Sociology : Chapter 7
Less educated women have a ________ average number of births throughout their lifetime than more educated women
higher
UPPER-MIDDLE CLASS is a social class consisting of mostly ___________ ___________ professionals and ___________ who have considerable financial ___________; they constitute about _____ percent of the U.S. population They make about $150,OOO / YEAR
highly educated / managers / stability / 14 /
The country most closely associated with the caste system is __________
india
OPEN SYSTEM a social system with __________ opportunities to move from one class to another
ample
capitalists (____________), who __________ the means of ____________, and the workers (____________), who owned only their own ____________
bourgeoisie / owned / production / proletariat / labor
Social class is not based on ________, ________, ________, or ________
race, ethnicity, gender, or age
SOCIAL REPRODUCTION is the tendency of _________ _________ to remain _________ _________ as class status is _________ _________ from one generation to the next
social classes / relatively stable / passed down /
What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?
social stratification
FEUDAL SYSTEM is a system of _________ ____________ based on a _________ _________ who were _________ for and _________ by a lower _________ of _________ laborers called _________
social stratification / hereditary nobility / responsible / served / stratum / forced / serfs
DIGITAL DIVIDE is the ___________ access to ___________ and ___________ technology, both globally and within the United States
unequal / computer and Internet
HYPERGAMY is marrying "_______" in the social class hierarchy
up
INTERSECTIONALITY is a concept that identifies how different ________ of ________ (race, class, gender, etc.) ________ to ________ the ________ of individuals and groups
categories / inequality / intersect / shape / lives
UPPER CLASS is an ________ and largely self-sustaining group who possess ________ of the country's _________; they constitute about _______ percent of the U.S. ___________
elite / most / wealth / one / population
SLAVERY is the most ___________ form of social stratification, based on the ___________ ___________ of people
extreme / legal ownership
CASTE SYSTEM is a form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's _____________ _____________ and _____________ and ________ be changed may be differentiated along _____________, _____________, or _____________ lines, as well as by ________ _________ or other _____________ _____________
family history / background / cannot religious / economic / political / skin color / physical characteristics
What is the name of the stratification system that dominated Europe for centuries but was breaking down by the 1800s?
feudal system
Members may be grouped according to _______, _______, _______, _______, or other characteristics depending on whatever criteria are important to that society
gender, race, class, age
INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY is movement between social classes that occurs from _______ _____________ to the _______
one generation / next
Structural Functionalism emphasizes _____________ _____________ and _____________ based on _____________ _____________ _____________ about what is ________ and _____________
social order / solidarity / commonly shared values / good and worthwhile
cultural capital also _________ the _________ that _________ form about a person Example?
shapes / perceptions / others In a job interview two equally qualified candidates can apply for the same job, but the candidate with more social skills is more likely to get the job
BLUE COLLAR is a description characterizing ___________ and ______-___________ workers who perform ___________ labor or work in ___________ or ___________ jobs
skilled and semi-skilled / manual / service or clerical
ABSOLUTE DEPRIVATION an _____________ _____________ of poverty, defined by the _____________ to meet _____________ _____________ for ________, _________, __________, or __________ _______
objective measure / inability / minimal standards / food, shelter, clothing, or health care
EVERYDAY CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS is awareness of _________ _________ social status and that of _________
one's own / others
Weber suggested that __________ should be considered as part of the __________ when measuring a person's __________ __________
power / equation / class standing
it's possible to make general __________ about a person's life chances in regard to education, work, crime, family, and health just by knowing his _____
predictions / SES
In the United States it is more _____________ to come from a _____________ _____________ of wealth than to have _____________ made a fortune
prestigious / family heritage / recently
"_________," "_________," and "_________ _________" are statuses that, rather than existing in and of themselves, are continuously being _________ in _________
"Wealthy," "poor," and "middle class" / negotiated / interaction
The caste system ranks individuals into one of five categories: Brahman (__________ and __________) ksatriya or chhetri (__________ and __________) vaisya (__________ and __________) sudra (__________, __________, and __________) untouchables (__________ __________).
(scholars and priests) (rulers and warriors) (merchants and traders) (farmers, artisans, and laborers) (social outcasts).
Which two terms represent measurements of intragenerational mobility?
Horizontal & Vertical Social Mobility
__________ and __________ __________ were created by JFK as a part of his __________ __________ program
Medicaid / Head Start / Great Society
__________ __________ is work that is uncertain, unpredictable, and unprotected, such as __________ __________, __________ work, or __________-__________ work
Precarious labor / contract labor, temporary work, or part-time work
The Invisibility of poverty is possible because of: (4 things)
RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION POLITICAL DISENFRANCHISEMENT DIGITAL DIVIDE HOMELESSNESS
the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Programs such as __________ __________, __________ __________, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) were created by FDR and were called the _______ ________
Social Security / unemployment insurance / New Deal
VERTICAL SOCIAL MOBILITY the movement between _____________ _________ _____________, often called either _____________ mobility or _____________ mobility
different class statuses / upward / downward
STATUS INCONSISTENCY is a situation in which an individual has _________ levels of status in terms of _________, _________, _________, or other _________ of __________________ _________
differing / wealth / power / prestige / elements / socioeconomic status Example: A rich man living like he is poor
property and wealth can be _____________ or _____________, power usually comes from _____________ _____________ _____________ within organizations, and prestige is based on a person's _____________ _____________ and is _____________ by others.
inherited or earned / occupying certain roles / social identity / bestowed
The movement of people among social classes can happen in three ways: through _________________ mobility, _________________ mobility, or _________________ mobility
intergenerational / intragenerational / structural
Complex moral law of cause and effect that governs the universe is ________
karma
SOCIAL MOBILITY is the __________ of individuals or groups within the __________ system of social classes
movement / hierarchical
Marx argued that ____________ relationships were quickly becoming the ________ ___________ relationships that ____________
economic / only social /mattered
Weberian Theory - Max Weber noted that __________ the means of production was __________ the only way of __________ upper-class status; a person could also __________ wealth consisting of __________ and __________
owning / not / achieving / accumulate / income and property
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES) is a measure of an individual's ________ within a ________ ________ ________; often used interchangeably with "________"
place / social class system / class
UNDERCLASS is the _________ group, comprising the _________ and _________ unemployed who may depend on _________ or _________ assistance; they constitute about ___ percent of the U.S. population They make about $15,OOO / YEAR or less
poorest / homeless and chronically / public or private / 12
SOCIAL CLASS is a system of stratification based on ________ to such resources as ________, ________, ________, and ________ Also referred to as SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
access / wealth / property / power / prestige
The social class system is ________ ________ ________ than the caste system
much less rigid
JUST-WORLD HYPOTHESIS argues that people have a deep __________ to see the world as __________, __________, and __________, which creates a tendency to view __________ of social injustice as __________ of their fates
need / orderly, predictable, and fair / victims / deserving
the average age of first marriage for women with high school diplomas is _____, while for women with graduate degrees it is _____
twenty-five / thirty
WORKING CLASS or LOWER-MIDDLE CLASS is a social class consisting of mostly ___________ ___________ or ___________ ___________ workers who are less likely to have a ___________ ___________; they constitute about _____ percent of the U.S. population They make about $40,OOO / YEAR
blue / service industry / college degree / 30
STRUCTURAL MOBILITY _____________ in the social status of _____________ numbers of people as a result of _____________ _____________ in _____________
changes / large / structural / society
WEALTH is a ____________ of ______ __________ that includes ____________, ____________, and other ____________
measure / net worth / income / property / assets
RELATIVE DEPRIVATION is a relative _____________ of _____________ based on the _____________ of _____________ in a particular society
measure / poverty / standard of living
Three ways to become a slave
1. through debt 2. through warfare 3. punishment for a crime
Intragenerational mobility can be measured in two directions: _____________ SOCIAL MOBILITY & _____________ SOCIAL MOBILITY
HORIZONTAL / VERTICAL
The traditional caste system is based on what aspect of life?
