Sociology 1103 Exam 1 Study Guide
when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher
Hawthorne effect
the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it
culture lag
an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life
culture shock
a person's beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests
false consciousness
societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection
feudal societies
gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey
field research
the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior
figuration
direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture
folkways
established, written rules
formal norms
the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation
impersonality
a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition
rationalization
the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion
social solidarity
the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to
ideal culture
the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration
Iron Rule of Oligarchy
_______ played an important role in the development of sociology as a recognized discipline.
Auguste Comte
Karl Marx was a German philosopher and economist. In 1848 he and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) coauthored the _______. This book is one of the most influential political manuscripts in history. It also presents Marx's theory of society, which differed from what Comte proposed.
Communist Manifesto
_______ was a German art critic who wrote widely on social and political issues as well. Simmel took an anti-positivism stance and addressed topics such as social conflict, the function of money, individual identity in city life, and the European fear of outsiders (Stapley 2010).
Georg Simmel
_______ was a philosopher and sociologist whose work focused on the ways in which the mind and the self were developed as a result of social processes (Cronk n.d.).
George Herbert Mead
_______ was a writer who addressed a wide range of social science issues. She was an early observer of social practices, including economics, social class, religion, suicide, government, and women's rights.
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)
The next century saw the emergence of the historian some consider to be the world's first sociologist: _______ of Tunisia.
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)
Thinkers such as _______ responded to what they saw as social ills by writing on topics that they hoped would lead to social reform.
John Locke, Voltaire, Immanuel Kant, and Thomas Hobbes
was one of the founders of sociology.
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
wrote about women's conditions in society.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
Prominent sociologist _______ established a sociology department in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich in 1919. Weber wrote on many topics related to sociology including political change in Russia and social forces that affect factory workers. He is known best for his 1904 book, _______ .
Max Weber (1864-1920), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions
McDonaldization of Society
_______ seeks to understand human behavior by learning about it through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and analysis of content sources (like books, magazines, journals, and popular media).
Qualitative sociology
_______ uses statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants.
Quantitative sociology
_______ is an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence (Sahn 2013).
Reification
the way that people understand the world based on their form of language
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
_______ is the study of groups and group interactions, societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups.
Sociology
In 1873, the English philosopher Herbert Spencer published _______ , the first book with the term "sociology" in the title. Spencer rejected much of Comte's philosophy as well as Marx's theory of class struggle and his support of communism. Instead, he favored a form of government that allowed market forces to control capitalism.
The Study of Sociology
how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality
Thomas theorem
a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness
anomie
To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, health, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically be unable to accept funding? a. A fast-food restaurant b. A nonprofit health organization c. A private hospital d. A governmental agency like Health and Social Services
a. A fast-food restaurant
Which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership? a. A fire station b. A college classroom c. A high school prom committee d. A homeless shelter
a. A fire station
Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? a. A large survey b. A literature search c. An in-depth interview d. A review of television programs
a. A large survey
Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor? a. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way. b. A businessman feels that he deserves a raise, but is nervous to ask his manager for one; instead, he comforts himself with the idea that hard work is its own reward. c. An associate professor is afraid that she won't be given tenure and starts spreading rumors about one of her associates to make herself look better. d. A construction worker is laid off and takes a job at a fast food restaurant temporarily, although he has never had an interest in preparing food before.
a. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way.
A nation's flag is: a. A symbol b. A value c. A culture d. A folkway
a. A symbol
Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Expressive
a. Authoritarian
Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies? a. Coercion to join b. Hierarchy of authority c. Explicit rules d. Division of labor
a. Coercion to join
The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture? a. Counterculture b. Subculture c. Multiculturalism d. Afrocentricity
a. Counterculture
An example of high culture is ___________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________. a. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners b. medical marijuana; film noir c. country music; pop music d. political theory; sociological theory
a. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners
Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? a. Herbert Blumer b. Max Weber c. Lester F. Ward d. W. I. Thomas
a. Herbert Blumer
Which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles? a. Infancy b. School age c. Adulthood d. Senior citizen
a. Infancy
Which of these is an example of a total institution? a. Jail b. High school c. Political party d. A gym
a. Jail
The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? Max Weber Karl Marx Émile Durkheim Friedrich Engels
a. Max Weber
Which research approach is best suited to the scientific method? a. Questionnaire b. Case study c. Ethnography d. Secondary data analysis
a. Questionnaire
Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? a. Role strain b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Status conflict d. Status strain
a. Role strain
How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities? a. She could not communicate at all. b. She never learned words, but she did learn signs. c. She could not understand much, but she could use gestures. d. She could understand and use basic language like "yes" and "no."
a. She could not communicate at all.
Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? a. Software engineer b. Coal miner c. Children's book author d. Sharecropper
a. Software engineer
The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism
a. Symbolic interactionism
What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society? a. There is less variety of goods. b. There is an increased need for employees with postgraduate degrees. c. There is less competition so prices are higher. d. There are fewer jobs so unemployment increases.
a. There is less variety of goods.
What role do secondary groups play in society? a. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. b. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. c. The members give and receive emotional support. d. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.
a. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs.
Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving? a. Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment. b. Wealthy parents are not concerned about their children rebelling against their rules. c. Wealthy parents never engage in repetitive tasks. d. Wealthy parents are more concerned with money than with a good education.
a. Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment.
Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of: a. cultural lag b. innovation c. ethnocentricity d. xenophobia
a. cultural lag
Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: a. culture shock b. imperialism c. ethnocentrism d. xenocentrism
a. culture shock
The main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is: a. ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing b. ethnography subjects are unaware they're being studied c. ethnographic studies always involve minority ethnic groups d. ethnography focuses on how subjects view themselves in relationship to the community
a. ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing
Émile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ________. functionalist conflict theorist symbolic interactionist rationalist
a. functionalist
According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ________. a. habitual actions b. status c. institutionalization d. role performance
a. habitual actions
A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: a. interact b. work in the same industry c. speak different languages d. practice a recognized religion
a. interact
The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that a. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture b. mores are absolute, whereas folkways are temporary c. mores refer to material culture, whereas folkways refer to nonmaterial culture d. mores refer to nonmaterial culture, whereas folkways refer to material culture
a. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture
Using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or ________ research method. a. nonreactive b. nonparticipatory c. nonrestrictive d. nonconfrontive
a. nonreactive
the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income
achieved status
a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity
aggregate
societies that rely on farming as a way of life
agricultural societies
an individual's isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self
alienation
the way we prepare for future life roles
anticipatory socialization
He and other like-minded sociologists proposed a philosophy of _______ whereby social researchers would strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values.
antipositivism
the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values
antipositivism
the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race
ascribed status
a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks
authoritarian leader
Why do people join utilitarian organizations? a. Because they feel an affinity with others there b. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining c. Because they have no choice d. Because they feel pressured to do so
b. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining
Which materials are considered secondary data? a. Photos and letters given to you by another person b. Books and articles written by other authors about their studies c. Information that you have gathered and now have included in your results d. Responses from participants whom you both surveyed and interviewed
b. Books and articles written by other authors about their studies
The major difference between invention and discovery is: a. Invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based on culture b. Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way c. Invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material or theoretic, like laws of physics d. Invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas discovery refers to that which is local to one's culture
b. Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way
Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? a. Astrology b. Economics c. Physics d. History
b. Economics
Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization? a. School b. Family c. Mass media d. Workplace
b. Family
What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? a. Sociobiology b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism
b. Functionalism
Which statement illustrates value neutrality? a. Obesity in children is obviously a result of parental neglect and, therefore, schools should take a greater role to prevent it b. In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools c. Merely restricting children's access to junk food at school is not enough to prevent obesity d. Physical activity and healthy eating are a fundamental part of a child's education
b. In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools
Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? a. Hunter-gatherer b. Industrial c. Agricultural d. Feudal
b. Industrial
Which best describes the results of a case study? a. It produces more reliable results than other methods because of its depth b. Its results are not generally applicable c. It relies solely on secondary data analysis d. All of the above
b. Its results are not generally applicable
Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? a. Émile Comte b. Karl Marx c. Plato d. Herbert Spencer
b. Karl Marx
Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? a. Émile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Erving Goffmann d. George Herbert Mead
b. Karl Marx
Which of the following is a manifest function of schools? a. Understanding when to speak up and when to be silent b. Learning to read and write c. Following a schedule d. Knowing locker room etiquette
b. Learning to read and write
Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? a. Surveys b. Participant observation c. Quantitative data analysis d. None of the above
b. Participant observation
The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by: a. linguistics b. Sapir-Whorf c. Ethnographic imagery d. bilingualism
b. Sapir-Whorf
The terms _________________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. a. imperialism and relativism b. culture and society c. society and ethnocentrism d. ethnocentrism and xenocentrism
b. culture and society
That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of: a. globalization b. diffusion c. culture lag d. xenocentrism
b. diffusion
Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________. a. primary group; secondary group b. dyad; triad c. couple; family d. de facto group; nuclear family
b. dyad; triad
Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: a. beneficial b. harmful c. illegal d. of no importance
b. harmful
Socialization, as a sociological term, describes: a. how people interact during social situations b. how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values c. a person's internal mental state when in a group setting d. the difference between introverts and extroverts
b. how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values
C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals. a. culture b. imagination c. method d. tool
b. imagination
Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________. a. role strain b. the looking-glass self c. role performance d. habitualization
b. the looking-glass self
Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: a. drugs b. their culture c. their genetic makeup d. the researcher
b. their culture
tenets or convictions that people hold to be true
beliefs
the owners of the means of production in a society
bourgeoisie
formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.
bureaucracies
Which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion? a. People learn the material culture of their religion. b. Life stages and roles are connected to religious celebration. c. An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith. d. Places of worship provide a space for shared group experiences.
c. An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith.
From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization? a. Gender b. Class c. Blood type d. Race
c. Blood type
Which statement provides the best operational definition of "childhood obesity"? a. Children who eat unhealthy foods and spend too much time watching television and playing video games b. A distressing trend that can lead to health issues including type 2 diabetes and heart disease c. Body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height d. The tendency of children today to weigh more than children of earlier generations
c. Body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height
What occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level? a. Children develop the ability to have abstract thoughts. b. Morality is developed by pain and pleasure. c. Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral. d. Parental beliefs have no influence on children's morality.
c. Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral.
A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism
c. Conflict theory
The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory? a. Sociobiology b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Ethnocentrism
c. Conflict theory
Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? a. Industrial b. Hunter-gatherer c. Horticultural d. Feudal
c. Horticultural
What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement? a. The minute functions that every person at the protests plays in the whole b. The internal conflicts that play out within such a diverse and leaderless group c. How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension d. The factions and divisions that form within the movement
c. How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension
What research method did John S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd mainly use in their Middletown study? a. Secondary data b. Survey c. Participant observation d. Experiment
c. Participant observation
What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? a. Secondary group b. Formal organization c. Reference group d. Primary group
c. Reference group
Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: a. Establishes leaders b. Determines language c. Regulates behavior d. Determines laws
c. Regulates behavior
Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? a. The Deswan people, who live in small tribes and base their economy on the production and trade of textiles b. The Rositian Clan, a small community of farmers who have lived on their family's land for centuries c. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses d. The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family
c. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses
Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? a. The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company b. A high school teacher at a reform school c. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children d. A manager at a fast-food restaurant
c. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children
What did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked? a. The justice perspective b. Sympathetic reactions to moral situations c. The perspective of females d. How social environment affects how morality develops
c. The perspective of females
Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? a. The study of individual behavior b. The study of cultures c. The study of society and social interaction d. The study of economics
c. The study of society and social interaction
What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society? a. There is more variety of goods. b. There is less theft. c. There is more worldwide availability of goods. d. There is more opportunity for businesses.
c. There is more worldwide availability of goods.
Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates? a. They are expected to take a year "off" before college. b. They are required to serve in the military for one year. c. They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation. d. They are required to move away from their parents.
c. They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation.
A measurement is considered ______ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure, according to the topic of the study. a. reliable b. sociological c. valid d. quantitative
c. valid
What method did researchers John Mihelich and John Papineau use to study Parrotheads? a. Survey b. Experiment c. Web Ethnography d. Case study
c. Web Ethnography
Berger describes sociologists as concerned with: a. monumental moments in people's lives b. common everyday life events c. both a and b d. none of the above
c. both a and b
According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. a. proletariat b. vassals c. bourgeoisie d. anomie
c. bourgeoisie
Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: a. compare the behavior of individuals from different societies b. compare one society to another c. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure d. compare individuals to groups
c. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure
When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing with competing ______________. a. primary groups b. out-groups c. reference groups d. secondary groups
c. reference groups
The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity. a. values b. sanctions c. social control d. mores
c. social control
Chris Langan's story illustrates that: a. children raised in one-parent households tend to have higher IQs. b. intelligence is more important than socialization. c. socialization can be more important than intelligence. d. neither socialization nor intelligence affects college admissions.
c. socialization can be more important than intelligence.
