Sociology Chapter 1 - 7

Rebels

Don't accept the goals or the means of achieving those goals, instead opting to create their own goals and means.

Retreatist

Don't accept the goals or the means of those goals. Remove themselves from society.

Informal Deviance

Don't break the law but violate social norms

Material culture

Everything that is a part of our constructed environment, such as books

Rehabilitative Justice

Examines the circumstances of the individual's transgression and attempts to find ways to reintegrate them into functional society

Primary Groups

Family, people you're close to

Social Identity

How individuals define themselves in relationship to groups they're a part of

Back stage:

How you act when you aren't filling a specific role

Front stage:

How you present yourself to a specific part of culture

Punitive Justice

Making the violator suffer to define the boundaries of social behavior

Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory

social life is a theatrical performance; we are all actors on metaphysical stages, filling roles, playing parts, wearing our costumes

Ascribed Status

something you're born with (i.e. gender, race)

Achieved Status

something you've earned through individual effort (i.e. CEO, Professor)

Values

standards of a culture that define socially acceptable things; moral beliefs

Reflection theory

states that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere

Role Exit

strain or conflict leads to you exiting a role

concerted cultivation

structuring children's time with formal activities. children learn how to interact with adults, follow rules, and manage schedules.

Normative Compliance

the act of abiding by society's norms or following the rules of group life

Culture Jamming

the act of turning media against themselves.

Textual Analysis

the analysis of the content of media in its various forms

Symbols

Represent a specific meaning within a culture

Who created Role Theory

Robert Merton

Auguste Comte

Understanding society through logic/scientific laws governing human behavior

Max Weber

Coined "Verstehen" - To understand why people act the way you do, you need to understand the meaning they attach to their actions.

The "Looking Glass Self"

Charles Horton Cooley -emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and how they view us -helps people create an image for themselves based on their peers

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own.

Ideal Culture

the beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold

Multiculturalism

the coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area without one dominating

Soft Power

the cultural and diplomatic dominance that persuades, rather than forces, others to do one's bidding

Out-Group

the less powerful or stigmatized group, more often the minority

In-Group

the powerful group, more often the majority

Peer Pressure

the pressure of conformity.

Consumerism

the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved.

Social Cohesion

the way people form social bonds, relate, to each other, and get along on a daily basis

Given off gesture

unconscious signals of our true feelings

Cultural Similarities

universal customs among all societies

Mores

very important, maintain socials and ethics

Norms

what is deemed right or wrong decided by society

Culture

what is modified or created by humans

Role Strain

when roles associated with a single status clashes

Role Conflict

when the roles associated with one status clashes with the roles associated with another status

The "Baby Penalty"

when women that have children are penalized for having children (i.e. may not get the promotion or even get the job if employers assume they won't be as dedicated due to having children)

W.E.B. DuBois

Conceived the "Double Consciousness," the idea that there are two behavioral scripts; one for moving through the world and the second for incorporating external opinions of prejudiced onlookers.

Macrosociology

Concerned with social dynamics across the breadth of society; large scale.

Social Capital

Connections or knowledge/information that help individuals enter/move up in preexisting networks

Formal Deviance

Crime, violating social norms that are legally enforced

Karl Marx

Developed Marxism; believed class conflict drove social change, however the post industrial revolution people became slaves to the very machines they used to dominate their surroundings

Breaching Experiments

Developed by Harold Garfinkel; Collaborators would exhibit "abnormal" behavior in social settings to see how people would react to this social breach of norms

Broken Window Theory

Developed by Philip Zimbardo, it explains how social content and cues impact the way individuals act.

Robert Merton's Strain Theory

Deviance occurs when a society doesn't give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Emile Durkheim

Discussed the division of labor (i.e. hunter gatherer's vs factory workers) and its relation to social cohesion in a society.

Social Network

A set of dyads held together by ties between individuals

Tie

A set of stories that explains your relationships to other members in a group

Anomie

A sense of aimlessness felt when there is too little social regulation; normlessness.

Ethnomethodology

"the methods of the people." This approach to studying human interaction focuses on how we make sense of the world, how we convey our understandings to others, and how we produce a mutually shared social order.

Ethics of Social Research

- Researchers must meet codified standards, which are set by professional associations, academic institutions, or research centers, when conducting studies.

Resocialization

A change in values, beliefs or norms through an intense social process

Social Instituion

A complex group of interdependent positions that perform a social role; any institution in a society that shapes the behavior of the groups/people within it.

Mediator

A conflict resolver

Institutional Isomorphism

A constraining process in which one organization is forced to resemble another organization that faces the same set of environmental conditions

Social Construction

A construct that exists only because people believe that it exists, and is perpetuated by that belief.

Structural Hole

A gap between network clusters that would benefit from being filled

Stereotypes

A generalization about a race/culture/class

Large Group (Georg Simmel)

A group characterized by the presence of formal structure and status differentiation

Triad

A group of three or more people

Dyad

A group of two people, usually intimate, people are dependent on one another for the group to exist.

Party (Georg Simmel)

A group that is similar to a Small Group but multifocal

Secondary Groups

A larger group you're a part of in which you might now know everyone, or not know everyone well.

Innovators

Accept the goals of society but look for new ways to achieve that goal

Secondary Deviance

Acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance, and as a result of the violator believing the label they were given.

Real Culture

Actual, everyday behavior.

Symbolic Indulgence

Allows people (often lower class) to feel that they are a part of the consumer culture of America

The Asch Test

An experiment from the 1940's that shows how people are influenced by the majority of the group, even if the majority is wrong

Organizations

Any social network defined by common purpose that has a boundary between membership and the rest of the world

Social Deviance

Any transgression of socially established norms

Ritualist

Aren't interested in the goals of society, but accept the means of achieving the goals

Midrange Theory

Attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function.

