Sociology Chapter 13
Nuclear kinship
a family consisting of one or more parents and children; no other relatives
Extended kinship
a family that has other kin such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins living in the same household or nearby
Family
a group of people connected by blood, marriage, adoption, or agreed upon relationship
Intimate partner violence
occurs between two people in a close relationship and includes current and former spouses and dating partners
Authoritative
offer a middle-ground combination of control and freedom
Child abuse
physical, emotional, or sexual harm or mistreatment of a child a report is made every 10 seconds more than 5 children die every day as a result of abuse
Courtship
seeking the affections of an individual, or establishing contractual terms, usually with the intent of forming a long-term relationship Usually with people similar to us, opposites don't usually attract
Free range parenting
style of parenting that deemphasizes scheduling and supervision and emphasizes extreme independence
Predictors of divorce
teenage marriage, low education level, being poor or experiencing unemployment, premarital birth or having children from a previous relationship, interracial marriage, second or third marriage, coming from divorced parents a prosperous economy, long military deployments
Family of procreation
the family you choose to create, through marriage, agreed upon relationship, or the birth or adoption of children, will be your choice with few limitations
Family of orientation
the family, in which you are raised and socialized, as a result of birth, adoption, or a blended family; chosen for you
Elder abuse
the physical, emotional sexual and financial abuse or exploitation of an elder by a caregiver or trusted individual 1 in 10 elderly persons
Sandwich generation
those individuals that are raising children and caring for aging parents at the same time More likely to be women caretakers, men contribute financially
Emotional abuse
threatening a partner or his or her possessions or loved ones, or harming a partner's sense of self-worth; stalking, name-calling, intimidation, or not letting a partner see friends and family
African American Families
Slavery made illegal in the 19th century Even after emancipation, there were years of discrimination and Jim Crow laws 40% of children are poor (14% for white children) Black children are twice as likely as white children to be born to a teen mother Black babies are twice as likely as white babies to die before their 1st birthday
Family functions
--Reproduction --Physical, emotional, and economic security --Primary socialization of members into norms and values of society --Regulation of sexual activity --Providing a sense of place and position in society
Fostering and Adoption
400,000 American children in the foster care system in 2013 51,000 were adopted and 106,000 were waiting for adoption U.S. domestic adoptions cost $8,000-$40,000 and international adoptions $15,000-$30,000
DINKS
Double Income, No Kids, couples
Native American Families
5.2 million people (2% of the total population) 29% live in poverty, 33% live on tribal land or reservations Teens aged 15-19 had a birth rate of 34.9% per 1000 compared to 29.4% for all American teens in 2012 The poverty rate for children under 18 was at 35%, compared to 21% of overall population in 2014 Native American children have fetal alcohol syndrome rates of 1.5-2.5 per 1000, which is significantly greater than the overall population rate of 0.2-1.0 per 1000
Arranged marriages
60% of marriages worldwide are arranged 75-90% in India, ¾ prefer arranged marriages In India, Pakistan, Japan, Israel Is an economic and social necessity for many families May decrease the incompatibility of the couple since, ideally, the parents and matchmakers take into consideration education, family, income, religion, and other factors to best ensure compatibility between the couple Lower divorce rates; may be due to the taboo against divorce 5% divorce rate for arranged marriages as opposed to 50% for love marriages
Asian American Families
Chinese immigrants faced the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Japanese internment camps during WWII Asian Americans comprise 5% of the U.S. population Adults are more likely to be married than other American adults Children are significantly more likely to be raised in two parent households 27% of Asian families have multigenerational households
Hispanic American Families
Fastest growing minority group in the U.S. 1/3 of Hispanic children under 18 live in poverty Hispanic teen girls ages 15-19 have the highest birth rate of any group in the U.S.; 38 live births per thousand in 2014 compared to 17 for white teens 49% of Latinos who immigrated in the last 19 years sent money home to support family members outside of the U.S.; $22 billion sent annually
White American Families
Irish and Italian immigrants faced oppression 4.2 million (10%) of White children are in poverty 21 live births per 1000 to White teen girls aged 15-19 compared to 29.4 for the overall population of females aged 15-19 $141,900 median net worth of households compared to $13,700 (Hispanics) and $11,000 (Blacks)
Middle Eastern American Families
Muslims, Christians, and Jews In 2011, 63% of Muslim Americans were born abroad; 14% of Muslim American families had incomes of $100,000 or more while 45% of families had an income of less than $30,000 The rate of marriage for Muslim Americans in 2011 was 55 percent and thus on par with the rest of the population Most of the foreign-born Muslims came to the United States after 2000 (40%) or during the 1990s (31%) Due to cultural beliefs that place a high value on virginity, as well as practices that encourage segregation of the sexes, there is little evidence of teen pregnancy amongst Muslim girls
Covenant marriages
a legally binding marriage requiring pre-marital counseling and more limited grounds for divorce offered in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Arizona
Polygyny
a legally sanctioned or illegal marital relationship in which one man has multiple wives; permitted under Islamic law
Polygamy
a legally sanctioned or illegal marital relationship in which one person has more than one husband or wife at the same time; illegal in the U.S. Common in patriarchal societies: lines of descent are traced through the paternal side of the family and characterized by male dominance
Polyandry
a legally sanctioned or illegal marital relationship in which one woman has multiple husbands; found in Nepal, China, Tibet
Neolocal
a living pattern in which a couple establishes their own residence independent of their parents
Patrilocal
a living pattern in which a couple resides with or near the husband's parents
Matrilocal
a living pattern in which a couple resides with or near the wife's parents
Monogamy
a marriage between two people
Serial monogamy
a marriage pattern in which one person has multiple spouses but not at the same time
Physical violence
a person hurts or tries to hurt a partner by hitting, kicking, or other type of physical force
Cohabitation
a residential pattern in which a couple lives together without the benefit of legal marriage Increased by 13% in 2010 due to the economic downturn After 1 year, 30% marry, 9% break up, 62% continue cohabitating 3rd year: 58% are married, 19% have broken up, 23% are still in the relationship
Kinship
a social relationship pattern based on blood, marriage or adoption
Marriage
a socially constructed relationship that assumes financial and sexual cooperation between two people
Helicopter parent
a well-meaning but overprotective and overly involved parent that does not promote the characteristic of independence
Authoritarian
attempt to maintain strict control over their child's life
Family and Medical Leave Act
entitles most workers in the U.S. up to 12 weeks of unpaid job-protected medical leave for birth or adoption (doesn't cover those who work for smaller companies) 185 countries offer paid maternity leave; 78 offer to fathers as well In the U.S., employers pay less that 30% of a person's salary for paid maternity leave The U.S. is also one of four countries that doesn't guarantee paid time-off to new parents
Blended families
families in which one or both spouses have children from previous relationships 42% of adults have a step-relationship, either a stepparent, a step or half sibling, or a stepchild 1 in 3 kids will live in a blended family before age 18
Divorce-less divorces
family break ups among unmarried couples
Senior cohabitation
for companionship and for financial reasons- maintaining social security benefits from a previous relationship, avoiding tax issues, protect their child's inheritance 2010 census: 575,000 seniors over 65 cohabitated
Sexual violence
forcing a partner to take part in a sex act when the partner does not consent
Permissive
give children extensive freedom to make choices with little input
Neglectful parents
have a low level of involvement in the child's life
Single-parent families
have higher risk factors for poverty, raising daughters with an increased risk of teen pregnancy, and sons with an increased risk of incarceration Over 1/2 of all children will live in a single-parent home prior to age 18
Threats
include the use of words, gestures, weapons, or other means to communicate the intent to cause harm
Childless
individuals who cannot have children for biological reasons 6% of married women ages 15-44 are unable to become pregnant
Childfree
individuals who choose not have children
No fault divorce
marriages that can be dissolved without showing evidence of wrongdoing; legal in all 50 states First with California in 1970, last with New York in 2010
Flash divorces
marriages that only last weeks or months
Exogamy
marrying or establishing a relationship outside of one's own social group or category; interfaith, intercaste, and interracial marriages are examples Some families resort to honor killing their daughters if they marry someone they aren't supposed to
Homogamy
marrying or establishing a relationship with someone with similar social and economic characteristics Age, education, social class, religion, physical characteristics, race, propinquity
Endogamy
marrying or establishing a relationship within one's own social group or category, as required by custom or law; type of marriage custom in India's caste system