Sociology 205 Final Exam
1 in 3
According to recent research, what is the likelihood a black male born in 2001 will be incarcerated in his lifetime?
formal
According to the Long Arm of the Law by Davies and Tanner, ____________ sanctions in youth have significant negative impacts on life outcomes.
85%
Generally, Truth-in-sentencing laws require an offender to serve _____________ of their sentence.
symbolic interactionalism
Hirshi's social bonds theory
The "Roughnecks"
In the research of Chambliss, which group was considered troublemakers or deviant?
Eliminating the class-based and patriarchal system
Radical feminism focuses on which of the following?
1 in 17
The lifetime likelihood of imprisonment for white men born in 2001 is...
Condemnation of the Condemners
The statement, "My parents drank before they were 21 years old, therefore they cannot judge me," is an example of which neutralization technique?
liberal
_______ feminism focuses on the socialization of women. This perspective believes that women tend to engage in criminal activities less than men because their socialization provides them fewer opportunities to engage in deviance.
commitment bond
a "stake in conformity" how much you have to lose
glass cliff
a heightened risk of failing, compared with similar men
motherhood penalty
a loss in wages associated with becoming a mother (larger pay gap than between women and men)
sex
anatomical or biological characteristics to differentiate male and female
types of society bonds
attachment(most important) commitment involvement beliefs
gender roles
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
traditionalists
believe men should be responsible for earning income and women should be responsible for housework and childcare
Functionalist Perspective on gender
believe that there are social roles better suited to one gender than the other, societies are more stable when gender division in enforced.
drift
between crime and law
primary sex characteristics
biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females
status offenses
crimes committed based on who you are
Labeling theory
criminal deviance is a status imposed on a group by those in power.
Hirshi's Social Bond Theory
the stronger a person is bound to society, the less likely they are to commit crime.
feminization of poverty
the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
three strikes laws
third felony conviction, mandatory life sentence
neo-traditionalists
those who think a women should be able to work if it doesn't interfere with housework
war on drugs
tons in prison over minimal drug charges
transgender
umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
second shift
unpaid labor inside the home that is often expected of women after they get home from working at paid labor outside the home
Sharing vs. Specialization
division of labor where work is split among partners vs specialized work
Purposes of criminal sanctions
general deterrence
collateral consequences
intergenerational effects, far reaching effects on behavior and mental health, issues continue into adulthood.
glass escalator
invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations
mommy tax
lost wages, benefits, and social security contributions that come with taking time out of the workforce to raise small children and then re-entering it with less momentum
Men's Liberation
originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity. broke into two groups, pro feminism, and mens rights movement.
single mother statistics
over half find themselves below the poverty line and x2 as likely to be female.
Egalitarians
people who prefer relationships in which both partners do their fair share of breadwinning, housekeeping, and child-rearing
impact on health
poor healthcare in prison complex
collateral consequences
prison places, leads to greater social disorganization, felony charges prevent voting, undrepresecnts Community
techniques of neutralization
rationalizing crime committed to neutralize guilt.
Purposes of criminal sanctions
reform or rehabilitation
Purposes of criminal sanctions
restitution or compensation
purpose of criminal facilities
restraint and incapacitation
Purposes of criminal sanctions
restraint or incapacitation
Purposes of criminal sanctions
retribution
sexuality
sexual behaviors desires and fantasies, includes sexual orientation
motherhood
single best predictor of bankruptcy and old age poverty
Radical Feminism
the belief that a radical reordering of society in patriarchy os eliminated in all social and economic contexts. -(gender sex and reproduction) -emphasizes the sexual control of women throughout the patriarchy
socialist feminism
the belief that women inequality results primarily from capitalist economic relations arguing that must be fundamentally transformed before women can achieve equality
masculinization of wealth
the concentration of men in high-earning occupations
hostile sexism
the condemnation of women with negative instead of positive stereotypes and the use of threats and violence to enforce women's subservience to men
hegemonic masculinity
the culturally normative idea of male behavior, which often emphasizes strength, domination, and aggression
glass ceiling
the idea that there is an invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations
gender
the norms and behavior characteristics associated by society with being male and female. is preformative through actions and appearance.
denial of victim
"they had it coming", crime justified through victim
condemnation of condemners
"who are you to judge me?" "you're a hypocrite"
White women
1 in 111
white men
1 in 17
black women
1 in 18
black men
1 in 3
latina women
1 in 45
latino men
1 in 6
intersex
one whose chromosomes and sex characteristics are not exclusively male or female.
denial of injury
"No harm, no foul",behavior just an act of mischief
punishment
"Purposes of criminal sanctions"(Hagen 1985)
denial of responsibility
"its not my fault", "I was just following orders"
crack cocaine disparity
100:1, 2010 18:1
truth in sentencing
1984 offender must serve a majority of sentence. most states 85%, 14, 100%.
crack cocaine disparity
1986 average federal drug sentencing was 11% higher for blacks than whites, 49% four years later.
mandatory minimums
1986 require judge to sentence offended minimum sentence. 90% cases solved in plea deal.
