Sociology 1103 Exam 1 Study Guide

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when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher

Hawthorne effect

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it

culture lag

an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

culture shock

a person's beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests

false consciousness

societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection

feudal societies

gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey

field research

the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior

figuration

direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

folkways

established, written rules

formal norms

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

impersonality

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

rationalization

the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion

social solidarity

the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

ideal culture

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

_______ played an important role in the development of sociology as a recognized discipline.

Auguste Comte

Karl Marx was a German philosopher and economist. In 1848 he and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) coauthored the _______. This book is one of the most influential political manuscripts in history. It also presents Marx's theory of society, which differed from what Comte proposed.

Communist Manifesto

_______ was a German art critic who wrote widely on social and political issues as well. Simmel took an anti-positivism stance and addressed topics such as social conflict, the function of money, individual identity in city life, and the European fear of outsiders (Stapley 2010).

Georg Simmel

_______ was a philosopher and sociologist whose work focused on the ways in which the mind and the self were developed as a result of social processes (Cronk n.d.).

George Herbert Mead

_______ was a writer who addressed a wide range of social science issues. She was an early observer of social practices, including economics, social class, religion, suicide, government, and women's rights.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

The next century saw the emergence of the historian some consider to be the world's first sociologist: _______ of Tunisia.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)

Thinkers such as _______ responded to what they saw as social ills by writing on topics that they hoped would lead to social reform.

John Locke, Voltaire, Immanuel Kant, and Thomas Hobbes

was one of the founders of sociology.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

wrote about women's conditions in society.

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

Prominent sociologist _______ established a sociology department in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich in 1919. Weber wrote on many topics related to sociology including political change in Russia and social forces that affect factory workers. He is known best for his 1904 book, _______ .

Max Weber (1864-1920), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

McDonaldization of Society

_______ seeks to understand human behavior by learning about it through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and analysis of content sources (like books, magazines, journals, and popular media).

Qualitative sociology

_______ uses statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants.

Quantitative sociology

_______ is an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence (Sahn 2013).

Reification

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

_______ is the study of groups and group interactions, societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups.

Sociology

In 1873, the English philosopher Herbert Spencer published _______ , the first book with the term "sociology" in the title. Spencer rejected much of Comte's philosophy as well as Marx's theory of class struggle and his support of communism. Instead, he favored a form of government that allowed market forces to control capitalism.

The Study of Sociology

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

Thomas theorem

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

anomie

To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, health, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically be unable to accept funding? a. A fast-food restaurant b. A nonprofit health organization c. A private hospital d. A governmental agency like Health and Social Services

a. A fast-food restaurant

Which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership? a. A fire station b. A college classroom c. A high school prom committee d. A homeless shelter

a. A fire station

Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? a. A large survey b. A literature search c. An in-depth interview d. A review of television programs

a. A large survey

Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor? a. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way. b. A businessman feels that he deserves a raise, but is nervous to ask his manager for one; instead, he comforts himself with the idea that hard work is its own reward. c. An associate professor is afraid that she won't be given tenure and starts spreading rumors about one of her associates to make herself look better. d. A construction worker is laid off and takes a job at a fast food restaurant temporarily, although he has never had an interest in preparing food before.

a. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way.

A nation's flag is: a. A symbol b. A value c. A culture d. A folkway

a. A symbol

Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Expressive

a. Authoritarian

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies? a. Coercion to join b. Hierarchy of authority c. Explicit rules d. Division of labor

a. Coercion to join

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture? a. Counterculture b. Subculture c. Multiculturalism d. Afrocentricity

a. Counterculture

An example of high culture is ___________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________. a. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners b. medical marijuana; film noir c. country music; pop music d. political theory; sociological theory

a. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners

Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? a. Herbert Blumer b. Max Weber c. Lester F. Ward d. W. I. Thomas

a. Herbert Blumer

Which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles? a. Infancy b. School age c. Adulthood d. Senior citizen

a. Infancy

Which of these is an example of a total institution? a. Jail b. High school c. Political party d. A gym

a. Jail

The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? Max Weber Karl Marx Émile Durkheim Friedrich Engels

a. Max Weber

Which research approach is best suited to the scientific method? a. Questionnaire b. Case study c. Ethnography d. Secondary data analysis

a. Questionnaire

Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? a. Role strain b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Status conflict d. Status strain

a. Role strain

How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities? a. She could not communicate at all. b. She never learned words, but she did learn signs. c. She could not understand much, but she could use gestures. d. She could understand and use basic language like "yes" and "no."

a. She could not communicate at all.

Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? a. Software engineer b. Coal miner c. Children's book author d. Sharecropper

a. Software engineer

The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism

a. Symbolic interactionism

What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society? a. There is less variety of goods. b. There is an increased need for employees with postgraduate degrees. c. There is less competition so prices are higher. d. There are fewer jobs so unemployment increases.

a. There is less variety of goods.

What role do secondary groups play in society? a. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. b. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. c. The members give and receive emotional support. d. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.

a. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs.

Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving? a. Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment. b. Wealthy parents are not concerned about their children rebelling against their rules. c. Wealthy parents never engage in repetitive tasks. d. Wealthy parents are more concerned with money than with a good education.

a. Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment.

Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of: a. cultural lag b. innovation c. ethnocentricity d. xenophobia

a. cultural lag

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: a. culture shock b. imperialism c. ethnocentrism d. xenocentrism

a. culture shock

The main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is: a. ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing b. ethnography subjects are unaware they're being studied c. ethnographic studies always involve minority ethnic groups d. ethnography focuses on how subjects view themselves in relationship to the community

a. ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing

Émile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ________. functionalist conflict theorist symbolic interactionist rationalist

a. functionalist

According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ________. a. habitual actions b. status c. institutionalization d. role performance

a. habitual actions

A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: a. interact b. work in the same industry c. speak different languages d. practice a recognized religion

a. interact

The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that a. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture b. mores are absolute, whereas folkways are temporary c. mores refer to material culture, whereas folkways refer to nonmaterial culture d. mores refer to nonmaterial culture, whereas folkways refer to material culture

a. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture

Using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or ________ research method. a. nonreactive b. nonparticipatory c. nonrestrictive d. nonconfrontive

a. nonreactive

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

achieved status

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity

aggregate

societies that rely on farming as a way of life

agricultural societies

an individual's isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

alienation

the way we prepare for future life roles

anticipatory socialization

He and other like-minded sociologists proposed a philosophy of _______ whereby social researchers would strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values.

antipositivism

the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

antipositivism

the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race

ascribed status

a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks

authoritarian leader

Why do people join utilitarian organizations? a. Because they feel an affinity with others there b. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining c. Because they have no choice d. Because they feel pressured to do so

b. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining

Which materials are considered secondary data? a. Photos and letters given to you by another person b. Books and articles written by other authors about their studies c. Information that you have gathered and now have included in your results d. Responses from participants whom you both surveyed and interviewed

b. Books and articles written by other authors about their studies

The major difference between invention and discovery is: a. Invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based on culture b. Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way c. Invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material or theoretic, like laws of physics d. Invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas discovery refers to that which is local to one's culture

b. Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? a. Astrology b. Economics c. Physics d. History

b. Economics

Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization? a. School b. Family c. Mass media d. Workplace

b. Family

What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? a. Sociobiology b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism

b. Functionalism

Which statement illustrates value neutrality? a. Obesity in children is obviously a result of parental neglect and, therefore, schools should take a greater role to prevent it b. In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools c. Merely restricting children's access to junk food at school is not enough to prevent obesity d. Physical activity and healthy eating are a fundamental part of a child's education

b. In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools

Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? a. Hunter-gatherer b. Industrial c. Agricultural d. Feudal

b. Industrial

Which best describes the results of a case study? a. It produces more reliable results than other methods because of its depth b. Its results are not generally applicable c. It relies solely on secondary data analysis d. All of the above

b. Its results are not generally applicable

Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? a. Émile Comte b. Karl Marx c. Plato d. Herbert Spencer

b. Karl Marx

Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? a. Émile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Erving Goffmann d. George Herbert Mead

b. Karl Marx

Which of the following is a manifest function of schools? a. Understanding when to speak up and when to be silent b. Learning to read and write c. Following a schedule d. Knowing locker room etiquette

b. Learning to read and write

Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? a. Surveys b. Participant observation c. Quantitative data analysis d. None of the above

b. Participant observation

The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by: a. linguistics b. Sapir-Whorf c. Ethnographic imagery d. bilingualism

b. Sapir-Whorf

The terms _________________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. a. imperialism and relativism b. culture and society c. society and ethnocentrism d. ethnocentrism and xenocentrism

