Sociology - Exam 1
What is one reason we accept the presentation of self that others perform? 1.We don't want to cause them embarrassment. 2.We mistrust our own insights into their behaviors because we have been taught to trust the words of powerful people. 3.Efforts to correct them are rarely successful. 4.We are not invested enough in others to make the effort to correct them.
1.We don't want to cause them embarrassment.
Which of the following is an example of quantitative research? a.Asking people who travel with service dogs for the top 10 words that describe their relationship with their service dog 2.Watching every episode of The Simpsons in order to understand how the father-son relationship on TV's longest-running animated show has changed since it debuted in 1989 3.A survey in which people are asked to indicate how much they trust a number of different politicians using a scale of 1-5, with 1 = not at all to 5 = entirely 4.A person's genealogical record, in which they trace their family history and identify different members of their family
A survey in which people are asked to indicate how much they trust a number of different politicians using a scale of 1-5, with 1 = not at all to 5 = entirely
What did media critic Herbert Schiller mean when he said, in 1991, that American television is a "cultural bomb"? a. American television programming shows the worst excesses of American culture, not Americans as they really are, which creates stereotypes of Americans. b.American TV is particularly risqué and sexually offensive. c.American programming, once introduced to a local culture, replaces programming that tells local stories and uses art forms familiar to that culture. d.American media is particularly violent, but because the U.S. is far more violent that most other nations, American viewers do not notice it.
American programming, once introduced to a local culture, replaces programming that tells local stories and uses art forms familiar to that culture.
What is the thesis of Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America? a. American values include individualism, hard work, economic success, and religious and political freedom. b.All nations that developed from former British settler colonies (Canada, the U.S., Australia) share a common culture. c.English-speaking nations are more likely to develop capitalism. d.Democracy was more likely to develop in cultures that are Protestant.
American values include individualism, hard work, economic success, and religious and political freedom
Why might a sociologist choose a quantitative over a qualitative project? 1.Because they want to gather data from many research subjects 2.Because they want to be open to observing information that they can't predict at the start of the project 3.Because they want to produce findings in words, not numbers 4.Because they want to study a single case
Because they want to gather data from many research subjects
In what way can solidarity damage social relationships? 1.By fostering cooperation with those within your group 2.By fostering conflict with those who are within your group 3.By fostering conflict with those who are outside your group 4.By opening the definition of who is within your group to too many people
By fostering conflict with those who are outside your group
Openness in social life produced by human choices and actions is termed 1.power 2.solidarity 3.privilege 4.contingency
Contingency
Which of the following examples does not illustrate a conflict over culture? a. At the heart of many debates over public school dress codes is the claim that some clothes—such as leggings, or tops with narrow straps—sexualize girls. Some people argue that they do, while others argue that it is not clothing itself but the policies about them that sexualize girls. b.In the 1950s, a Senate subcommittee investigated the dangers of comic books. c.In the 1990s, watchdog groups required albums with lyrics deemed offensive to be labeled with a parental warning. d.Different states have different speed limits on their state highways.
Different states have different speed limits in their state highways
Which American industrialist contributed to the production and circulation of anti-Semitic literature in the years leading up to the Holocaust? \ a.Henry Clay Frick b.Henry Ford c.Andrew Carnegie d.Arianna Huffington
Henry Ford
What is a truism of qualitative research, according to Max Weber? 1.If we want to understand why something happened, we need to try to understand it from the perspective of the people who were involved in the action. 2.People cannot be trusted to report accurately on their own behaviors. 3.Qualitative research is less likely to be biased. 4.Qualitative and quantitative research ultimately reveal the same truths, so we should conduct quantitative research because it is faster to complete.
If we want to understand why something happened, we need to try to understand it from the perspective of the people who were involved in the action.
Which of the following is an example of qualitative research? 1.Counting the number of incidents of sexism in a TV episode 2.A telephone survey that people hear when they conclude a call to customer service that asks them to rate their experience on a variety of questions, including the politeness of the customer service representative, the length of their wait, etc. 3.A poll to see who is the most popular person currently running for governor 4.In-depth interviews with patients who have been treated at a cancer center to learn how the center could improve their care of customers.
