests that political power is concentrated in the hands of a small dominant group of business, government, and military leaders is

power elite

According to Feminist activists, "the personal is political" because

power pervades all aspects of our personal lives.

In a ______ system, voters elect the head of government, while in a(n) ______ system, the legislature elects the prime minister.

presidential; parliamentary

The incentive that drives the capitalist system and is also used as a measure of success is

profit

Much of the United States' military spending is devoted to

projecting power worldwide

Countries that have a more diverse multiparty system often do so because of the ______ system they utilize.

proportional representation

A system of government in which parties are awarded seats in government based on the percentage of votes they receive in an election is called

proportional representation.

A political system in which citizens elect delegates to carry out the policymaking processes of government is called a(n) ______ democracy.

representative

Many historians argue that government response to the pressures of the late 1800s and early 1900s social movements

saved capitalism from itself.

Which of the following are often engaged in the process of teaching or promoting civic engagement?

schools media sports

The social movements of the late 1800s and early 1900s pressured federal and state governments to introduce reforms in which of the following areas?

setting wage and safety standards protecting the right of workers to form unions outlawing anti-competitive monopolies and cartels

Which of the following social problems remain major concerns in the military to this day?

sexual violence sexism

Economic activities are inherently ______, requiring interaction with other individuals and organizations.

social

Which of the following is likely to be a major source of change in a two-party system?

social movements

A(n) ______ relationship must exist before a(n) ______ relationship can take place.

social; economic

A system that emphasizes public ownership of the major means of production and is operated to meet human needs and promote social justice is called

socialism.

Governments around the world differ because the political process in each country is ______ constructed.

socially

Which of the following theories explains how people keep quiet about controversial issues when they think their opinions are not widely shared in order to avoid social isolation?

spiral of silence

The "New Deal" policies were intended to do which of the following?

stabilize capitalism revive the economy

The Trump-era tax cut in 2017 favored

the richest households

Which of the following classes are underrepresented in the all-volunteer United States army?

the wealthy upper-middle class

Which of the following are reasons for peace studies programs?

to promote non-violent conflict resolution to promote human rights and social justice to find alternatives to violence

The authority within the military social structure is enforced

top down.