Sociology 205 Final Exam

1 in 3

According to recent research, what is the likelihood a black male born in 2001 will be incarcerated in his lifetime?

formal

According to the Long Arm of the Law by Davies and Tanner, ____________ sanctions in youth have significant negative impacts on life outcomes.

85%

Generally, Truth-in-sentencing laws require an offender to serve _____________ of their sentence.

symbolic interactionalism

Hirshi's social bonds theory

The "Roughnecks"

In the research of Chambliss, which group was considered troublemakers or deviant?

Eliminating the class-based and patriarchal system

Radical feminism focuses on which of the following?

1 in 17

The lifetime likelihood of imprisonment for white men born in 2001 is...

Condemnation of the Condemners

The statement, "My parents drank before they were 21 years old, therefore they cannot judge me," is an example of which neutralization technique?

liberal

_______ feminism focuses on the socialization of women. This perspective believes that women tend to engage in criminal activities less than men because their socialization provides them fewer opportunities to engage in deviance.

commitment bond

a "stake in conformity" how much you have to lose

glass cliff

a heightened risk of failing, compared with similar men

motherhood penalty

a loss in wages associated with becoming a mother (larger pay gap than between women and men)

sex

anatomical or biological characteristics to differentiate male and female

types of society bonds

attachment(most important) commitment involvement beliefs

gender roles

attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex

traditionalists

believe men should be responsible for earning income and women should be responsible for housework and childcare

Functionalist Perspective on gender

believe that there are social roles better suited to one gender than the other, societies are more stable when gender division in enforced.

drift

between crime and law

primary sex characteristics

biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females

status offenses

crimes committed based on who you are

Labeling theory

criminal deviance is a status imposed on a group by those in power.

Hirshi's Social Bond Theory

the stronger a person is bound to society, the less likely they are to commit crime.

feminization of poverty

the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

three strikes laws

third felony conviction, mandatory life sentence

neo-traditionalists

those who think a women should be able to work if it doesn't interfere with housework

war on drugs

tons in prison over minimal drug charges

transgender

umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

second shift

unpaid labor inside the home that is often expected of women after they get home from working at paid labor outside the home

Sharing vs. Specialization

division of labor where work is split among partners vs specialized work

Purposes of criminal sanctions

general deterrence

collateral consequences

intergenerational effects, far reaching effects on behavior and mental health, issues continue into adulthood.

glass escalator

invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

mommy tax

lost wages, benefits, and social security contributions that come with taking time out of the workforce to raise small children and then re-entering it with less momentum

Men's Liberation

originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity. broke into two groups, pro feminism, and mens rights movement.

single mother statistics

over half find themselves below the poverty line and x2 as likely to be female.

Egalitarians

people who prefer relationships in which both partners do their fair share of breadwinning, housekeeping, and child-rearing

impact on health

poor healthcare in prison complex

collateral consequences

prison places, leads to greater social disorganization, felony charges prevent voting, undrepresecnts Community

techniques of neutralization

rationalizing crime committed to neutralize guilt.

Purposes of criminal sanctions

reform or rehabilitation

Purposes of criminal sanctions

restitution or compensation

purpose of criminal facilities

restraint and incapacitation

Purposes of criminal sanctions

restraint or incapacitation

Purposes of criminal sanctions

retribution

sexuality

sexual behaviors desires and fantasies, includes sexual orientation

motherhood

single best predictor of bankruptcy and old age poverty

Radical Feminism

the belief that a radical reordering of society in patriarchy os eliminated in all social and economic contexts. -(gender sex and reproduction) -emphasizes the sexual control of women throughout the patriarchy

socialist feminism

the belief that women inequality results primarily from capitalist economic relations arguing that must be fundamentally transformed before women can achieve equality

masculinization of wealth

the concentration of men in high-earning occupations

hostile sexism

the condemnation of women with negative instead of positive stereotypes and the use of threats and violence to enforce women's subservience to men

hegemonic masculinity

the culturally normative idea of male behavior, which often emphasizes strength, domination, and aggression

glass ceiling

the idea that there is an invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations

gender

the norms and behavior characteristics associated by society with being male and female. is preformative through actions and appearance.

denial of victim

"they had it coming", crime justified through victim

condemnation of condemners

"who are you to judge me?" "you're a hypocrite"

White women

1 in 111

white men

1 in 17

black women

1 in 18

black men

1 in 3

latina women

1 in 45

latino men

1 in 6

intersex

one whose chromosomes and sex characteristics are not exclusively male or female.

denial of injury

"No harm, no foul",behavior just an act of mischief

punishment

"Purposes of criminal sanctions"(Hagen 1985)

denial of responsibility

"its not my fault", "I was just following orders"

crack cocaine disparity

100:1, 2010 18:1

truth in sentencing

1984 offender must serve a majority of sentence. most states 85%, 14, 100%.

crack cocaine disparity

1986 average federal drug sentencing was 11% higher for blacks than whites, 49% four years later.

mandatory minimums

1986 require judge to sentence offended minimum sentence. 90% cases solved in plea deal.

