Sociology 7: Global Stratification
Low-income economies are primarily found in countries in __________, where half of the world's population resides.
Africa and Asia
The United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand are examples of __________ nations.
First world
__________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income.
High-income countries
_________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
Relative poverty
China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of the former Soviet Union have been considered examples of __________ nations.
Second world
_________ poverty would be measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.
Subjective
The World Bank has defined __________ as living on less than $1.25 a day.
absolute poverty
From the perspective of new international division of labor theory _______.
commodity production takes place in whatever part of the world can provide the most profitable combination of labor and capital.
Dependency theory, world systems theory, and the new international division of labor theory are perspectives rooted in the __________ approach.
conflict
After several decades of development programs sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations, global poverty __________.
continued to increase
The gap in global income differences between rich and poor countries has __________ over the past 50 years.
continued to widen
The terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" categorize countries according to __________.
degree of economic development
According to __________, poorer nations cannot pursue their own economic and human development because they are trapped in a cycle of reliance on the richer nations for infusions of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials.
dependency theory
In addition to gross national income (GNI), the human development index considers living standards, life expectancy, and __________.
education
The term ________ refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations.
gross national income (GNI)
The World Bank defines poverty globally as living on __________ in purchasing power.
less than $1.25 a day
Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income are termed __________.
middle-income countries
The most widely known development theory is __________, which is a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth.
modernization theory
South-to-south migrants are those who move from _______.
one low-income country to another low-income country.
Within world systems theory South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, Brazil, and India are examples of __________.
semi-peripheral nations
A Gini Coefficient of 0 means that _______.
there is no income inequality in the country; everyone has the same income.
Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy and proponent of modernization theory, identified __________ as one of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations.
traditional cultural values
The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle and upper-middle. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey are examples nations with __________ economies.
upper-middle-income
Immanuel Wallerstein's _________ theory suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global system that is held together by economic ties in which wealthier nations benefit from other nations.
world systems
__________ refers to the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another.
Capital flight
