Sociology 101 Ch. 16
The Cold War was an ongoing state of military tension between which countries?
Soviet Union United States
Which of the following statements about political participation in the United States are true?
It is stratified by class. Working-class and poor people are less likely to vote than are middle-class people. There is no strong labor or socialist party to speak on behalf of working-class voters.
Which of the following were part of the "New Deal" policies introduced in 1933?
Social Security program new spending for public works
Which of the following are true about hunting and gathering economies?
The entire community served as single economic unit. People obtained food through hunting and gathering foodstuffs. They represent the first known economy.
Which of the following protections are generally opposed by free-market capitalists?
labor protection protection of the environment consumer protection
In the United States, working-class and poor people are ______ to vote than middle-class people.
less likely
Which of the following were identified as the common political ideologies in the United States?
libertarianism progressivism liberalism conservatism
Wealthy corporations and individuals lobby for which of the following?
lower tax rates tax loopholes
High income earners get the biggest piece of common tax breaks, which include
lower tax rates on capital gains income. tax-free pension contributions. deductions for mortgage payments.
Economies that contain both market-based capitalism and government intervention are called ______ economies.
mixed
Today, the world's largest and most vibrant economies are all ______ to varying degrees.
mixed economies
A system of government headed by a single person who typically inherits the position as a member of a ruling family is called a
monarchy
A business that is treated legally as an entity separate from its owners whose facilities spread across the globe is called a(n)
multinational corporation
Johan Galtung referred to the absence of overt conflict as ______ and the existence of social justice as ______.
negative peace; positive peace
Honoring soldiers who have fought in war, museums with exhibits on past wars, and slogans such as "Support our troops" are all designed to encourage citizens to do which of the following?
support military engagement
The United States government defines ______ as politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets.
terrorism
We typically apply the label ______ to groups we oppose but not our allies who may engage in similar activities.
terrorist
The key moment in the development of the National Security State was the passage of
the National Security Act of 1947.
Which of the following enabled the military to introduce and enforce new ideas and behaviors?
the authority structure
Which of the following groups benefits when the less affluent opt out of the political process?
the more affluent
Organized armed conflict among two or more trained military groups is called _______
war
Campaign donations give donors and lobbyists unique access to
elected officials
At its best, politics can produce which of the following benefits?
defending our civil liberties protecting the quality of people's lives through regulations providing social services
A ________ is a political system in which the right to vote is widespread and government leaders are selected through multi-party elections.
democracy
Which of the following is a type of complex and unregulated investment device that led to high-risk speculation in the housing market in the early 21st century?
derivatives
Military recruitment is much easier during periods of
economic recession
The benefits that campaign donors and lobbyists receive fall into which of the following categories?
eliminating regulations lucrative government contracts
Basic training teaches soldiers how to
kill obey their commanding officers suppress their emotions
Political violence directed at civilians by governments is called
state terrorism.
Efforts to promote support for war or military action can be seen in which of the following strategies?
"Support our troops" car magnets honoring soldiers with monuments
Government analysis found that with loopholes and tax deductions, large companies paid ______ percent in taxes, which is significantly less than the corporate tax on the books.
14
Which of the following statements best describes what issues count as politics?
A mixture of culture and power determines politics.
______ is found in countries that have considerable private ownership of industry and market-based economies but few civil rights or political freedoms.
Authoritarian capitalism
Which of the following described war as "the continuation of politics by other means?"
Carl von Clausewitz
Authoritarian capitalism is practiced in which of the following countries?
China
Which of the following best explains why the manufacture and distribution of crack cocaine is frowned upon in U.S. society, even though it could be very profitable?
Economies reflect the cultural values of a society, and U.S. society finds crack cocaine unacceptable.
Which of the following sociologists argued that social cohesion is necessary for the maintenance of a well-functioning society including economic life?
Emile Durkheim
True or false: Populists utilize an elite mentality.
False
Which of the following suggests that direct physical violence is related to the underlying social conditions of inequality and injustice?
Johan Galtung
Who is considered to be the best-known founder of peace studies?
Johan Galtung
Which of the following are part of the five key dynamics of the spiral of silence theory identified by Scheufele?
People who believe their views are unpopular will be guarded and silent. People monitor the environment for common opinions and opinion trends.
Which of the following statements regarding political ideologies are true?
Politics do not line up neatly with basic ideologies. Political ideologies vary by society. Political ideologies embody the values of political culture.
Which of the following statements regarding populism are true?
Populists have an "us" versus "them" mentality. Populists use simplistic, crude, and coarse language. Populism thrives on intensifying divisions rather than finding solutions.
Which of the following became U.S. colonies after the 1898 war with Spain?
Puerto Rico Cuba
Which of the following statements about the U.S. military since the middle of the twentieth century are true?
The U.S. spends more on its military than any other country. The U.S. has maintained the most powerful military in the world.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of concentrated power on political systems?