Organic Solidarity

Based on the interdependence of specialized parts or members of society

Mechanical Solidarity

Based on the sameness of society's members

Symbolic Interactionism

Focuses on the motivating forces behind people's actions on a micro-sociological level (i.e. shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions).

Jane Addams

Founded a settlement house where she made her observations, but was considered a social worker by many of her peers.

"The Self"

George Herbert Mead -As an infant you only understand the "I" (only understand what they want) -As they socialize, they begin to understand the "me" (how you should/are expected to behave) -This is based on the "other" (how others act/how it affects you, the references you use for socializing) -The "generalized other" is the application of what you've learned from others in a social environment, even if you have never been in that specific environment before

Divide Et Impera

Individual that purposefully breaks up other members of a group

Network Analysis

Investigation pertaining to how groups that we're a part of shape individual behavior

Formal Social Sanctions

Laws, police officers

Stigma

Negative social label that changes behavior towards an individual.

Labeling Theory

People see how they're labeled and accept it as fact, then behave the way they assume someone with their label is supposed to behave.

Cultural imperialism

Products of one society influencing another society

Microsociology

Seeks to understand local interactions via participant observation and in depth interviews.

Social Control

Set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

Organization Culture

Shared beliefs of an organization

Conformist

Someone that accepts the goals and the means to achieve the goals that society has set for them

Tertius Gaudens

Someone who profits from a disagreement with others within a group

Georg Simmel

Studied the social dynamic of smal group interactions.

Language

Symbols used to communicate; directs our thinking, controls our actions and gives us a sense of belonging.

Sociological Imagination

The ability to connect an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces

Embeddedness

The degree to which ties are reinforced (how close you are with someone)

Primary Deviance

The first act of rule breaking which may result in the violator being labeled a deviant.

Positivist sociology

The idea of the social world being described by specific relationships (akin to social physics).

Conflict Theory

The idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic force of change in society and general.

Post Modernism

The idea that shared meanings have eroded and norms are changing, there is no longer one correct assumption or interpretation.

Strength of weak ties

The notion that weak ties turn out to be valuable because they yield new information

Socialization

The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society to function in that society

Sociology

The study of human society

Narrative

The sum of stories contained in a series of ties

Functionalism

The theory that social institutions in society serve a necessary function to keep society running.

Organizational Structure

The ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization

Harriet Martineau

Translated Comte's work, published her own work about marriage's assumptions about the inferiority of women

Informal Social Sanctions

Unspoken expectations about people's behavior which helps to maintain a base level of order and cohesion in a society

Non-Material Culture

Values, beliefs and practices and social norm

Recidivism

When a person that has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior.

Corporate Crime

White Collar Crime committed by an officer or executive of a company

Hegemony

a condition coined by Antonio Gramsci in which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses.

What is media

a format or vehicle that carries, presents, or communicates information-books, posters, web pages, clay tablets and radio

Small Groups (Georg Simmel)

a group characterized by face to face interaction, lack of formal arrangements, and relative equality. There is only one center of attention for a small group at any point in time.

Reference Group

a group that helps us understand our position in society relative to other groups

collective conscience

a set of norms by which members of society abide

Master Status

a status that overrides your other status, it is the status you are most affiliated with

Ideology

a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect.

Deterrence Theory

based on the notion that crime results from the rational calculation of its costs and benefits

Gender Roles

behavioral norms associated primarily with male or female

Roles

behaviors expected from a particular status

Popular cultures

beliefs, practices and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life (includes media)

Cultural Relativism

coined by ruth benedict in the 1930's, idea we should recognize differences and not judge base on these differences.

content analysis

collecting samples of subject and find the theme that ties the data together

White collar crimes

crime committed by professionals against corporate agencies or other business'

Street Crime

crime committed in public, associated with violence, gangs, and poverty

Cultural persistence

culture is transmitted to new generations

Countercultures

deliberately opposes and consciously rejects some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture

Laws

enforced by government

Eric Erikson

established a theory of psychosocial development that identifies eight stages of a person's life time -Each stage involves a specific conflict that a person must resolve in order to move on to the next phase

Subcultures

group holding different set of beliefs or behavioral patterns from a larger culture

Secondary Group (C.H. Cooley)

groups marked by impersonal relationships, in which the relationship is a means to an end

Short term unintentional (Media Effects)

i.e. a school shooter listens to music immediately before shooting a campus

Short term deliberate (Media Effects)

i.e. commercial influencing someone to buy a hamburger right after seeing it

Long term unintentional (Media Effects)

i.e. kids seeing cigarette commercials (that were intended for adults) and becoming addicted

Long term deliberate (Media Effects)

i.e. watching a documentary on the meat industry and becoming a vegetarian

interviews

individual, or multiple subjects are asked typically open-ended questions

Cultural Scripts

modes of behavior and understandings that are not universal or natural, but that may strongly shape the beliefs or concepts held by a society.

comparative research

multiple sources of information compared and contrasted.

folkways

not critical, may be broken without chastisement

participant observation

observing subjects while also participating in the experiment

survey research

quantitative, using questions

Cultural lag

refers to the gap when material culture changes more quickly than ideal culture

Civil inattention

refraining from directly interacting with someone until there is an opening signal.

historical methods

research

Sanctions

rewards or penalties for appropriate and inappropriate behavior

Culture shock

sense of confusion that accompanies exposures to an unfamiliar environment

Primary Group (C.H. Cooley)

social groups such as family or friends, composed of intimate face to face relationships that strongly influence those in the group