Sociology : Chapter 7

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Less educated women have a ________ average number of births throughout their lifetime than more educated women

higher

UPPER-MIDDLE CLASS is a social class consisting of mostly ___________ ___________ professionals and ___________ who have considerable financial ___________; they constitute about _____ percent of the U.S. population They make about $150,OOO / YEAR

highly educated / managers / stability / 14 /

The country most closely associated with the caste system is __________

india

OPEN SYSTEM a social system with __________ opportunities to move from one class to another

ample

capitalists (____________), who __________ the means of ____________, and the workers (____________), who owned only their own ____________

bourgeoisie / owned / production / proletariat / labor

Social class is not based on ________, ________, ________, or ________

race, ethnicity, gender, or age

SOCIAL REPRODUCTION is the tendency of _________ _________ to remain _________ _________ as class status is _________ _________ from one generation to the next

social classes / relatively stable / passed down /

What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?

social stratification

FEUDAL SYSTEM is a system of _________ ____________ based on a _________ _________ who were _________ for and _________ by a lower _________ of _________ laborers called _________

social stratification / hereditary nobility / responsible / served / stratum / forced / serfs

DIGITAL DIVIDE is the ___________ access to ___________ and ___________ technology, both globally and within the United States

unequal / computer and Internet

HYPERGAMY is marrying "_______" in the social class hierarchy

up

INTERSECTIONALITY is a concept that identifies how different ________ of ________ (race, class, gender, etc.) ________ to ________ the ________ of individuals and groups

categories / inequality / intersect / shape / lives

UPPER CLASS is an ________ and largely self-sustaining group who possess ________ of the country's _________; they constitute about _______ percent of the U.S. ___________

elite / most / wealth / one / population

SLAVERY is the most ___________ form of social stratification, based on the ___________ ___________ of people

extreme / legal ownership

CASTE SYSTEM is a form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's _____________ _____________ and _____________ and ________ be changed may be differentiated along _____________, _____________, or _____________ lines, as well as by ________ _________ or other _____________ _____________

family history / background / cannot religious / economic / political / skin color / physical characteristics

What is the name of the stratification system that dominated Europe for centuries but was breaking down by the 1800s?

feudal system

Members may be grouped according to _______, _______, _______, _______, or other characteristics depending on whatever criteria are important to that society

gender, race, class, age

INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY is movement between social classes that occurs from _______ _____________ to the _______

one generation / next

Structural Functionalism emphasizes _____________ _____________ and _____________ based on _____________ _____________ _____________ about what is ________ and _____________

social order / solidarity / commonly shared values / good and worthwhile

cultural capital also _________ the _________ that _________ form about a person Example?

shapes / perceptions / others In a job interview two equally qualified candidates can apply for the same job, but the candidate with more social skills is more likely to get the job

BLUE COLLAR is a description characterizing ___________ and ______-___________ workers who perform ___________ labor or work in ___________ or ___________ jobs

skilled and semi-skilled / manual / service or clerical

ABSOLUTE DEPRIVATION an _____________ _____________ of poverty, defined by the _____________ to meet _____________ _____________ for ________, _________, __________, or __________ _______

objective measure / inability / minimal standards / food, shelter, clothing, or health care

EVERYDAY CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS is awareness of _________ _________ social status and that of _________

one's own / others

Weber suggested that __________ should be considered as part of the __________ when measuring a person's __________ __________

power / equation / class standing

it's possible to make general __________ about a person's life chances in regard to education, work, crime, family, and health just by knowing his _____

predictions / SES

In the United States it is more _____________ to come from a _____________ _____________ of wealth than to have _____________ made a fortune

prestigious / family heritage / recently

"_________," "_________," and "_________ _________" are statuses that, rather than existing in and of themselves, are continuously being _________ in _________

"Wealthy," "poor," and "middle class" / negotiated / interaction

The caste system ranks individuals into one of five categories: Brahman (__________ and __________) ksatriya or chhetri (__________ and __________) vaisya (__________ and __________) sudra (__________, __________, and __________) untouchables (__________ __________).

