Sociology chapters 3 & 4 study guide

Personal space refers to A. owned property, such as a house or land. B. unowned space in a public place. C. the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy. D. a feeling of needing isolation from others.

C. the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy.

When does cultural lag occur? A. when changes in technology fail to produce profits B. when changes in technology outpace scientific productivity C. when changes in technology occur more rapidly that changes in beliefs and values D. when changes in technology cause the birth rate to decrease

C. when changes in technology occur more rapidly that changes in beliefs and values

Language is a ______________. A. a symbol of group identity B. A means of communication C. A means of cultural maintenance D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of American; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? A. symbol B. language C. material culture D. nonmaterial culture

D. Nonmaterial Culture

All but which of the following are artifacts? A. the physical products of a society culture B. Clues to the technological development of a culture C. food, clothing, building supplies, and beer cans D. values and norms

D. Values and norms

How do mores and folkways differ? A. A culture might have one or the other, but not both B. Folkways are a social concept and mores are not. C. Violations of folkways demand severe punishment, while violations of mores do not. D. Violations of mores demand some type of punishment, while violating of folkways do not.

D. Violations of mores demand some type of punishment, while violations of folkways do not.

A nation's flag is: A. A symbol B. A value C. A Culture D. A folkway

A. A Symbol

To a sociologist, what is culture? A. A society's ideas, values, beliefs, and technology B. A society's art and literature C. a society's elite class D. None of the above

A. A society's ideas, values, beliefs, and technology

An example of high culture is _____________, where as an example of popular culture would be _______________. A. Dostoevsky style film; "American Idol" winners B. medical marijuana; film noir C. country music; pop music D. political theory; sociological theory

A. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners

The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? A. Max Weber B. Karl Marx C.. Emile Durkheim D. Friedrich Engels

A. Max Weber

What does the concept of honesty and a disdain for cheating on a test exemplify? A. a value and a folkway B. a norm and a folkway C. a more and a folkway D. a value and a norm

A. a value and a folkway

Nonverbal communications refers to A. body movements, gestures, and facial expressions B. instant messaging and other e-communication C. written language D. beliefs assumed to be true by everyone

A. body movements, gestures, and facial expressions

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture? A; counterculture B. subculture C. multiculturalism D. afrocentricity

A. counterculture

Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of: A. cultural lag B. innovation C. ethnocentrism D. xenophobia

A. cultural lag

What is the view that a society should be judged on its own terms, not in comparison with others, called? A. cultural relativism B. xenocentrism C. temporocentrism D. cultural traits

A. cultural relativism

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: A. culture shock B. imperialism C. ethnocentrism D. xenocentrism

A. culture shock

The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called: A. ethnocentrism B. nationalism C. xenocentrism D. imperialism

A. ethnocentrism

Wrong doing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural. A. mores B. symbols C. folkways D. control

A. mores

The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that A. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture B. mores are absolute, whereas folkways are temporary C. mores refer to material culture, whereas folkways refer to nonmaterial D. mores refer to nonmaterial culture, whereas folkways refer to material culture

A. mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture

Sociologists use what concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status? A. role B. master status C. status set D. role set

A. role

Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother she feels that she cannot work and devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing A. role conflict B. role strain C. role ambiguity D. role exit

A. role conflict

What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses? A. role conflict B. role strain C. role set D. role exit

A. role conflict

Which of the following is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician? A. role conflict B. role strain C. role ambiguity D. role exit

A. role conflict

Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? A. role strain B. Self-fulfilling prophecy C. status conflict D. status strain

A. role strain

Which of the following occupation is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? A. software engineer B. coal miner C. children's book author D. sharecropper

A. software engineer

The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach? A. symbolic interactionism B. Functionalism C. conflict theory D. ethnocentrism

A. symbolic interactionism

Mores that prohibit something are called ___________. A. taboos B. sins C. Laws D. folkways

A. taboos

Ideas shared by the members of a society about what is important and worthwhile are A. values B. norms C. folkways D. laws

A. values

Folkways are more important than mores in influencing behavior A. True B. False

B. False

The attitude that one's culture is superior to other cultures is known as asethnocentrism. A. true B. false

B. False- xenocentrism

Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? A. Hunter-gatherer B. Industrial C. Agricultural D. Feudal

B. Industrial

When can ethnocentrism be functional to a society? A. when the society really is superior B. When it builds conformity and cohesiveness C. when it is torn by racial or religious bigotry D. when drastic social change in necessary

B. When it builds conformity and cohesiveness

A preference for foreign imports is an example of ___________. A. Cultural relativism B. Xenocentrism C. Temporocentrism D. Cultural traits

B. Xenocentrism

When a group's norm and values are in serious conflict with those of the society that it is a part of, the group has characteristics of __________. A. a subculture B. a counterculture C. an idioculture D. all of the above

B. a counterculture

A role set refers to A. all the roles found in a society. B. a number of roles attached to a single status C. all the roles that are similar in function D. a number of roles within any particular organization.