The poor do not see political participation as a wise investment.
Which of the following statements are true about the power elite theory?
The power elite theory is a form of conflict theory. Power is concentrated in the hands of a small number of elites.
Which of the following best defines politics?
The struggle over power.
According to Weber, what is the defining characteristic of governments, or "the state"?
They hold the monopoly on the legitimate use of force.
True or false: Both non-state actors and legitimate national governments engage in terrorism.
True
True or false: Factors that affect economic life include both politics and culture
True
True or false: Factors that affect economic life include both politics and culture.
True
There is ______ correlation between military spending to promote security and a deep sense of fear and insecurity among citizens of the United States.
a positive
The effects of the global financial meltdown that took place from 2007 to 2009 continued for
a decade
A type of government that typically features self-appointed leaders who exert great control over the lives of the citizens is called ______ government.
authoritarian
Which of the following are the types of government that predominate modern society?
authoritarian democratic
The three basic types of government structures are which of the following?
authoritarian governments democracies monarchies
Training for soldiers typically begins at which of the following levels?
boot camp
An economic system that emphasizes private ownership of the means of production which are operated for profit is called __________.
capitalism
Before there were terrorists, the United States perceived the ______ as the main threat to security.
communists
Most contemporary monarchies are
constitutional
When industrialization expanded in the nineteenth century, home became associated with ______, and work became associated with ______.
consumption; production
A business that is treated legally as an entity separate from its owners is specifically referred to as a
corporation
At the end of the nineteenth century the United States began to enlarge the military out of the desire to
expand U.S. influence abroad.
Which two of the following led to the 2007-2009 global economic crisis?
fraudulent corporate tactics increased household consumer debt
Which of the following reflect the individualistic competitive economic life of the United States?
free market free trade
Which of the following groups have had more mixed experience on matters of social justice in the military?
gays and lesbians women
A socialist system relies on ______ to coordinate its economic activities.
government
The global financial meltdown of 2007-2009 was rooted in the ______ industry
housing
Laissez-faire capitalists oppose government regulations on grounds that they
increase the cost of doing business.
The basic problem of the "Soviet-style socialism" was that
it was run by an authoritarian government with no accountability.
In the 1980s the Soviet Union introduced major economic structural reforms called ______ and introduced democratic freedoms called ______.
perestroika; glasnost
The ______ theory argues that political power is fragmented among many different competing groups.
pluralist
Which of the following theories suggests that politics is a constant negotiation among various interests and that policies change as one or another group gains more influence?
pluralist
Citizens learn basic norms and expectations about political life and attitudes toward involvement in politics through a process called
political socialization
The loss of faith in democratic institutions is exacerbated by
populism
According to German sociologist Max Weber, politics is about
power
The term that suggests that political power is concentrated in the hands of a small dominant group of business, government, and military leaders is
power elite
According to Feminist activists, "the personal is political" because
power pervades all aspects of our personal lives.
In a ______ system, voters elect the head of government, while in a(n) ______ system, the legislature elects the prime minister.
presidential; parliamentary
The incentive that drives the capitalist system and is also used as a measure of success is
profit
Much of the United States' military spending is devoted to
projecting power worldwide
Countries that have a more diverse multiparty system often do so because of the ______ system they utilize.
proportional representation
A system of government in which parties are awarded seats in government based on the percentage of votes they receive in an election is called
proportional representation.
A political system in which citizens elect delegates to carry out the policymaking processes of government is called a(n) ______ democracy.
representative
Many historians argue that government response to the pressures of the late 1800s and early 1900s social movements
saved capitalism from itself.
Which of the following are often engaged in the process of teaching or promoting civic engagement?
schools media sports
The social movements of the late 1800s and early 1900s pressured federal and state governments to introduce reforms in which of the following areas?
setting wage and safety standards protecting the right of workers to form unions outlawing anti-competitive monopolies and cartels
Which of the following social problems remain major concerns in the military to this day?
sexual violence sexism
Economic activities are inherently ______, requiring interaction with other individuals and organizations.
social
Which of the following is likely to be a major source of change in a two-party system?
social movements
A(n) ______ relationship must exist before a(n) ______ relationship can take place.
social; economic
A system that emphasizes public ownership of the major means of production and is operated to meet human needs and promote social justice is called
socialism.
Governments around the world differ because the political process in each country is ______ constructed.
socially
Which of the following theories explains how people keep quiet about controversial issues when they think their opinions are not widely shared in order to avoid social isolation?
spiral of silence
The "New Deal" policies were intended to do which of the following?
stabilize capitalism revive the economy
The Trump-era tax cut in 2017 favored
the richest households
Which of the following classes are underrepresented in the all-volunteer United States army?
the wealthy upper-middle class
Which of the following are reasons for peace studies programs?
to promote non-violent conflict resolution to promote human rights and social justice to find alternatives to violence
The authority within the military social structure is enforced
top down.