Modern-day hipsters are an example of: a. ethnocentricity b. counterculture c. subculture d. high culture
c. subculture
Sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ______ causes change in another. a. test subject b. behavior c. variable d. operational definition
c. variable
The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a. whether individuals like or dislike their society b. whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d. all of the above
c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society
The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called: a. ethnocentrism b. nationalism c. xenocentrism d. imperialism
c. xenocentrism
a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government
capitalism
in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual
case study
people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way
category
the awareness of one's rank in society
class consciousness
the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform
clear division of labor
a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology
code of ethics
organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital
coercive organizations
the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society
collective conscience
a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources
conflict theory
the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms
conformity
an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be
constructivism
applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand
content analysis
when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but does not necessarily indicate causation
correlation
groups that reject and oppose society's widely accepted cultural patterns
countercultures
the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture
cultural imperialism
the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture
cultural relativism
patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies
cultural universals
The term _______ refers to the group's shared practices, values, and beliefs. Culture encompasses a group's way of life, from routine, everyday interactions to the most important parts of group members' lives.
culture
a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs
culture
shared beliefs, values, and practices
culture
Which of the following is not an example of an in-group? a. The Ku Klux Klan b. A fraternity c. A synagogue d. A high school
d. A high school
Which is not an example of a normative organization? a. A book club b. A church youth group c. A People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protest group d. A study hall
d. A study hall
A parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low self-esteem may wish to look at her child's: a. reference group b. in-group c. out-group d. All of the above
d. All of the above
How do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce? a. With a standardized curriculum b. Through the hidden curriculum c. By socializing them in teamwork d. All of the above
d. All of the above
In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? a. A very small group of witnesses b. The presence of an ally c. The ability to keep one's answer private d. All of the above
d. All of the above
What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? a. Increased productivity b. Increased efficiency c. Equal treatment for all d. All of the above
d. All of the above
What is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology? a. Psychology focuses on the mind, while sociology focuses on society. b. Psychologists are interested in mental health, while sociologists are interested in societal functions. c. Psychologists look inward to understand behavior while sociologists look outward. d. All of the above
d. All of the above
A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: a. behaviors b. conflicts c. human organs d. theatrical roles
d. theatrical roles
Why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants? a. Participants do not know they are part of a study b. The researcher has no control over who is in the study c. It is larger than an ordinary sample d. Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study
d. Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study
The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________. a. performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a spot in Heaven b. salvation is only achievable through obedience to God c. no person can be saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as his or her savior d. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned
d. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned
Which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality? a. Institutional Review Board (IRB) b. Peter Rossi c. American Sociological Association (ASA) d. Max Weber
d. Max Weber
The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? a. Symbols b. Language c. Material culture d. Nonmaterial culture
d. Nonmaterial culture
Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? a. Structural functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Positivism e. Symbolic interactionism
d. Positivism
What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective? a. The former two consider long-term repercussions of the group or situation, while the latter focuses on the present. b. The first two are the more common sociological perspective, while the latter is a newer sociological model. c. The first two focus on hierarchical roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view. d. The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.
d. The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.
Why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies? a. The results do not apply to singletons. b. The twins were often raised in different ways. c. The twins may turn out to actually be fraternal. d. The sample sizes are often small.
d. The sample sizes are often small.
In a study, a group of ten-year-old boys are fed doughnuts every morning for a week and then weighed to see how much weight they gained. Which factor is the dependent variable? a. The doughnuts b. The boys c. The duration of a week d. The weight gained
d. The weight gained
Studying sociology helps people analyze data because they learn: a. interview techniques b. to apply statistics c. to generate theories d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to: a. cultural lag b. innovation c. discovery d. globalization
d. globalization
The Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that: a. rhesus monkeys raised by other primate species are poorly socialized b. monkeys can be adequately socialized by imitating humans c. food is more important than social comfort d. social comfort is more important than food
d. social comfort is more important than food
Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: a. relativism b. ethnocentrism c. xenocentrism d. universalism
d. universalism
the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones
degradation ceremony
a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action
democratic leader
a variable changed by other variables
dependent variables
the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another
diffusion
things and ideas found from what already exists
discoveries
a technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance
dramaturgical analysis
a two-member group
dyad
a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society work together properly
dynamic equilibrium
social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society
dysfunctions
evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation
empirical evidence
the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture
ethnocentrism
observing a complete social setting and all that it entails
ethnography
the testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions
experiment
the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized
explicit rules
a group function that serves an emotional need
expressive function
a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's emotional wellbeing
expressive leader
large, impersonal organizations
formal organizations
the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity
function
a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society
functionalism
the common behavioral expectations of general society
generalized other
the organized and generalized attitude of a social group
generalized others
the integration of international trade and finance markets
globalization
an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change
grand theories
any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity
group
the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit
habitualization
the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms
hidden curriculum
a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy
hierarchy of authority
the cultural patterns of a society's elite
high culture
societies based around the cultivation of plants
horticultural societies
societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival
hunter-gatherer societies
a testable educated guess about predicted outcomes between two or more variables
hypothesis
a testable proposition
hypothesis
a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity
in-group
variables that cause changes in dependent variables
independent variables
societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods
industrial societies
casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to
informal norms
societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services
information societies
new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time
innovations
the act of implanting a convention or norm into society
institutionalization
being oriented toward a task or goal
instrumental function
a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks
instrumental leader
a sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing
interpretive framework
a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject
interview
a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms
inventions
a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions
iron cage
a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions
laissez-faire leader
a symbolic system of communication
language
the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process
latent functions
the main focus or goal of a leader
leadership function
the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members
leadership style
a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research
literature review
our reflection of how we think we appear to others
looking-glass self
a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society
macro-level
sought consequences of a social process
manifest functions
the objects or belongings of a group of people
material culture
a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture
mechanical solidarity
a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills
meritocracy
a technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together
meta-analysis
the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups
micro-level theories
Sociologists study all aspects and levels of society. Sociologists working from the _______ study small groups and individual interactions, while those using _______ analysis look at trends among and between large groups and societies.
