Sociology Chapter 3 Test

Beliefs are always true. True or False

False

Animals are born with instincts. True or False

True

Lisa cheats when playing checkers. As a result, her friends have stopped playing this game with her. Which of the following is this an example of? a. taboo b. formal sanction c. informal sanction d. law

c. informal sanction

Norms that lack moral significance a. formal sanctions b. taboos c. mores d. folkways e. informal sanctions

d. folkways

Our ideal culture provides us with high standards of behavior. True or False

True

In Sara's culture women are expected to serve food to men. Then women what their own meal after the men are finished eating. Which of the following is this an example of? a. drive b. cultural particular c. violation of a norm d. cultural universal

b. cultural particular

Which of the following describes the hypothesis of linguistic relativity? a. Language has no bearing on how we perceive the world. b. Perception of reality remains the same despite language. c. Our perception of reality depends largely on language. d. All languages derive from our perception of reality.

c. Our perception of reality depends largely on language.

A method of judging other by one's own cultural standards... a. Social categories b. Counterculture c. Subculture d. Ethnocentrism e. Diffusion

d. Ethnocentrism

Individuals inherit specific personality traits and patterns of behavior. True or False

False

A bell ringing at lunchtime is an example of a symbol. True or False

True

Which of the following is an advantage of ethnocentrism? a. the destabilization of certain parts of society b. people in the majority are able to adopt the views of people in the minority c. the likelihood that people will more likely uphold values d. it can lead to divisions and discrimination immigrants

c. the likelihood that people will more likely uphold values

Which of the following is an example of a symbol? a. your schedule of classes b. the books you use to study c. your school colors d. the books you use to study

c. your school colors

Cultural Particulars: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characteristic f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits

Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal? a. the existence of a family structure b. lack of mourning rituals c. tasks are assigned but are left to decisions made by individuals d. societal values are formed by individual choices

a. the existence of a family structure

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity states that the language we use influences our perception of the world. True or False

True

What are drives? a. automatic reactions to physical stimuli b. impulses to reduce discomfort c. a form of human intelligence d. learned behavior unique to humans

b. impulses to reduce discomfort

Which of the following best describes symbols? a. the physical characteristics of something meaningful b. things that stand for or represent something else c. the sound you hear when words are spoken d. only the spoken and written words of a language

b. things that stand for or represent something else

Which of the following is an element of culture? a. instincts b. values c. reflexes d. genetics

b. values

One criticism of sociobiology is that it can lead to claims that are racist. True or False

True

People who begin to learn a new language often start to view the world differently. True or False

True

The cultural meaning of physical objects is not determined by their physical characteristics. True or False

True

Which of the following best describes how sociologists view human behavior? a. It involves both genetic and environmental factors. b. It is mainly the consequences of genetic factors. c. It is inherited from one generation to another. d. It is shaped mostly be environmental factors.

a. It involves both genetic and environmental factors.

How do sociologists view the role of culture in human behavior? a. Culture guides the process of evolution. b. Culture helps modify human instincts. Culture helps direct the process of heredity. d. Culture channels the expression of biological characteristics.

d. Culture channels the expression of biological characteristics.

The borrowing of aspects of one culture by other cultures... a. Social categories b. Counterculture c. Subculture d. Ethnocentrism e. Diffusion

e. Diffusion

Values: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

h. broad ideas about what is good

Because they are more intelligent, humans rely more on instincts than other animals. True or False

False

In most societies, the real culture is identical to the ideal culture. True or False

False

The meaning of a symbol is based solely on its physical characteristics. True or False

False

The vocabulary used by a society can reveal the level of sophistication of the society's culture. True or False

False

Cultural behavior must be learned. True or False

True

How does a counterculture differ from a subculture? a. A counterculture deliberately opposes the beliefs of the dominant culture. b. A subculture has fewer group members than a counterculture. c. Subcultures consciously reject the beliefs of the dominant culture. d. Countercultures target subcultures for criticism.

a. A counterculture deliberately opposes the beliefs of the dominant culture.