In-depth interviews with patients who have been treated at a cancer center to learn how the center could improve their care of customers
For Durkheim, what advantage does organic solidarity have over mechanical solidarity? a.It excludes people who might threaten the values of the community. b.It is easier to achieve. c.It can produce solidarity even with people whose experiences we do not share. d.It produces stronger connections between people.
It can produce solidarity even with people whose experiences we do not share
Which of the following is not a criticism of consensus theory? a.It downplays the presence of conflict in society. b.It does not explain social change. c.It ignores human suffering. d.It helps explain continuity.
It helps explain continuity
What is one reason why convenience sampling is sometimes seen as an inferior approach to sampling? 1. It tends to produce samples that are too homogeneous; the people in the sample are too similar to each other. 2.It tends to produce samples that are too heterogeneous; the people in the sample are too different from each other. 3.It often produces a sample that is too large. 4.It often produces a sample that is too small.
It tends to produce samples that are too homogeneous; the people in the sample are too similar to each other
During what time period did sociology develop as an academic discipline? 1.Late 18th century 2.Late 19th century 3.Middle 20th century 4.Early 19th century
Late 19th century
Which of the following is an ascribed status? 1.Latina 2.Honor roll student 3.Member of a sorority 4.Tutor
Latina
What level of analysis studies individual and small group interactions? 1.Intermediate analysis 2."Public issue" sociology 3.Macrosociology 4.Microsociology
Microsociology
Which of the following is evidence of the existence of a world culture? a. Manga was created in Japan, but is now popular in the U.S. b.Regardless of which society they live in, when individuals become wealthier, they tend to spend more money on luxury items. c.Most national constitutions are relatively similar, regardless of the nation. d.McDonald's now operates in most countries in the world.
Most national constitutions are relatively similar, regardless of the nation
All of the companies of the list below are part of the concentrated ownership of commercial culture EXCEPT a. Nestlé, which owns a variety of food brands and has even sought to privatize water b.Disney c.Pagu, a Boston restaurant best known for its "midnight ramen" dish d.Comcast, the cable company
Pagu, a Boston restaurant best known for its "midnight ramen" dish
For Mead, who comprises the "generalized other"? 1.People who are close friends 2.People in our primary groups 3.People in our reference groups 4.People in society in general, but not specific individuals
People in society in general, but not specific individuals
Which of the following statements about the relationship between power and resistance is true? 1.People often resist feeling and being powerless 2.History shows that nonviolent resistance to violent power is futile. 3.People with power are always more popular than people resisting it. 4.The exercise of power rarely produces resistance.
People often resist feeling and being powerless
Dr. Armando wants to study sex workers' concerns about their personal safety. She begins by contacting three sex workers through an online ad and invites them to participate in an interview. She then asks the sex workers to recommend other sex workers they might know to serve as participants in the research. What kind of sampling is Dr. Armando conducting? 1. Theoretical 2.Convenience 3.Snowball 4.Random
Snowball
French sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) argued that sociology should focus on the discovery of 1.social actions 2.social facts 3.social relationships 4.social problems
Social facts
Why were so many early American sociologists interested in immigration? a. They feared immigrants and saw immigration as a problem to solve. b.They desired to increase immigration to the U.S. and hoped to collection social scientific data in support of pro-immigration policies. c.They had little experience with immigration or immigrants, and were curious about them. d.The U.S. was experiencing a very high rate of immigration in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which was creating many kinds of social changes.
The U.S. was experiencing a very high rate of immigration in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which was creating many kinds of social changes.
How does McDonald's seek to reach an Indian market, given that many people in India do not eat beef for religious reasons? a.They have tried to influence important Hindu leaders to change the religion's teachings about cows. b.They are only open in the morning, when they sell breakfast items that include pork but not beef. c.They sell a sandwich that features a slab of fried cheese for the many vegetarians in India. d.They call "beef" by another name there, though it is still the same product.