Fair Sentencing Act
2010 reduced disparity between crack and cocaine for mandatory minimum sentence to 18:1
gender identity
A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as
reproductive organs
An example of a primary sex characteristic is
group differences in power
Conflict theorists explain inequalities as a result of
Labeling theory
Davies and Tanner: "Long arm of the law". Formal sanctions in youth had lifelong effects and negative outcomes.
Labeling theory
Devah Pager: "Marked". White and black men with criminal records and the likeliness of getting a call back.
Symbolic interactionalist
Differential association
differential association
Edwin Sutherland: criminal behavior is learned in interactions and a process of communication
normalizes
Feminist theorists believe that a patriarchal society ______________ the abuse of women.
Macro Perspective
Focus on how laws benefit on group over another.
Sex is biological; gender is social.
For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender?
false consciousness
Laboreres lack the awareness of their own exploitation.
Marxist Perspective
Law is used to maintain status quo , support ideology of capitalism.
Supporting the idea of communism
Marx believed that the law was not used for which of the following purposes?
mass incarceration
Michelle Alexander argues in The New Jim Crow that _____________ has/have made discrimination against black people legal again.
stereotype threat
NEGATIVE self fulfilling prophecy
Davies and Tanner: "Long Arm of the Law"
Negative labels from a young age have negative effects follow through life. Juveniles stick to deterrents rather than examples.
Feminism
the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women
stereotype promise
POSITIVE self fulfilling prophecy
Toxic Masculinity
Patriarchal systems and expectations are detrimental to men too
Conflict Perspective
Power can be found and denied in more than just economy, reform less drastic than revolution.
labeling theory
Power is key - "Saints and the Roughnecks"
Marxist Perspective
Power is rooted in economy, advocate for overthrow of gov. femicides in Juarez...
an essentialist perspective
Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?
denial of repsonsibility
The assertion that perpetrators of the Holocaust were "just following orders" is an example of which of the following?
Liberal Feminism
The belief that women's inequality is primarily the result of imperfect institutions, which can be corrected by reforms that do not fundamentally alter society itself.
"If my mother cared more about me, I would want her to be proud of me. Therefore, I would not smoke marijuana"
Which of the following is an example of attachment component in Hirshi's social bonding theory?
Devah Prager: "Marked"
White no-rec, white with-rec, black no-rec, black with-rec.
radical
______ feminism focuses on how women's oppression contributes to the acts of domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment against women.
androcentric pay scale
a strong correlation between wages and the gender composition of the job
patriarchy
a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.
fatherhood premium
a wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers
impact on military service
exclusion from military for felons and no benefits from doing so.
school to prison pipeline
exclusionary discipline damages social bonds and performance suffers. students may never finish high school
labeling theory
extralegal influences on status - POWER,MONEY,AGE,RACE,GENDER, ETC
waves of feminism
first(1920),second(1960-70),third(1980-present)
constructionists
gender is a social construct created through interactions in society
Essentialists
gender is binary, biological, and genetic. permanent and unchanging
symbolic interactionism on gender
gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives
intensive mothering
ideology of mothering that says that children are best cared for by mothers; that mothers should invest large amounts of time and energy into childrearing; and that mothering requires sacrifice
Purposes of criminal sanctions
individual or specific deterrence
gender expression
individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
gender identity
individuals self definition of sense of gender
mass incarceration
marked by higher than norm imprisonment rates than historical norm and other similarly developed countries. demographics of imprisoned must be so high whole groups are imprisoned
conflict theorist on gender
men have historically had access to resources and need to maintain dominant position. Gender equality would make men lose prestige.
Purposes of criminal sanctions
moral affirmation or symbolism
beliefs bond
moral beliefs that prevent one from committing crime
impact on marriageability
most convicts have strained relationships and poor marriageability
attachment bond
most important social bond, affectionate bonds between individual and significant other(s)
collateral consequences
new Jim Crow, mass incarceration has made discrimination against black people legal again.
queer theorists
no rigid distinctions between genders. its a spectrum and reject restrictive categories.
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
transexual
one who uses surgery or hormones to change their sex to match preferred gender.
impact on jobs
some jobs deny drug convictions and felonies
Impact of disenfranchisement
some states drop the right to vote of felonies
mass incarceration
started in the 1970's and peaked in 2006 due to the "tough on crime" era
Appeal to higher values
suggesting that justification of the unethical behavior is due to a higher order value
differential association
technique and motives of a crime are LEARNED.
mass incarceration
term coined by David garland to refer to high rates of incarceration in the United States
Benevolent sexism
the attribution of positive traits to women that, nonetheless, justify women's subordination to men
