Sociology Ch. 2

dependent variable

Levels of crime or poverty in neighborhoods, racist attitudes or order within a civil society can be described as the _________ variable

Its Generalizable

Which of the following is not a strength of Naturalistic Observations: -Its real world setting -Focus on subcultures -Unique Perceptions -Its Generalizable

Physical; Psychological; Breach of Confidentiality

_____ harm, ______ harm, and ________ are the common sources of faulty research ethics.

experiments

______ are a research method that reflect high internal validity

Informed Consent, Right of Refusal, Debriefing

______, _______, and _______ are three methods that researchers are using to protect participates in sociological research.

Naturalistic Observations

_______ are a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment.

Experiments

_______ are a test to confirm the validity of a hypothesis, where experimenters manipulate independent variables, have at least two independent variables, and are randomly assigned.

Surveys

_______ are research methods that collect data from respondents through a series of questions either in the form of a questionnaire or an interview.

Comparative Research

_______ is a research methodology in the social sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries or culture.

Experiments

_________ are the best methods to control the Internal Validity

Research Ethics

_________ involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research methods

Informed Consent

_________ is a legal procedure to ensure that a patient, client, and research participants are aware of all the potential risks and costs involved in a treatment or procedure.

Correlation

_________ is an action or occurrence that can be linked to another. The action does not always result to another action, but you can see that there is a relationship between them

Causation

_________ is an action or occurrence that can cause another. The result of an action is always predictable, providing a clear notion between them which can be established with certainty.

Debriefing

_________ is when a researcher explains the purpose of the research, possible alternative research methods, and the potential risks and benefits of the research.

Humphrey's Tea Room Trade

_________ was the study of anonymous male-male sexual encounters in public restrooms.

External Validity

___________ is the extent to which research results can be generalized to other appropriate people, times, and settings.

Milgram's Obedience Study

___________ was a shock test that would measure the kinds of responses people would have to authority; simulation similar to those of the Holocaust where people would tell you to do something as an authoritative figure.

Internal Validity

____________ is the extent to which changes in the dependent variable are attributable to changes in the independent variable.

Independent Variable

The ____________ are those factors, activities, and other phenomena that change or affect the value or level of a dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The __________is the effect, the phenomenon affected or changed by other actions or phenomena

8

There are ________ steps in the research process

True

(T/F): A major problem in comparative research is that the data sets in different countries may not use the same categories or define them differently.

True

(T/F): Causation needs correlation

False

(T/F): Correlation needs causation

False

(T/F): Experiments have high external validity

True

(T/F): Some of the problems with surveys are that they can have certain recall problems and that there are social pressures to give specific answers

Random Sampling

A _______ is a sample design in which selections are drawn from a population in a way that gives every member and every combination of members and equal chance. This is the classic way of sampling

independent variable

A sociologist who studies criminal behavior may ask how lack of economic opportunity affects urban crime rates. For such a study the lack of economic opportunity would represent the __________ variable

Breach of Confidentiality

Humphrey's Tea Room Trade raised ethical questions about a ________

Psychological Harm

Milgram's Obedience Study asked the question of whether studies should be administered with concern about the ethics of __________

Define the problem

The first step in the research process is to __________

Repeat

The last step in the research process is to __________

Venkatesh's Study of Gangs

The purpose of ________ was to understand the daily undergoing of a drive by shooting through ethnographic research

Physical Harm

Venkatesh's Study of Gangs raises an ethical question about ________ and just how far sociologists will go to understand the cultural undertaking of the surrounding environment.

X

the Independent variable is known as the ____ variable

Exogenous Variable

the _______ is the third variable that is independent such as heat

Y

the dependent variable is known as the _____ variable

Z

the exogenous variable is known as the ______ variable