micro-level; macro-level
the way people learn what is "good" and "bad" in society
moral development
the moral views and principles of a group
mores
the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development
nature
the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society
nonmaterial culture
using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influence people's behaviors
nonreactive research
organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards
normative or voluntary organizations
the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured
norms
the role that our social environment plays in self-development
nurture
specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study
operational definitions
a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences
organic solidarity
a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with
out-group
philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them
paradigms
when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an "insider" perspective
participant observation
societies based around the domestication of animals
pastoral societies
a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests
peer group
mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population
popular culture
a defined group serving as the subject of a study
population
Comte named the scientific study of social patterns _______ .
positivism
the scientific study of social patterns
positivism
data that are collected directly from firsthand experience
primary data
small, informal groups of people who are closest to us
primary groups
the laborers in a society
proletariat
comprise information that is subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting
qualitative data
represent research collected in numerical form that can be counted
quantitative data
a study's participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population
random sample
the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists
real culture
groups to which an individual compares herself
reference groups
an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence
reification
a measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced
reliability
the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place
resocialization
a situation when one or more of an individual's roles clash
role conflict
the expression of a role
role performance
stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role
role strain
an array of roles attached to a particular status
role-set
patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status
roles
small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population
samples
a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors
sanctions
how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group
social integration
an established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions
scientific method
using data collected by others but applying new interpretations
secondary data analysis
larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited
secondary groups
a person's distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction
self
an idea that becomes true when acted upon
self-fulfilling prophecy
specific individuals that impact a person's life
significant others
a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms
social control
Some sociologists study _______ , which are the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life, that may contribute to these changes in the family.
social facts
the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life
social facts
patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs
social institutions
the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
socialization
A group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another, and who share a common culture is what sociologists call a _______
society
a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture
society
a group of people who live in a defined geographical area who interact with one another and who share a common culture
society
people who live in a definable community and who share a culture
society
Sociologists often study culture using the _______ , which pioneer sociologist C. Wright Mills described as an awareness of the relationship between a person's behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and perceptions.
sociological imagination
the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular
sociological imagination
the systematic study of society and social interaction
sociology
the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society
status
groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society's majority, even as the members exist within a larger society
subcultures
collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire
surveys
a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)
symbolic interactionism
gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture
symbols
Many topics studied in modern sociology were also studied by ancient philosophers in their desire to describe an ideal society, including _______ (Hannoum 2003).
theories of social conflict, economics, social cohesion, and power
a proposed explanation about social interactions or society
theory
In sociology, a _______ is a way to explain different aspects of social interactions and to create a testable proposition, called a _______ , about society (Allan 2006).
theory, hypothesis
an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs
total institution
a three-member group
triad
organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need
utilitarian organizations
the degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study
validity
a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results
value neutrality
a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society
values
To deal with this problem, Weber and Dilthey introduced the concept of_______ , a German word that means to understand in a deep way.
verstehen
a German word that means to understand in a deep way
verstehen
a belief that another culture is superior to one's own
xenocentrism
_______ helped establish sociology as a formal academic discipline by establishing the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895 and by publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method in 1895.
Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)