They sell a sandwich that features a slab of fried cheese for the many vegetarians in India.
How do advertisers exploit reference groups? 1.They offer group deals, so if you purchase the same item as a friend, you both get a discount. 2.They offer a trial subscription for free and then charge after the consumer has likely forgotten that they subscribed. 3.They offer a discount on purchasing items in bulk, such as a "buy-one-get-one-free" deal. 4.They show images of people whom we hope to be like purchasing and using goods the advertisers are trying to sell.
They show images of people whom we hope to be like purchasing and using goods the advertisers are trying to sell.
When sociologists say that socialization is a force of social control, what do they mean? 1.When we comply with agents of socialization, our individual consciences feel at peace because we are consistently acting in ways that we think are right. 2.Socialization is an explicit process, one that often uses violence and the threat of physical force to ensure compliance. 3.Most people regret their participation in the socialization process of others after the fact, but when they are participating in socializing another person, they are unaware of what they are doing. 4.Through socialization, we internalize the rules of our culture so that violence or physical threats are not required to make us comply. We learn the rules so well that we don't even think of ourselves as complying with them—instead, we are just acting "normally."
Through socialization, we internalize the rules of our culture so that violence or physical threats are not required to make us comply. We learn the rules so well that we don't even think of ourselves as complying with them—instead, we are just acting "normally."
What does it mean to say that all people are sociologists? 1.More jobs than ever require employees to understand how people relate to each other. 2.We use ideas about our social world to navigate our way through life. 3.We can rely on common sense to help us understand the world accurately. 4.High school students who study sociology are more likely to say they enjoy making observations about human behaviors.
We use ideas about our social world to navigate our way through life
What is the thesis of Annette Lareau's book Unequal Childhoods?
Wealthy parents are more likely to teach their children to be assertive with adults and to engage the adult world, while poorer parents are more likely to maintain a division between children and adult worlds.
In which situation would a sociologist choose to study all those in a research population? 1. When the topic is very sensitive 2.When the population is transient 3.When the population is large 4.When the population is small
When the population is small
When sociologists say that "biology is not destiny," what do they mean? 1.While biology is one factor that shapes our bodies and our health, social factors also impact these. 2.Biological factors established before birth, such as our genes, are influential over our social lives, but biological factors that appear after we are born, such as injuries and illnesses, are not. 3.We expect that, in the future, researchers will be able to locate the exact genes responsible for different social outcomes. 4.Biology and social forces are equally influential over social outcomes in our lives.
While biology is one factor that shapes our bodies and our health, social factors also impact these.
A nation-state is defined a a.a political state in transition from one kind of government to another b.a country that once existed but no longer does c.a colony of an established nation that is in the process of achieving independence d.a group of people who share a geographic territory, system of government, and sense of social cohesion
a group of people who share a geographic territory, system of government, and sense of social cohes
Reflexivity is the a.ability to see from the perspective of someone you disagree with b.ability to see yourself from outside of your own perspective in order to understand yourself as part of a wider social scene c.willingness to confess publicly to your own biases d.ability to hold two contradictory opinions in your mind at the same time
ability to see yourself from outside of your own perspective in order to understand yourself as part of a wider social scene
In July 2019, President Donald Trump attacked four women of color who are also Members of Congress by saying that they should "go back to where they came from"—though all of them are citizens and three of them were born in the U.S. In his tweet associating the Representatives with immigrants, President Trump was arguing that these women are part of
an out-group
According to Max Weber, all modern institutions are organized a. organically b.bureaucratically c.reflexively d.mechanically
bureaucratically
Stereotypes a.are always negative b.are always rooted in some germ of fact c.can be positive or negative, though both positive and negative stereotypes cause harm d.are always directed from less powerful to more powerful people
can be positive or negative, though both positive and negative stereotypes cause harm
To generate "big data," scientists rely upon 1.computers 2.the IRB. 3.the peer review process 4.politicians
computers
"DIY culture" refers to a. rejecting subcultures in favor of dominant culture b.the way that people with cultural capital are able to gain more c.cultural products accessible only to those with a lot of money d.cultural practices that promote self-sustainability, reducing consumption, and reusing objects, often in innovative ways
cultural practices that promote self-sustainability, reducing consumption, and reusing objects, often in innovative ways
In recent years, street artists in Bulgaria, a former communist state, have taken to painting statues of Soviet leaders from the communist era to look like icons from American popular culture. Thus, statues that were intended to represent pride in the Soviet domination of Bulgaria now look like Ronald McDonald and Captain America. What practice of cultural resistance are these artists enacting? a. Culture jamming b.Cultural imperialism c.Ethnocentrism d.Multiculturalism
culture jamming
According to Marx, society is shaped primarily by the history of a.economic conflict b.racial conflict. c.religious conflict. d.conflict over gender
economic conflict
Intersectionality is a perspective that argues that a.some parts of our identities are rooted in biology and others in social relationships b.everyone has multiple, intersecting identities that shift and change according to the situation they are in c.people seek ways to stabilize their identities, even when changing their identities might be healthier for them d.people inherit their identities from their parents and cannot change them
everyone has multiple, intersecting identities that shift and change according to the situation they are in
The interconnection of social life on the planet is termed 1.globalization 2.cosmopolitanism 3.localization 4.parochialism
globalization
Post-colonial theory helps scholars understand a.what Western societies can learn from non-Western ones b.why some indigenous groups successfully resisted colonization and some were less successful c.how to work across international borders to address climate change d.how Western societies justified conquest
how Western societies justified conquest
Which of the following items is part of the hidden curriculum for children in the early years of school? 1.how to identify shapes 2.how to write their names 3.how to skip a rope in Physical Education 4.how to ask a question without disrupting class
how to ask a question without disrupting class
A hypothesized causal relationship between variables is called 1. a belief 2.social research 3.a hypothesis 4.a guess
hypothesis
Systems of shared meaning that justify existing relationships of power and privilege are a.ideologies b.forms of cultural imperialism c.cultural hierarchies d.stereotypes
ideologies
The uneven distribution of social resources is termed 1.inequality 2.privilege 3.confirmation bias 4.structure
inequality
When sociologist C. Wright Mills said that the sociological imagination "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relation between the two in society," he meant that sociology 1.is the effort to understand our individual stories within a larger historical frame 2.is the study of how individuals contribute to history 3.is a subfield of history 4.requires us to imagine things that may not have happened
is the effort to understand our individual stories within a larger historical frame
As sociology as a discipline developed in the second half of the 20th century a.it renewed its commitment to theories that sought a unified explanation for human behavior b.it developed a bigger range of theories that focused on specific problems in specific times and places c.it no longer focused on theory, and instead shifted attention to methods of social scientific research d.it rejected calls for interdisciplinary work
it developed a bigger range of theories that focused on specific problems in specific times and places
A continuous variable is also called 1.an ordinal variable 2.a nominal variable 3.a linear variable 4.a categorical variable
linear variable
During the late 18th century and through the 19th century, as sociology developed as a discipline, Western societies were experiencing a.stability b.continuity c.major social change d.equality
major social change
In 2019, children internees in detention camps for immigrants to the U.S. were denied basic healthcare supplies such as toothbrushes or lice treatment. In response to criticism that this is a human rights violation, federal government guards in the camps said that they were simply following orders when they did not provide children with these goods. This is a case of: 1.bureaucracy 2.moral indifference 3.peer pressure 4.hidden curriculum
moral indifference
Role strain occurs when
one role makes conflicting demands on us
The process of defining measures for a sociological study is 1.peer review 2.generalization 3.falsifiability 4.operationalization
operationalization
Symbolic interaction ism argues that a. since all humans are biologically similar, society's role in the development of a self is relatively limited b.people must be explicitly taught how to behave in a society, because learning the "rules" of a society is difficult for most people c.people who are more extroverted develop stronger senses of self than those who are introverted d.people develop a social self through interactions with others
people develop a social self through interactions with others
According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, to be a social being means to a. place yourself in the position of another person and then, from their perspective, look back at yourself b.compete with others for resources such as money and power c.fight against the narratives that other people try to impose on you d.become aware of how society creates biases that we will unthinkingly accept if we don't mindfully reject them
place yourself in the position of another person and then, from their perspective, look back at yourself
Social relationships in which one person or group is able to influence others, either directly or indirectly, is characterized by 1.privilege 2.solidarity 3.power 4.structure
power
When advantages in life flow to people at the top of a social hierarchy, they are experiencing 1.solidarity 2.privilege 3.conflict 4.contingency
privilege
Institutions help stabilize a society because they 1.provide rules for behavior and define relationships 2.are unchanging over time 3.are unquestioned and uncontested by members of a society 4.do not vary from society to society
provide rules for behavior and define relationships
First a sociologist defines the _________________, then they choose the __________________. 1.research population, sample 2.research population, variables 3.sample, variables 4.sample, research population
research population, sample
Conflict theorists argue that a.people are inclined to share resources in order to bolster the chances of human survival b.people enjoy conflict c.social structures and social systems emerge out of conflicts between different groups d.rewards in society are distributed based on merit, so that those who are more deserving have more
social structures and social systems emerge out of conflicts between different groups
When people are taught, whether through implicit instruction or modeling, how to act, think, and even feel according to the rules of their culture, they are experiencing 1.socialization 2.normalization 3.bureaucratization 4.generalization
socialization
Sociological knowledge is different from everyday knowledge in that 1.sociology does not ignore information that challenges our assumptions 2.sociology confirms our biases 3.in everyday observations, people tend to seek information that challenges their assumptions 4.everyday knowledge is collected systematically
sociology does not ignore information that challenges our assumptions
The feeling of belonging and connection we feel with others who we think of as "like us" is called 1.Structure 2.Power 3.Solidarity 4.Privilege
solidarity
Historically, companies from what nation have been most successful at creating global culture? a.Russia b.the U.S. c.France d.South Korea
the U.S
Which of the following is an example of an institution? 1.The family 2.The high school drop-out rate 3.Support for animal rights 4.Sadness
the family
Dominant culture consists of a.the most long-lasting cultural practices, which explicitly seek to honor tradition b.the cultural practices that most push the boundary of what is acceptable in a society at that time c.the ideas, values, beliefs, norms, and material culture of society's most powerful groups d.the cultural practices of younger generations, who will quickly come to control the market of what is "cool"
the ideas, values, beliefs, norms, and material culture of society's most powerful groups
Which of the following is an example of ideal culture? a.a red rubber playground ball b.The rules of kickball c.A playground d.A teacher's whistle
the rules of kickball
Which of the following is an example of an ordinal variable? 1.The size of your house not in square feet but relative to your neighbors' houses (smaller, larger, the same size) 2.The value of your house in dollars 3.The address of your house 4.The distance in miles between your house and the nearest hospital
the size of your house not in square feet but relative to your neighbors' house (smaller,larger, the same size)
According to Freud, the id is
the unconscious part of the mind, which seeks immediate pleasure and gratification
The ethics guidelines of social research by private companies are 1.equivalent to the guidelines that public universities follow 2.voluntary 3.mandatory 4.highly regulated
voluntary
The theory of the looking glass self says that
we develop a social self based on how we think other people perceive us
Dr. Kingston is researching white supremacy among young white males living in rural America. If he wishes to achieve a representative sample, his research population must include 1.women 2.white male white supremacists living in rural America 3.people of color 4.white men who oppose white supremacy
white male white supremacists living in rural America
When ethnocentrism remains unchallenged, it can lead to a.cultural relativism b.xenophobia c.multiculturalism d.globalization
xenophobia
If you want to change your achieved status, you need to change ____________; if you want to change your ascribed status, you need to change _____________.
your actions, how people see you