B. a number of roles attached to a single status.

Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as A. nonmaterial culture B. artifacts C. technology D. values

B. artifacts

The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called A. ethnocentrism B. cultural relativism C. cultural diffusion D. cultural integration

B. cultural relativism

The terms _________________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. A. imperialism and relativism B. culture and society C. society and ethnocentrism D. ethnocentrism and xenocentrism

B. culture and society

That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of: A. globalization B. diffusion C. cultural lag D. xenocentrism

B. diffusion

The major difference between inventory and discovery is: A. invention is based on technology, where as discovery is usually based on culture B. discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way C. Invention refers to material culture, where as discovery can be material or theoretic, like laws of physics D. Invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas discovery refers to that which is local to one's culture.

B. discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? A. sociobiology B. functionalism C. conflict theory D. Ethnocentrism

B. functionalism

Julie is a police officer who finds that wherever she goes in her small towm, people seem to think of her as a "cop." Julie is experiencing the effects of which of the following? A. role exit B. master status C. ascribed status D. status conflict

B. master status

Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life? A. social status B. master status C. ascribed status D. achieved status

B. master status

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as A. high culture B. popular culture C. elite culture D. established culture

B. popular culture

Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status? A. role conflict B. role strain C. role ambiguity D. role exit

B. role strain

Which of the following is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidante to the workers, but must remain distant in order to rate the workers' performances? A. role conflict B. role strain C. role ambiguity D. role exit

B. role strain

Rules of conduct or social expectations for behavior are called ______________. A. social values B. social norms C. legislative mandates D. legal rights

B. social norms

Which of the following concept defines a social position that a person holds? A. role B. status C. role set D. presentation of self

B. status

The existence of culture is dependent on people's ability to create and understand ____________. A. art B. symbols C. architecture D. systems of justice

B. symbols

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of _____________. A. role strain B. the looking-glass self C. role performance D. habitualization

B. the looking-glass self

Multiculturalism is defined as A. efforts to encourage immigration to the United States B. efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. C. .a perspective recognized the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. D. the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture.

C. .a perspective recognized the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.

The "American Dream"- the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough- is most commonly associated with which sociology theory? A. Sociobiology B. Functionalism C. Conflict theory D. Ethnocentrism

C. Conflict theory

Which of the follow fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? A. The Deswan people, who live in a small tribes and base their economy on the production and trade of textiles B. The rositian Clan, a small community of farmers who have lived on their family's land for centuries C. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses. D. The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family

C. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses.

What concept refers to the social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? A. passive role B. master status C. ascribed status D. achieved status

C. ascribed status

According to Marx, the ____________ own the means of production in a society. A. proletariat B. vassals C. bourgeoisie D. anomine

C. bourgeoisie

Subculture refers to A. a part of the population lacking culture B. people who embrace popular culture C. cultural patterns that set off a part of a society population D. people who embrace high culture

C. cultural patterns that set off a part of a society population

An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to A. mores B. taboos C. folkways D. proscriptive norms

C. folkways

Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? A. industrial B. hunter-gatherer C. horticultural D. ferdal

C. horticultural

Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: A. Established leaders B. Determines language C. Regulates behavior D. determines law

C. regulates behavior

The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform _____________, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity. A. values B. sanctions C. social control D. mores

C. social control

Modern- day hipsters are an example of: A. ethnocentricity B. counterculture C. subculture D. high culture

C. subculture

What does a disregard for history indicate? A. cultural relativism B. xenocentrism C. temporocentrism D. cultural traits

C. temporocentrism

The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on A. how advanced the cultural pattern is B. how long the cultural pattern has existed C. the social standings of the people who display the cultural pattern D. All of these are correct

C. the social standings of the people who display the cultural pattern

Akbar is an honor student. In sociological terms, being an honor student is an example of which of the following? A. a role conflict B. master status C. ascribed status D. achieved status

D. achieved status

Which of the following adds to the creation of a global culture? A. the flow of goods from country to country B. the flow of information around the world C. the flow of people from country to country D. all of these are correct

D. all of these are correct

Which item in the following list might serve as a master status? A. occupation B. physical or mental disability C. gender D. all of these responses are correct

D. all of these responses are correct

Which of the following is an important element of nonverbal communication A. hand gestures B. eye contact C. body language D. all of these responses are correct

D. all of these responses are correct

Cultural universals are elements of culture that A. have always been part of U.S. culture that B. have diffused from the United States to other countries C. have come to the United States from elsewhere D. are part of every known culture

D. are part of every known culture

If an American feels confused, dumbfounded, and outraged while visiting a foreign country, what is he or she expecting? A. Cultural relativism B. Xenocentrism C. Temporocentrism D. Cultural shock

D. cultural shock

Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to: A. cultural lag B. innovation C. discovery D. globalization

D. globalzation

The fact that some married men and married woman are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of ____________ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of ___________ culture. A. high; low B. low; high C. ideal; real D. real; ideal

D. real; ideal

Rebuilding relationships with people who knew you in an earlier period of life is a common experience for those who are undergoing which of the following? A. role conflict B. role strain C. role ambiguity D. role exit

D. role exit

At any given time you hold a number of statuses. These statuses make up your A. master status B. role set C. achieved statuses D. status set

D. status set

Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: A. relativism B. ethnocentrism C. xenocentrism D. universalism

D. universalism

When are people are said to be ethnocentric? A. when they think they are unique individuals B when they are self-centered, interested only in themselves C. when their ancestry can be traced to only one ethnic group D. when they believe the cultural group in which they belong to sets the standard for all others.

D. when they believe the cultural group in which they belong to sets the standard for all others.