Sociology ch. 9

Gender expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender

Sex

an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories- male or female

Gender identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender

Men's rights movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

Pro-feminist men's movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women

Why have Perles and Fretts (1998) called smoking "the great equalizer"?

as more women began lighting up over the past decades, their relative risk of death from lung cancer rose and is now nearly identical to that of men

Microaggression

everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications

Homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people

Transphobia

fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people

Who were the women in Miller's (1997) study reportedly harassed by?

fellow trainees

Where has there been far less focus (in terms of colleges)?

on educating men in rape prevention

Binary

only 2 genders

What has the term "queer" meant since the 1990s and the emergence of "queer theory"?

p.243

How do campus administrators (for example those in charge of student services and campus life) participate in the larger culture of "victim blaming"?

p.245

How is feminist theory related to both conflict theory and interactionist theory?

p.254

How would functionalism explain male- and female-dominated occupations?

p.254

How would symbolic interactionism explain male- and female-dominated occupations?

p.254

How would the conflict theorists explain male- and female-dominated occupations?

p.254

What is the conflict theorists approach to gender inequality?

p.254

What is the functionalism approach to gender inequality?

p.254

What is the symbolic interactionists approach to gender inequality?

p.254

What has research by Ryan et al. (2009) shown concerning LGBTQ youth and attempted suicide?

p.255

According to Grall (2013), what is the poverty rate of custodial mothers compared to the poverty rate of custodial fathers?

p.256

What did Kinsey's own studies lead him to believe about people?

people are not exclusively heterosexual or homosexual but can fall along a wide spectrum

What will future efforts to stop human trafficking need to involve?

raising awareness of the issue

Cisgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

Gender nonconforming

term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles

Transgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth

What did the research of Fabes, Martin, and Hanish (2003) find concerning same-sex peer play?

that when children play with same-sex peers, their activities are more likely to be gender typed

Heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

Sexism

the belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other

Sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual

First wave

the earliest period of feminist activism, from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920

Feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

Sexual orientation or identity

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders

Asexuality

the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; no interest in or desire for sex

Gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media

Third wave

the most recent period of feminist activism, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess

Suffrage movement

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

Second wave

the period of feminist activism during the 1960s and 1970s, often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

Gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

Expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

Instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure

Social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

Second shift

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor

What did Thorne (1993) find happens when children cross gendered borders?

they are punished (mocked) by their peers

Hijras

this "third gender" category in India includes men who have undergone an emasculation rite involving voluntary castration

Essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

Constructionists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many

How do boys tend to gain prestige during the teenage years?

through athletic ability, well-developed sense of humor, or taking risks and defying norms

How do girls tend to gain prestige during the teenage years?

through social position and physical attractiveness

Coming out

to openly declare one's true identity to those who might not be aware of it; short for "coming out of the closet," a phrase used to describe how gays and lesbians have felt compelled to keep their sexual orientation secret

Intersex

used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

Berdaches or "two-spirit" people

were usually biological males who dressed as women and took on types of work we think of as feminine, such as cooking and domestic labor

What do (feminist) theorists Butler (2009) hooks (2003) and MacKinnon (2005) link gender inequality with?

with inequality in other social hierarchies—race and ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation—and argue that gender and power are inextricably intertwined in our society.

What did Miller's (1997) research on gender harassment find in terms of reporting?

women are far more likely than men to report gender harassment

What percent of custodial parents receive non their the child support due?

1/3

In 2011, what percent of all custodial parents and their children had incomes below the poverty level?

27 %

What does "expulsion after graduation" mean?

?

Men's liberation

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity

Rape culture

a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women

What did Smith (2005) argue about gender role socialization?

begins even before birth

Feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief

Cisgenderism

belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities

Heterosexism

belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals

Who were the men in Miller's (1997) study reportedly harassed by?

drill sergeants

What have college campus policies that restrict alcohol use on campus done in terms of who is now held responsible if something goes wrong?

frat brothers p. 245

What are some examples of heteronormativity pervading school life?

from canonical textbooks with images or traditional families, to an emphasis on heterosexual dating, also binary division of restrooms

What did the term "queer" mean for most of the 20th century?

gay men

What are examples of gender-nonconforming persons in contemporary society?

genderqueer, genderfluid

What have schools that enact anti-bullying policies experienced in terms of instances of harassment?

help lower instances of harassment and raise the rates of staff intervention

According to the U.S. Department of Defense (2014), why do military leaders argue that the recent dramatic increase in reports of sexual assault is good news?

increased reporting signals not only growing trust of command and confidence in the response system, but serves as the gateway to provide more victims with support and to hold a greater number of offenders appropriately accountable

What did the 2015 Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges do?

legalize same-sex marriage across the United States

LGBTQ

lesbian, gay. bisexual, transgender, and queer

What percent of custodial parents receive the full amount of child support due?

less than half (44%)

Patriarchy

literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society

What did Miller's (1997) research on gender harassment find in terms of enforcement of traditional gender norms?

made the distinction that gender harassment, rather than being sexual in nature, instead was used to enforce traditional gender norms, such as aggression in males and nurturing in females, as well as to punish violations of these norms

Bisexuality

sexual attraction toward members of both genders

Homosexuality

sexual attraction toward members of one's own gender

Heterosexuality

sexual attraction toward members of the other gender

What did Pascoe's (2007) ethnographic study of high school boys find?

shows just how powerful peer groups can be in enforcing gender roles and the assumptions about sexuality that underlie them.

Queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories