Sociology Chapter 1 - 7
Rebels
Don't accept the goals or the means of achieving those goals, instead opting to create their own goals and means.
Retreatist
Don't accept the goals or the means of those goals. Remove themselves from society.
Informal Deviance
Don't break the law but violate social norms
Material culture
Everything that is a part of our constructed environment, such as books
Rehabilitative Justice
Examines the circumstances of the individual's transgression and attempts to find ways to reintegrate them into functional society
Primary Groups
Family, people you're close to
Social Identity
How individuals define themselves in relationship to groups they're a part of
Back stage:
How you act when you aren't filling a specific role
Front stage:
How you present yourself to a specific part of culture
Punitive Justice
Making the violator suffer to define the boundaries of social behavior
Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory
social life is a theatrical performance; we are all actors on metaphysical stages, filling roles, playing parts, wearing our costumes
Ascribed Status
something you're born with (i.e. gender, race)
Achieved Status
something you've earned through individual effort (i.e. CEO, Professor)
Values
standards of a culture that define socially acceptable things; moral beliefs
Reflection theory
states that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere
Role Exit
strain or conflict leads to you exiting a role
concerted cultivation
structuring children's time with formal activities. children learn how to interact with adults, follow rules, and manage schedules.
Normative Compliance
the act of abiding by society's norms or following the rules of group life
Culture Jamming
the act of turning media against themselves.
Textual Analysis
the analysis of the content of media in its various forms
Symbols
Represent a specific meaning within a culture
Who created Role Theory
Robert Merton
Auguste Comte
Understanding society through logic/scientific laws governing human behavior
Max Weber
Coined "Verstehen" - To understand why people act the way you do, you need to understand the meaning they attach to their actions.
The "Looking Glass Self"
Charles Horton Cooley -emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and how they view us -helps people create an image for themselves based on their peers
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own.
Ideal Culture
the beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold
Multiculturalism
the coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area without one dominating
Soft Power
the cultural and diplomatic dominance that persuades, rather than forces, others to do one's bidding
Out-Group
the less powerful or stigmatized group, more often the minority
In-Group
the powerful group, more often the majority
Peer Pressure
the pressure of conformity.
Consumerism
the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved.
Social Cohesion
the way people form social bonds, relate, to each other, and get along on a daily basis
Given off gesture
unconscious signals of our true feelings
Cultural Similarities
universal customs among all societies
Mores
very important, maintain socials and ethics
Norms
what is deemed right or wrong decided by society
Culture
what is modified or created by humans
Role Strain
when roles associated with a single status clashes
Role Conflict
when the roles associated with one status clashes with the roles associated with another status
The "Baby Penalty"
when women that have children are penalized for having children (i.e. may not get the promotion or even get the job if employers assume they won't be as dedicated due to having children)
W.E.B. DuBois
Conceived the "Double Consciousness," the idea that there are two behavioral scripts; one for moving through the world and the second for incorporating external opinions of prejudiced onlookers.
Macrosociology
Concerned with social dynamics across the breadth of society; large scale.
Social Capital
Connections or knowledge/information that help individuals enter/move up in preexisting networks
Formal Deviance
Crime, violating social norms that are legally enforced
Karl Marx
Developed Marxism; believed class conflict drove social change, however the post industrial revolution people became slaves to the very machines they used to dominate their surroundings
Breaching Experiments
Developed by Harold Garfinkel; Collaborators would exhibit "abnormal" behavior in social settings to see how people would react to this social breach of norms
Broken Window Theory
Developed by Philip Zimbardo, it explains how social content and cues impact the way individuals act.
Robert Merton's Strain Theory
Deviance occurs when a society doesn't give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
Emile Durkheim
Discussed the division of labor (i.e. hunter gatherer's vs factory workers) and its relation to social cohesion in a society.
Social Network
A set of dyads held together by ties between individuals
Tie
A set of stories that explains your relationships to other members in a group
Anomie
A sense of aimlessness felt when there is too little social regulation; normlessness.
Ethnomethodology
"the methods of the people." This approach to studying human interaction focuses on how we make sense of the world, how we convey our understandings to others, and how we produce a mutually shared social order.
Ethics of Social Research
- Researchers must meet codified standards, which are set by professional associations, academic institutions, or research centers, when conducting studies.
Resocialization
A change in values, beliefs or norms through an intense social process
Social Instituion
A complex group of interdependent positions that perform a social role; any institution in a society that shapes the behavior of the groups/people within it.
Mediator
A conflict resolver
Institutional Isomorphism
A constraining process in which one organization is forced to resemble another organization that faces the same set of environmental conditions
Social Construction
A construct that exists only because people believe that it exists, and is perpetuated by that belief.
Structural Hole
A gap between network clusters that would benefit from being filled
Stereotypes
A generalization about a race/culture/class
Large Group (Georg Simmel)
A group characterized by the presence of formal structure and status differentiation
Triad
A group of three or more people
Dyad
A group of two people, usually intimate, people are dependent on one another for the group to exist.
Party (Georg Simmel)
A group that is similar to a Small Group but multifocal
Secondary Groups
A larger group you're a part of in which you might now know everyone, or not know everyone well.
Innovators
Accept the goals of society but look for new ways to achieve that goal
Secondary Deviance
Acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance, and as a result of the violator believing the label they were given.
Real Culture
Actual, everyday behavior.
Symbolic Indulgence
Allows people (often lower class) to feel that they are a part of the consumer culture of America
The Asch Test
An experiment from the 1940's that shows how people are influenced by the majority of the group, even if the majority is wrong
Organizations
Any social network defined by common purpose that has a boundary between membership and the rest of the world
Social Deviance
Any transgression of socially established norms
Ritualist
Aren't interested in the goals of society, but accept the means of achieving the goals
Midrange Theory
Attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function.
Organic Solidarity
Based on the interdependence of specialized parts or members of society
Mechanical Solidarity
Based on the sameness of society's members
Symbolic Interactionism
Focuses on the motivating forces behind people's actions on a micro-sociological level (i.e. shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions).
Jane Addams
Founded a settlement house where she made her observations, but was considered a social worker by many of her peers.
"The Self"
George Herbert Mead -As an infant you only understand the "I" (only understand what they want) -As they socialize, they begin to understand the "me" (how you should/are expected to behave) -This is based on the "other" (how others act/how it affects you, the references you use for socializing) -The "generalized other" is the application of what you've learned from others in a social environment, even if you have never been in that specific environment before
Divide Et Impera
Individual that purposefully breaks up other members of a group
Network Analysis
Investigation pertaining to how groups that we're a part of shape individual behavior
Formal Social Sanctions
Laws, police officers
Stigma
Negative social label that changes behavior towards an individual.
Labeling Theory
People see how they're labeled and accept it as fact, then behave the way they assume someone with their label is supposed to behave.
Cultural imperialism
Products of one society influencing another society
Microsociology
Seeks to understand local interactions via participant observation and in depth interviews.
Social Control
Set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
Organization Culture
Shared beliefs of an organization
Conformist
Someone that accepts the goals and the means to achieve the goals that society has set for them
Tertius Gaudens
Someone who profits from a disagreement with others within a group
Georg Simmel
Studied the social dynamic of smal group interactions.
Language
Symbols used to communicate; directs our thinking, controls our actions and gives us a sense of belonging.
Sociological Imagination
The ability to connect an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces
Embeddedness
The degree to which ties are reinforced (how close you are with someone)
Primary Deviance
The first act of rule breaking which may result in the violator being labeled a deviant.
Positivist sociology
The idea of the social world being described by specific relationships (akin to social physics).
Conflict Theory
The idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic force of change in society and general.
Post Modernism
The idea that shared meanings have eroded and norms are changing, there is no longer one correct assumption or interpretation.
Strength of weak ties
The notion that weak ties turn out to be valuable because they yield new information
Socialization
The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society to function in that society
Sociology
The study of human society
Narrative
The sum of stories contained in a series of ties
Functionalism
The theory that social institutions in society serve a necessary function to keep society running.
Organizational Structure
The ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization
Harriet Martineau
Translated Comte's work, published her own work about marriage's assumptions about the inferiority of women
Informal Social Sanctions
Unspoken expectations about people's behavior which helps to maintain a base level of order and cohesion in a society
Non-Material Culture
Values, beliefs and practices and social norm
Recidivism
When a person that has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior.
Corporate Crime
White Collar Crime committed by an officer or executive of a company
Hegemony
a condition coined by Antonio Gramsci in which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses.
What is media
a format or vehicle that carries, presents, or communicates information-books, posters, web pages, clay tablets and radio
Small Groups (Georg Simmel)
a group characterized by face to face interaction, lack of formal arrangements, and relative equality. There is only one center of attention for a small group at any point in time.
Reference Group
a group that helps us understand our position in society relative to other groups
collective conscience
a set of norms by which members of society abide
Master Status
a status that overrides your other status, it is the status you are most affiliated with
Ideology
a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect.
Deterrence Theory
based on the notion that crime results from the rational calculation of its costs and benefits
Gender Roles
behavioral norms associated primarily with male or female
Roles
behaviors expected from a particular status
Popular cultures
beliefs, practices and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life (includes media)
Cultural Relativism
coined by ruth benedict in the 1930's, idea we should recognize differences and not judge base on these differences.
content analysis
collecting samples of subject and find the theme that ties the data together
White collar crimes
crime committed by professionals against corporate agencies or other business'
Street Crime
crime committed in public, associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
Cultural persistence
culture is transmitted to new generations
Countercultures
deliberately opposes and consciously rejects some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture
Laws
enforced by government
Eric Erikson
established a theory of psychosocial development that identifies eight stages of a person's life time -Each stage involves a specific conflict that a person must resolve in order to move on to the next phase
Subcultures
group holding different set of beliefs or behavioral patterns from a larger culture
Secondary Group (C.H. Cooley)
groups marked by impersonal relationships, in which the relationship is a means to an end
Short term unintentional (Media Effects)
i.e. a school shooter listens to music immediately before shooting a campus
Short term deliberate (Media Effects)
i.e. commercial influencing someone to buy a hamburger right after seeing it
Long term unintentional (Media Effects)
i.e. kids seeing cigarette commercials (that were intended for adults) and becoming addicted
Long term deliberate (Media Effects)
i.e. watching a documentary on the meat industry and becoming a vegetarian
interviews
individual, or multiple subjects are asked typically open-ended questions
Cultural Scripts
modes of behavior and understandings that are not universal or natural, but that may strongly shape the beliefs or concepts held by a society.
comparative research
multiple sources of information compared and contrasted.
folkways
not critical, may be broken without chastisement
participant observation
observing subjects while also participating in the experiment
survey research
quantitative, using questions
Cultural lag
refers to the gap when material culture changes more quickly than ideal culture
Civil inattention
refraining from directly interacting with someone until there is an opening signal.
historical methods
research
Sanctions
rewards or penalties for appropriate and inappropriate behavior
Culture shock
sense of confusion that accompanies exposures to an unfamiliar environment
Primary Group (C.H. Cooley)
social groups such as family or friends, composed of intimate face to face relationships that strongly influence those in the group