b. culture and society

That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of: a. globalization b. diffusion c. culture lag d. xenocentrism

b. diffusion

Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________. a. primary group; secondary group b. dyad; triad c. couple; family d. de facto group; nuclear family

b. dyad; triad

Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: a. beneficial b. harmful c. illegal d. of no importance

b. harmful

Socialization, as a sociological term, describes: a. how people interact during social situations b. how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values c. a person's internal mental state when in a group setting d. the difference between introverts and extroverts

b. how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals. a. culture b. imagination c. method d. tool

b. imagination

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________. a. role strain b. the looking-glass self c. role performance d. habitualization

b. the looking-glass self

Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: a. drugs b. their culture c. their genetic makeup d. the researcher

b. their culture

tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

beliefs

the owners of the means of production in a society

bourgeoisie

formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.

bureaucracies

Which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion? a. People learn the material culture of their religion. b. Life stages and roles are connected to religious celebration. c. An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith. d. Places of worship provide a space for shared group experiences.

c. An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith.

From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization? a. Gender b. Class c. Blood type d. Race

c. Blood type

Which statement provides the best operational definition of "childhood obesity"? a. Children who eat unhealthy foods and spend too much time watching television and playing video games b. A distressing trend that can lead to health issues including type 2 diabetes and heart disease c. Body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height d. The tendency of children today to weigh more than children of earlier generations

c. Body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height

What occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level? a. Children develop the ability to have abstract thoughts. b. Morality is developed by pain and pleasure. c. Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral. d. Parental beliefs have no influence on children's morality.

c. Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral.

A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism

c. Conflict theory

The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory? a. Sociobiology b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism

c. Conflict theory

Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? a. Industrial b. Hunter-gatherer c. Horticultural d. Feudal

c. Horticultural

What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement? a. The minute functions that every person at the protests plays in the whole b. The internal conflicts that play out within such a diverse and leaderless group c. How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension d. The factions and divisions that form within the movement

c. How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension

What research method did John S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd mainly use in their Middletown study? a. Secondary data b. Survey c. Participant observation d. Experiment

c. Participant observation

What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? a. Secondary group b. Formal organization c. Reference group d. Primary group

c. Reference group

Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: a. Establishes leaders b. Determines language c. Regulates behavior d. Determines laws

c. Regulates behavior

Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? a. The Deswan people, who live in small tribes and base their economy on the production and trade of textiles b. The Rositian Clan, a small community of farmers who have lived on their family's land for centuries c. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses d. The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family

c. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses

Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? a. The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company b. A high school teacher at a reform school c. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children d. A manager at a fast-food restaurant

c. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children

What did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked? a. The justice perspective b. Sympathetic reactions to moral situations c. The perspective of females d. How social environment affects how morality develops

c. The perspective of females

Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? a. The study of individual behavior b. The study of cultures c. The study of society and social interaction d. The study of economics

c. The study of society and social interaction

What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society? a. There is more variety of goods. b. There is less theft. c. There is more worldwide availability of goods. d. There is more opportunity for businesses.

c. There is more worldwide availability of goods.

Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates? a. They are expected to take a year "off" before college. b. They are required to serve in the military for one year. c. They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation. d. They are required to move away from their parents.

c. They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation.

A measurement is considered ______ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure, according to the topic of the study. a. reliable b. sociological c. valid d. quantitative

c. valid

What method did researchers John Mihelich and John Papineau use to study Parrotheads? a. Survey b. Experiment c. Web Ethnography d. Case study

c. Web Ethnography

Berger describes sociologists as concerned with: a. monumental moments in people's lives b. common everyday life events c. both a and b d. none of the above

c. both a and b

According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. a. proletariat b. vassals c. bourgeoisie d. anomie

c. bourgeoisie

Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: a. compare the behavior of individuals from different societies b. compare one society to another c. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure d. compare individuals to groups

c. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure

When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing with competing ______________. a. primary groups b. out-groups c. reference groups d. secondary groups

c. reference groups

The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity. a. values b. sanctions c. social control d. mores

c. social control

Chris Langan's story illustrates that: a. children raised in one-parent households tend to have higher IQs. b. intelligence is more important than socialization. c. socialization can be more important than intelligence. d. neither socialization nor intelligence affects college admissions.

c. socialization can be more important than intelligence.