(scholars and priests) (rulers and warriors) (merchants and traders) (farmers, artisans, and laborers) (social outcasts).

Which two terms represent measurements of intragenerational mobility?

Horizontal & Vertical Social Mobility

__________ and __________ __________ were created by JFK as a part of his __________ __________ program

Medicaid / Head Start / Great Society

__________ __________ is work that is uncertain, unpredictable, and unprotected, such as __________ __________, __________ work, or __________-__________ work

Precarious labor / contract labor, temporary work, or part-time work

The Invisibility of poverty is possible because of: (4 things)

RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION POLITICAL DISENFRANCHISEMENT DIGITAL DIVIDE HOMELESSNESS

the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Programs such as __________ __________, __________ __________, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) were created by FDR and were called the _______ ________

Social Security / unemployment insurance / New Deal

VERTICAL SOCIAL MOBILITY the movement between _____________ _________ _____________, often called either _____________ mobility or _____________ mobility

different class statuses / upward / downward

STATUS INCONSISTENCY is a situation in which an individual has _________ levels of status in terms of _________, _________, _________, or other _________ of __________________ _________

differing / wealth / power / prestige / elements / socioeconomic status Example: A rich man living like he is poor

property and wealth can be _____________ or _____________, power usually comes from _____________ _____________ _____________ within organizations, and prestige is based on a person's _____________ _____________ and is _____________ by others.

inherited or earned / occupying certain roles / social identity / bestowed

The movement of people among social classes can happen in three ways: through _________________ mobility, _________________ mobility, or _________________ mobility

intergenerational / intragenerational / structural

Complex moral law of cause and effect that governs the universe is ________

karma

SOCIAL MOBILITY is the __________ of individuals or groups within the __________ system of social classes

movement / hierarchical

Marx argued that ____________ relationships were quickly becoming the ________ ___________ relationships that ____________

economic / only social /mattered

Weberian Theory - Max Weber noted that __________ the means of production was __________ the only way of __________ upper-class status; a person could also __________ wealth consisting of __________ and __________

owning / not / achieving / accumulate / income and property

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES) is a measure of an individual's ________ within a ________ ________ ________; often used interchangeably with "________"

place / social class system / class

UNDERCLASS is the _________ group, comprising the _________ and _________ unemployed who may depend on _________ or _________ assistance; they constitute about ___ percent of the U.S. population They make about $15,OOO / YEAR or less

poorest / homeless and chronically / public or private / 12

SOCIAL CLASS is a system of stratification based on ________ to such resources as ________, ________, ________, and ________ Also referred to as SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

access / wealth / property / power / prestige

The social class system is ________ ________ ________ than the caste system

much less rigid

JUST-WORLD HYPOTHESIS argues that people have a deep __________ to see the world as __________, __________, and __________, which creates a tendency to view __________ of social injustice as __________ of their fates

need / orderly, predictable, and fair / victims / deserving

the average age of first marriage for women with high school diplomas is _____, while for women with graduate degrees it is _____

twenty-five / thirty

WORKING CLASS or LOWER-MIDDLE CLASS is a social class consisting of mostly ___________ ___________ or ___________ ___________ workers who are less likely to have a ___________ ___________; they constitute about _____ percent of the U.S. population They make about $40,OOO / YEAR

blue / service industry / college degree / 30

STRUCTURAL MOBILITY _____________ in the social status of _____________ numbers of people as a result of _____________ _____________ in _____________

changes / large / structural / society

WEALTH is a ____________ of ______ __________ that includes ____________, ____________, and other ____________

measure / net worth / income / property / assets

RELATIVE DEPRIVATION is a relative _____________ of _____________ based on the _____________ of _____________ in a particular society

measure / poverty / standard of living

Three ways to become a slave

1. through debt 2. through warfare 3. punishment for a crime

Intragenerational mobility can be measured in two directions: _____________ SOCIAL MOBILITY & _____________ SOCIAL MOBILITY

HORIZONTAL / VERTICAL

The traditional caste system is based on what aspect of life?