Heredity
__________ __________ promoted his idea of a CULTURE OF POVERTY which entrenched __________ that can develop among __________ communities and lead the poor to __________ their __________ rather than attempt to __________ their lot
Oscar Lewis / attitudes / poor / accept / fate / improve
There are four basic principles of social stratification: - it is a _______________ of a society, rather than a ____________ of individual _____________ - it persists of _______________ - while all societys ____________ their members, different societies use different ___________ for ___________ them - it is maintained through ____________ that are __________ shared by ____________ of a society
characteristic / reflection / differences generations stratify / criteria / ranking beliefs / widely / members
HETEROGAMY is choosing romantic partners who are _________ in terms of _________, _________, _________, _________, and other social group membership
dissimilar / class, race, education, religion
HYPOGAMY marrying "_______" in the social class hierarchy
down
INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY the movement between social classes that occurs ___________ the ___________ of an individual's _____________
during the course / lifetime
WORKING POOR are poorly ___________, ___________ and ___________ workers who may work ____-_______ but remain _________ or ___________ the poverty line; they constitute about ____ percent of the U.S. population They make about $25,OOO / YEAR
educated / manual and service / full-time / near or below / 13
In one study of Americans, researchers found that regardless of age, race, or gender, people with more __________ were more likely to have health insurance
education
RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION is the ______________ separation of the __________ from the rest of an area's _____________
geographical / poor / population
Our life chances are ________ by ________ of our categories ________ ___________
influenced / all / all together
SIMPLICITY MOVEMENT is a ___________ _______ movement that ___________ consumerism and ___________ people to ______ less, _______ less, and _______ less, in accordance with _________________ values
loosely knit / opposes / encourages / work / earn / spend / nonmaterialistic
WHITE COLLAR is a description characterizing ________-_______ professional and _________________ workers and some ___________ ___________ laborers in ___________ jobs They make about $70,OOO / YEAR
lower-level / management / highly skilled / technical
"______________," in which banks and mortgage lenders identify high-risk areas (usually low-income or minority neighborhoods) and either ___________ ______________ to applicants from those neighborhoods or offer loans at prohibitively ________ rates
redlining / refuse mortgages / high
MERITOCRACY is a system in which ___________ are distributed based on ___________
rewards / merit
DISENFRANCHISEMENT is the removal of the ___________ of citizenship through ___________, ___________, or ___________ means
rights / economic, political, or legal
HOMOGAMY is the tendency to choose _________ _________ who are _________ to us in terms of _________, _________, _________, _________, or other social group membership
romantic partners / similar / class, race, religion, education
APARTHEID was the system of _______________ of ________ and ________ groups that was legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991
segregation / racial / ethnic
three major systems of stratification: ___________, ____________, and __________ _________.
slavery, caste, and social class.
PRESTIGE is the __________ __________ people are given because of their _____________ in _______-__________ social groups Example?
social honor / membership / well-regarded A person's occupation is a common source of prestige (you may find doctors near the top and janitors near the bottom)
What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?
social inequality
levels in a society are also known as _______ _________
social strata
CULTURAL CAPITAL is the _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, and other cultural assets that help us _________ _________ in society
tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge / gain advantages
Most individuals from which social class category generally depend on income from salaried work but often are financially stable?
upper-middle class
CLOSED SYSTEM is a social system with __________ __________ opportunity to move from one class to another
very little
SOCIAL INEQUALITY is the unequal distribution of _________, _________, or _________ among members of a society
wealth, power, or prestige
South Africans were legally classified into four main racial groups: - ________ (English and Dutch heritage) - ________ (from India) - "________" (mixed race) - ________
white / Indian / "colored" / black
MIDDLE CLASS is a social class composed primarily of ___________ collar workers with a broad range of ___________ and ___________; they constitute about _____ percent of the U.S. population
white / education / incomes / 30
HORIZONTAL SOCIAL MOBILITY is the movement of individuals or groups __________ a particular social class, most often a result of ____________ ____________
within / changing occupations