Which of the following is an example of a non material aspect of culture? a. Family relationships b. culture c. pizza parlors d. computers

a. Family relationships

Which of the following describes a belief of many sociobiologists? a. Our behavior is largely based on genetics. b. Our behavior is largely based on our environment. c. Out language determines the way in which we view the world. d. There are no cultural universals.

a. Our behavior is largely based on genetics.

Which of the following is a consequence of exposure to another language? a. Our perception of reality changes. b. We lose our own sense of culture. c. We no longer rely so much on symbols. d. Our perception of reality is confirmed.

a. Our perception of reality changes.

Which of the following statements helps explain why beliefs are important? a. People base their behavior on their beliefs. b. beliefs enable us to understand how the world works. c. People use beliefs to know what is true. d. Beliefs are an important part of material culture.

a. People base their behavior on their beliefs.

Group that deliberately opposes the beliefs of the dominant culture... a. Social categories b. Counterculture c. Subculture d. Ethnocentrism e. Diffusion

b. Counterculture

How does material culture differ from nonmaterial culture? a. Only material culture gives meaning to physical objects. b. Material culture consists of objects rather than beliefs and ideas. c. Nonmaterial culture has no relationship with physical objects. d. Material culture involves ideas, concepts and beliefs.

b. Material culture consists of objects rather than beliefs and ideas

How do sociobiologists view human behavior? a. They differentiate human behavior from the behavior of animals. b. They assume that behavior is biologically based and transmitted genetically. c. They claim that human behavior is mostly shaped by environmental factors. d. They argue that human behavior is based on observations of animal behavior.

b. They assume that behavior is biologically based and transmitted genetically.

In the 1960s, African Americans boycotted some businesses that practiced segregation. Which of the following is this an example of? a. a value b. an informal sanction c. a law d. a formal sanction

b. an informal sanction

Cultural Universals: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures

In the United States, most people believe that every child is entitled to an education. Which of the following is this belief an example of? a. Subculture b. Instinct c. Value d. Taboo

c. Value

Assume that Michael's teacher has a rule that if a student talks out-of-turn three times on one day, that student must stay in for recess for the rest of the week. Which of the following methods is the teached using to control student behavior? a. folkway b. informal sanction c. sociobiology d. formal sanction

d. formal sanction

Social Categories: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characteristic f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

e. groups of people who share a social characteristic

Laws: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characteristic f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

f. norms that are enforced by designated officials

Symbols: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characterisitc f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

i. things that are used to represent something else

Beliefs: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

j. ideas about the nature of reality

Groupings of people who share a social characteristic... a. Social categories b. Counterculture c. Subculture d. Ethnocentrism e. Diffusion

a. Social categories

Evolution: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characteristic f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

a. a process of change over time

Which of the following are a basic value or values of the United States? a. achievement and success b. group superiority and a caste system c. lack of democratic institution d. forced religious belief

a. achievement and success

What is one advantage of language for humans? a. It helps humans develop drives and reflexes. b. It frees humans from the limits of time and place. c. It separates humans into distinct social groups. d. It alerts the genetic characteristics of humans.

b. It frees humans from the limits of time and place.

A groups that is part of the dominant culture but differs from it in some ways... a. Social categories b. Counterculture c. Subculture d. Ethnocentrism e. Diffusion

c. Subculture

Sanctions that can be applied by most members of a group a. formal sanctions b. taboos c. mores d. folkways e. informal sanctions

e. informal sanctions

Ideal Culture: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept

Assume that most members of a particular society believe everyone should have the same opportunities regardless of their race. In reality, however, many people discriminate against members of minority groups. Which of the following best describes this situation? a. This society's formal sanctions are stronger than its informal sanctions. b. This society believes that environment has a stronger influence than heredity. c. The actual culture is different from the ideal culture. d. These people are not ethnocentric.

c. The actual culture is different from the ideal culture.

Which of the following is a type of norm? a. language b. instinct c. mores d. invention

c. mores

What is one way that language relates to culture? a. Language hinders people from understanding their culture. b. Language separates the culture of humans from that of animals. c. language enables culture to be transmitted from one generation to the next. d. Language keeps each culture separate from all other cultures.

c. language enables culture to be transmitted from one generation to the next.