Modern-day hipsters are an example of: a. ethnocentricity b. counterculture c. subculture d. high culture

c. subculture

Sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ______ causes change in another. a. test subject b. behavior c. variable d. operational definition

c. variable

The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a. whether individuals like or dislike their society b. whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d. all of the above

c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society

The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called: a. ethnocentrism b. nationalism c. xenocentrism d. imperialism

c. xenocentrism

a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

capitalism

in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

case study

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

category

the awareness of one's rank in society

class consciousness

the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

clear division of labor

a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology

code of ethics

organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

coercive organizations

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

collective conscience

a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

conflict theory

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

conformity

an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be

constructivism

applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand

content analysis

when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but does not necessarily indicate causation

correlation

groups that reject and oppose society's widely accepted cultural patterns

countercultures

the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture

cultural imperialism

the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture

cultural relativism

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

cultural universals

The term _______ refers to the group's shared practices, values, and beliefs. Culture encompasses a group's way of life, from routine, everyday interactions to the most important parts of group members' lives.

culture

a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs

culture

shared beliefs, values, and practices

culture

Which of the following is not an example of an in-group? a. The Ku Klux Klan b. A fraternity c. A synagogue d. A high school

d. A high school

Which is not an example of a normative organization? a. A book club b. A church youth group c. A People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protest group d. A study hall

d. A study hall

A parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low self-esteem may wish to look at her child's: a. reference group b. in-group c. out-group d. All of the above

d. All of the above

How do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce? a. With a standardized curriculum b. Through the hidden curriculum c. By socializing them in teamwork d. All of the above

d. All of the above

In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? a. A very small group of witnesses b. The presence of an ally c. The ability to keep one's answer private d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? a. Increased productivity b. Increased efficiency c. Equal treatment for all d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology? a. Psychology focuses on the mind, while sociology focuses on society. b. Psychologists are interested in mental health, while sociologists are interested in societal functions. c. Psychologists look inward to understand behavior while sociologists look outward. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: a. behaviors b. conflicts c. human organs d. theatrical roles

d. theatrical roles

Why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants? a. Participants do not know they are part of a study b. The researcher has no control over who is in the study c. It is larger than an ordinary sample d. Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

d. Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________. a. performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a spot in Heaven b. salvation is only achievable through obedience to God c. no person can be saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as his or her savior d. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

d. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

Which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality? a. Institutional Review Board (IRB) b. Peter Rossi c. American Sociological Association (ASA) d. Max Weber

d. Max Weber

The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? a. Symbols b. Language c. Material culture d. Nonmaterial culture

d. Nonmaterial culture

Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? a. Structural functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Positivism e. Symbolic interactionism

d. Positivism

What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective? a. The former two consider long-term repercussions of the group or situation, while the latter focuses on the present. b. The first two are the more common sociological perspective, while the latter is a newer sociological model. c. The first two focus on hierarchical roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view. d. The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.

d. The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.

Why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies? a. The results do not apply to singletons. b. The twins were often raised in different ways. c. The twins may turn out to actually be fraternal. d. The sample sizes are often small.

d. The sample sizes are often small.

In a study, a group of ten-year-old boys are fed doughnuts every morning for a week and then weighed to see how much weight they gained. Which factor is the dependent variable? a. The doughnuts b. The boys c. The duration of a week d. The weight gained

d. The weight gained

Studying sociology helps people analyze data because they learn: a. interview techniques b. to apply statistics c. to generate theories d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to: a. cultural lag b. innovation c. discovery d. globalization

d. globalization

The Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that: a. rhesus monkeys raised by other primate species are poorly socialized b. monkeys can be adequately socialized by imitating humans c. food is more important than social comfort d. social comfort is more important than food

d. social comfort is more important than food

Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: a. relativism b. ethnocentrism c. xenocentrism d. universalism

d. universalism

the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones

degradation ceremony

a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action

democratic leader

a variable changed by other variables

dependent variables

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

diffusion

things and ideas found from what already exists

discoveries

a technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance

dramaturgical analysis

a two-member group

dyad

a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society work together properly