Fair Sentencing Act

2010 reduced disparity between crack and cocaine for mandatory minimum sentence to 18:1

gender identity

A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as

reproductive organs

An example of a primary sex characteristic is

group differences in power

Conflict theorists explain inequalities as a result of

Labeling theory

Davies and Tanner: "Long arm of the law". Formal sanctions in youth had lifelong effects and negative outcomes.

Labeling theory

Devah Pager: "Marked". White and black men with criminal records and the likeliness of getting a call back.

Symbolic interactionalist

Differential association

differential association

Edwin Sutherland: criminal behavior is learned in interactions and a process of communication

normalizes

Feminist theorists believe that a patriarchal society ______________ the abuse of women.

Macro Perspective

Focus on how laws benefit on group over another.

Sex is biological; gender is social.

For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender?

false consciousness

Laboreres lack the awareness of their own exploitation.

Marxist Perspective

Law is used to maintain status quo , support ideology of capitalism.

Supporting the idea of communism

Marx believed that the law was not used for which of the following purposes?

mass incarceration

Michelle Alexander argues in The New Jim Crow that _____________ has/have made discrimination against black people legal again.

stereotype threat

NEGATIVE self fulfilling prophecy

Davies and Tanner: "Long Arm of the Law"

Negative labels from a young age have negative effects follow through life. Juveniles stick to deterrents rather than examples.

Feminism

the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women

stereotype promise

POSITIVE self fulfilling prophecy

Toxic Masculinity

Patriarchal systems and expectations are detrimental to men too

Conflict Perspective

Power can be found and denied in more than just economy, reform less drastic than revolution.

labeling theory

Power is key - "Saints and the Roughnecks"

Marxist Perspective

Power is rooted in economy, advocate for overthrow of gov. femicides in Juarez...

an essentialist perspective

Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?

denial of repsonsibility

The assertion that perpetrators of the Holocaust were "just following orders" is an example of which of the following?

Liberal Feminism

The belief that women's inequality is primarily the result of imperfect institutions, which can be corrected by reforms that do not fundamentally alter society itself.

"If my mother cared more about me, I would want her to be proud of me. Therefore, I would not smoke marijuana"

Which of the following is an example of attachment component in Hirshi's social bonding theory?

Devah Prager: "Marked"

White no-rec, white with-rec, black no-rec, black with-rec.

radical

______ feminism focuses on how women's oppression contributes to the acts of domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment against women.

androcentric pay scale

a strong correlation between wages and the gender composition of the job

patriarchy

a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.

fatherhood premium

a wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers

impact on military service

exclusion from military for felons and no benefits from doing so.

school to prison pipeline

exclusionary discipline damages social bonds and performance suffers. students may never finish high school

labeling theory

extralegal influences on status - POWER,MONEY,AGE,RACE,GENDER, ETC

waves of feminism

first(1920),second(1960-70),third(1980-present)

constructionists

gender is a social construct created through interactions in society

Essentialists

gender is binary, biological, and genetic. permanent and unchanging

symbolic interactionism on gender

gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives

intensive mothering

ideology of mothering that says that children are best cared for by mothers; that mothers should invest large amounts of time and energy into childrearing; and that mothering requires sacrifice

Purposes of criminal sanctions

individual or specific deterrence

gender expression

individual's behavioral manifestations of gender

gender identity

individuals self definition of sense of gender

mass incarceration

marked by higher than norm imprisonment rates than historical norm and other similarly developed countries. demographics of imprisoned must be so high whole groups are imprisoned

conflict theorist on gender

men have historically had access to resources and need to maintain dominant position. Gender equality would make men lose prestige.

Purposes of criminal sanctions

moral affirmation or symbolism

beliefs bond

moral beliefs that prevent one from committing crime

impact on marriageability

most convicts have strained relationships and poor marriageability

attachment bond

most important social bond, affectionate bonds between individual and significant other(s)

collateral consequences

new Jim Crow, mass incarceration has made discrimination against black people legal again.

queer theorists

no rigid distinctions between genders. its a spectrum and reject restrictive categories.

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

transexual

one who uses surgery or hormones to change their sex to match preferred gender.

impact on jobs

some jobs deny drug convictions and felonies

Impact of disenfranchisement

some states drop the right to vote of felonies

mass incarceration

started in the 1970's and peaked in 2006 due to the "tough on crime" era

Appeal to higher values

suggesting that justification of the unethical behavior is due to a higher order value

differential association

technique and motives of a crime are LEARNED.

mass incarceration

term coined by David garland to refer to high rates of incarceration in the United States

Benevolent sexism

the attribution of positive traits to women that, nonetheless, justify women's subordination to men