Taboo: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment

How do sociologists define society? a. people that share the same language b. the combined genetic characteristics of a group of people c. a territory inhabited by people with a common culture d. the basis for human and nonhuman groups

c. a territory inhabited by people with a common culture

Which of the following is an example of a basic value or values in the United States? a. segregation b. unemployment c. achievement and success d. inherited rights and privledges

c. achievement and success

What accounts for the presence of cultural universals? a. rules of Etiquette b. biological differences c. biological similarities d. religious rituals

c. biological similarities

When members of a high school believe their school is better than the one across town and have a strong athletic rivalry with that school, they are exhibiting a. an informal sanction. b. a norm. c. ethnocentrism. d. the violation of a taboo.

c. ethnocentrism.

Norms that have great moral significance and should be followed a. formal sanctions b. taboos c. mores d. folkways e. informal sanctions

c. mores

Which of the following includes the idea that a person's perception of the world is influences by the language she or he speaks? a. cultural universal b. culture/counter culture theory c. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis d. informal sanctions hypothesis

c. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

What is one value that has changed over time in the United States? a. Openly expressed racism has increased. b. The focus on earning a great deal of money has decreased. c. There is a decline of openly expressed racism. d. It is acceptable to base a promotion on favoritism, not competence.

c. There is a decline of openly expressed racism.

Pulling away upon touching a hot stove is an example of which of the following? a. cultural belief b. drive c. reflex d. norm

c. reflex

The importance that many people in the United States place on having nice cars is an example of a material aspect of culture. True or False

True

Which of the following is an example of how material culture can relate to nonmaterial culture? a. buying the latest brand of sneakers to look cool b. wearing a coat to keep warm in winter c. getting a new computer because the old one no longer works d. riding a bicycle to get to school in the morning

a. buying the latest brand of sneakers to look cool

Shing-Ling had to show up in court and pay a fine because a police officer caught her speeding. This is an example of a(n) a. formal sanction. b. folkway. c. informal sanction. d. taboo.

a. formal sanction.

Sanctions that are imposed by persons that are given special authority a. formal sanctions b. taboos c. mores d. folkways e. informal sanctions

a. formal sanctions

Carlos's first-grade teacher is teaching him that he should speak in class only after raising his hand and being called on. What is this an example of? a. norm b. drive c. taboo d. subculture

a. norm

Mores: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

a. norms that have moral dimensions

Which of the following is a symbol? a. your school's mascot b. drinking when thirsty c. voting in a school election d. being punished for skipping school

a. your school's mascot

Real Culture: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characteristic f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

b. actual behavior of members of a group

Rules of behavior that bring punishment when they are violated a. formal sanctions b. taboos c. mores d. folkways e. informal sanctions

b. taboos

Sanctions: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characterisitc f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms

Which of the following is necessary to an understanding of sociobiology? a. Cultural differences b. Language formation c. Environmental factors d. Natural selection

d. Natural selection

Subculture: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characteristic f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture

Which of the following accounts for the global popularity of Hollywood movies? a. invention b. discovery c. counterculture d. diffusion

d. diffusion

In the United States, it is common for guests at weddings to throw rice at the newly married couple as they leave the ceremony. What is this an example of? a. mores b. taboo c. drive d. folkway

d. folkway

Instincts: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

e. linguistic relativity

Drive: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

f. an impulse to reduce discomfort

Counterculture: a. norms that have moral dimensions b. cultural traits that exist in all cultures c. a rule of behavior whose violation calls for punishment d. genetically inherited patterns of behavior e. linguistic relativity f. an impulse to reduce discomfort g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture h. broad ideas about what is good i. cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept j. ideas about the nature of reality

g. a subculture opposed to beliefs of the dominant culture

Material Culture: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characteristic f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

g. how we relate to tangible objects

Reflexes: a. a process of change over time b. actual behavior of members of a group c. rewards and punishment that are used to foster norms d. a group that is part of, yet different from, the dominant culture e. groups of people who share a social characteristic f. norms that are enforced by designated officials g. how we relate to tangible objects h. ways in which a culture expresses universal traits i. things that are used to represent something else j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited

j. automatic reactions to physical stimuli that are inherited