dynamic equilibrium

social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

dysfunctions

evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation

empirical evidence

the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture

ethnocentrism

observing a complete social setting and all that it entails

ethnography

the testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions

experiment

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

explicit rules

a group function that serves an emotional need

expressive function

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's emotional wellbeing

expressive leader

large, impersonal organizations

formal organizations

the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity

function

a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society

functionalism

the common behavioral expectations of general society

generalized other

the organized and generalized attitude of a social group

generalized others

the integration of international trade and finance markets

globalization

an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change

grand theories

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity

group

the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

habitualization

the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms

hidden curriculum

a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy

hierarchy of authority

the cultural patterns of a society's elite

high culture

societies based around the cultivation of plants

horticultural societies

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

hunter-gatherer societies

a testable educated guess about predicted outcomes between two or more variables

hypothesis

a testable proposition

hypothesis

a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity

in-group

variables that cause changes in dependent variables

independent variables

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

industrial societies

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

informal norms

societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

information societies

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

innovations

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

institutionalization

being oriented toward a task or goal

instrumental function

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

instrumental leader

a sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing

interpretive framework

a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject

interview

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

inventions

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

iron cage

a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

laissez-faire leader

a symbolic system of communication

language

the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

latent functions

the main focus or goal of a leader

leadership function

the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members

leadership style

a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research

literature review

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

looking-glass self

a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society

macro-level

sought consequences of a social process

manifest functions

the objects or belongings of a group of people

material culture

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

mechanical solidarity

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills

meritocracy

a technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together

meta-analysis

the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups

micro-level theories

Sociologists study all aspects and levels of society. Sociologists working from the _______ study small groups and individual interactions, while those using _______ analysis look at trends among and between large groups and societies.

micro-level; macro-level

the way people learn what is "good" and "bad" in society

moral development

the moral views and principles of a group

mores

the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development

nature

the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

nonmaterial culture

using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influence people's behaviors

nonreactive research

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

normative or voluntary organizations

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

norms

the role that our social environment plays in self-development

nurture

specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study

operational definitions

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

organic solidarity

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

out-group

philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them

paradigms

when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an "insider" perspective

participant observation

societies based around the domestication of animals

pastoral societies

a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests

peer group

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population

popular culture

a defined group serving as the subject of a study

population

Comte named the scientific study of social patterns _______ .

positivism

the scientific study of social patterns

positivism

data that are collected directly from firsthand experience

primary data

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

primary groups

the laborers in a society

proletariat

comprise information that is subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting

qualitative data

represent research collected in numerical form that can be counted

quantitative data

a study's participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population

random sample

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

real culture

groups to which an individual compares herself

reference groups

an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence

reification

a measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced

reliability

the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place

resocialization

a situation when one or more of an individual's roles clash

role conflict

the expression of a role

role performance

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

role strain

an array of roles attached to a particular status

role-set

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status

roles

small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population

samples

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

sanctions

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

social integration

an established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions

scientific method

using data collected by others but applying new interpretations

secondary data analysis

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

secondary groups

a person's distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction

self

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

self-fulfilling prophecy

specific individuals that impact a person's life

significant others

a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

social control

Some sociologists study _______ , which are the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life, that may contribute to these changes in the family.

social facts

the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

social facts

patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs

social institutions

the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

socialization

A group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another, and who share a common culture is what sociologists call a _______

society

a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture

society

a group of people who live in a defined geographical area who interact with one another and who share a common culture

society

people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

society

Sociologists often study culture using the _______ , which pioneer sociologist C. Wright Mills described as an awareness of the relationship between a person's behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and perceptions.

sociological imagination

the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular

sociological imagination

the systematic study of society and social interaction

sociology

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society

status

groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society's majority, even as the members exist within a larger society

subcultures

collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire

surveys

a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)

symbolic interactionism

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

symbols

Many topics studied in modern sociology were also studied by ancient philosophers in their desire to describe an ideal society, including _______ (Hannoum 2003).

theories of social conflict, economics, social cohesion, and power

a proposed explanation about social interactions or society

theory

In sociology, a _______ is a way to explain different aspects of social interactions and to create a testable proposition, called a _______ , about society (Allan 2006).

theory, hypothesis

an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

total institution

a three-member group

triad

organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need

utilitarian organizations

the degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study

validity

a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results

value neutrality

a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society

values

To deal with this problem, Weber and Dilthey introduced the concept of_______ , a German word that means to understand in a deep way.

verstehen

a German word that means to understand in a deep way

verstehen

a belief that another culture is superior to one's own

xenocentrism

_______ helped establish sociology as a formal academic discipline by establishing the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895 and by publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method in 1895.

Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)


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