Heredity

__________ __________ promoted his idea of a CULTURE OF POVERTY which entrenched __________ that can develop among __________ communities and lead the poor to __________ their __________ rather than attempt to __________ their lot

Oscar Lewis / attitudes / poor / accept / fate / improve

There are four basic principles of social stratification: - it is a _______________ of a society, rather than a ____________ of individual _____________ - it persists of _______________ - while all societys ____________ their members, different societies use different ___________ for ___________ them - it is maintained through ____________ that are __________ shared by ____________ of a society

characteristic / reflection / differences generations stratify / criteria / ranking beliefs / widely / members

HETEROGAMY is choosing romantic partners who are _________ in terms of _________, _________, _________, _________, and other social group membership

dissimilar / class, race, education, religion

HYPOGAMY marrying "_______" in the social class hierarchy

down

INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY the movement between social classes that occurs ___________ the ___________ of an individual's _____________

during the course / lifetime

WORKING POOR are poorly ___________, ___________ and ___________ workers who may work ____-_______ but remain _________ or ___________ the poverty line; they constitute about ____ percent of the U.S. population They make about $25,OOO / YEAR

educated / manual and service / full-time / near or below / 13

In one study of Americans, researchers found that regardless of age, race, or gender, people with more __________ were more likely to have health insurance

education

RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION is the ______________ separation of the __________ from the rest of an area's _____________

geographical / poor / population

Our life chances are ________ by ________ of our categories ________ ___________

influenced / all / all together

SIMPLICITY MOVEMENT is a ___________ _______ movement that ___________ consumerism and ___________ people to ______ less, _______ less, and _______ less, in accordance with _________________ values

loosely knit / opposes / encourages / work / earn / spend / nonmaterialistic

WHITE COLLAR is a description characterizing ________-_______ professional and _________________ workers and some ___________ ___________ laborers in ___________ jobs They make about $70,OOO / YEAR

lower-level / management / highly skilled / technical

"______________," in which banks and mortgage lenders identify high-risk areas (usually low-income or minority neighborhoods) and either ___________ ______________ to applicants from those neighborhoods or offer loans at prohibitively ________ rates

redlining / refuse mortgages / high

MERITOCRACY is a system in which ___________ are distributed based on ___________

rewards / merit

DISENFRANCHISEMENT is the removal of the ___________ of citizenship through ___________, ___________, or ___________ means

rights / economic, political, or legal

HOMOGAMY is the tendency to choose _________ _________ who are _________ to us in terms of _________, _________, _________, _________, or other social group membership

romantic partners / similar / class, race, religion, education

APARTHEID was the system of _______________ of ________ and ________ groups that was legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991

segregation / racial / ethnic

three major systems of stratification: ___________, ____________, and __________ _________.

slavery, caste, and social class.

PRESTIGE is the __________ __________ people are given because of their _____________ in _______-__________ social groups Example?

social honor / membership / well-regarded A person's occupation is a common source of prestige (you may find doctors near the top and janitors near the bottom)

What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?

social inequality

levels in a society are also known as _______ _________

social strata

CULTURAL CAPITAL is the _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, and other cultural assets that help us _________ _________ in society

tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge / gain advantages

Most individuals from which social class category generally depend on income from salaried work but often are financially stable?

upper-middle class

CLOSED SYSTEM is a social system with __________ __________ opportunity to move from one class to another

very little

SOCIAL INEQUALITY is the unequal distribution of _________, _________, or _________ among members of a society

wealth, power, or prestige

South Africans were legally classified into four main racial groups: - ________ (English and Dutch heritage) - ________ (from India) - "________" (mixed race) - ________

white / Indian / "colored" / black

MIDDLE CLASS is a social class composed primarily of ___________ collar workers with a broad range of ___________ and ___________; they constitute about _____ percent of the U.S. population

white / education / incomes / 30

HORIZONTAL SOCIAL MOBILITY is the movement of individuals or groups __________ a particular social class, most often a result of ____________ ____________

within / changing occupations


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