Sociology Exam 1

A small number of people used by researchers to represent an entire population is called A. A sample B. A network C. An elite D. A control group

A. A sample

Sociologists define a symbol as: A. Anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture B. Any element of material culture C. Any gesture that conveys insult to others D. Cultural patterns that cause culture shock

A. Anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture

Two variables are said to display correlation if A. Change in one causes no change in the other B. They can both be measured accurately C. Both measure the same thing D. They vary together

A. Change in one causes no change in the other

Carol Gillian extended Lawrence Kohkberg's research, showing that A. Girls and boys typically use different standards in assessing situations as right and wrong B. Younger girls are more interested in right and wrong than older girls are C. Younger boys are more interested in right and wrong than older boys are D. The ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years

A. Girls and boys typically use different standards in assessing situations as right and wrong

The Harlow studied the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys and found that A. Monkeys isolated for as little as six months were permanently damaged B. Isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers showed no damage at all C. Even several years of social isolation did not produce permanent damage in infant monkeys D. All of the above

A. Monkeys isolated for as little as six months were permanently damaged

Wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violating our cultures A. Mores B. Symbols C. Folkways D. Beliefs

A. Mores

____ distinguishing between right and wrong; ______ distinguishing between polite and rude A. Mores; folkways B. Taboos; mores C. Folkways; mores D. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms

A. Mores; folkways

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization A. Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned ways B. Personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture C. We come to see ourselves as we think others see us D. Personality develops almost entirely during childhood

A. Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned ways

Taken together, the cases of Anna and Genie provide strong evidence that A. Social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality B. Both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development C. Any negative effects of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time D. All of the above

A. Social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality

Which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture A. Socialization B. Internalization C. Naturalism D. Behaviorism

A. Socialization

Which discipline defines itself as "The systematic study of human society" A. Sociology B. Psychology C. Economics D. History

A. Sociology

Which of the following reflects Goffman's description of the Resocialization process A. Stripping away an old identity, then building a new identity B. Rewarding inmates for being creative C. Helping an inmate to become integrated into the larger society D. All of the above

A. Stripping away an old identity, then building a new identity

The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by A. Karl Marx B. Augusts Comte C. Adam Smith D. Hebert Spencer

B. Auguste Comte

The practice of judging any other culture using its own standards is called A. Ethnocentrism B. Cultural relativism C. Cultural diffusion D. Cultural integration

B. Cultural relativism

An idea in Freud's thinking that has special importance to sociology is his assertion that A. Human behavior is basically random B. Culture demands that individuals become less self-centered C. Societies encourage people to become more self-centered D. Many humans never manage to learn culture

B. Culture demands that indicates become less self-centered

In her research, Elizabeth Kubler-Ross found that death A. Is defined in much the same way by people throughout history B. Is an orderly transition involving specific stages C. Is one topic that people in the US have always discussed often and openly D. All of the above

B. Is an orderly transition involving specific stages

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as: A. latent functions B. Manifest functions C. Eufunctions D. Dysfunctions

B. Manifest functions

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher A. Must not care personally about the topic being studied B. Must strive to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research C. Must study issues that have no special value to society as a whole D. Must carry out research that will encourage desirable social change

B. Must strive to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research

As a part of human culture, religion would be an example of: A. Material culture B. Nonmaterial culture C. Culture shock D. Human nature

B. Nonmaterial culture

Which Of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis? A. Language involves attaching labels to the real world B. People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language C. Most ideas "feel" the same even if they are expressed on different languages D. Each word in English has its counterpart in all other languages

B. People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self", he was referring to the fact that A. People are self-absorbed B. People see themselves as they think others see them C. People see things only from their own point of view D. Our actions are a reflection of our cultural values

B. People see themselves as they think others see them

Which of the following is a way of understanding the world based on science? A. Theology B. Positivism C. Tradition D. Free will

B. Positivism

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbols which of the following stages A. Sensorimotor stage B. Preoperational stage C. Concrete operational stage D. Formal operational stage

B. Preoperational stage

Which of the following concepts refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through careful control of the environment A. Anticipatory socialization B. Resocialization C. Therapy group D. Taking the role of the other

B. Resocialization

The method of sociological research best suited to identify cause-and-effect relationships is A. The survey B. The experiment C. The use of questionnaires D. Participant observation

B. The experiment

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is: A. An arena of conflict between categories of people B. The reality people construct as they interact with one another C. A system that operates to benefit people D. all of the above

B. The reality people construct as they interact with one another

An exaggerated description that somebody applies to every person in a category of the population is referred to as A. A valid concept B. Replication C. A stereotype D. An act of discrimination

C. A stereotype

Multiculturalism is defined as A. Efforts to encourage immigration to the US B.efforts to establish English as the official language of the US C. An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting equality of all cultural traditions D. The idea that the US should have one dominant culture that unites the population

C. An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting equality of all cultural traditions

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in A. Group conformity B. Future directedness C. anticipatory socialization D. Group rejection

C. Anticipatory socialization

If you have been criticized for "androcentricity" in your research, you have A. Overgeneralized your results B. Ignored gender entirely C. Approached the subject from a male perspective D. Used double standards in your research

C. Approached the subject from a male perspective

The concept "subculture" refers to A. Popular culture B. Culture of the past C. Cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population D.high culture

C. Cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population

What concept refers to the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life A. Social structure B. Social system C. Culture D. Society

C. Culture

Human beings basic drives, or needs, are reflected in Freud's concept of A. Superego B. Ego C. Id D. Generalized other

C. Id

By "taking the role of the other," mead had in mind A. Imaging a situation in terms of past experience B. Recognizing that people have different views of most situations C. Imagining a situation from another persons point of view D. Trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people

C. Imagining a situation from another persons point of view

Sociologist use the concept "empirical evidence" to refer to: A. Information based on a society's traditions B. Information that squares with common sense C. Information people can verify with their senses D. Information that most people agree is true

C. Information people can verify with their senses

The social sciences, including sociology, support the basic claim that A. Humans have instincts that guide our lives B. Biological forces under tie human culture C. It is human nature to nurture D. Darwin's model of biological evolution explains patterns of human culture

C. It is human nature to nurture

The concept "ethnocentrism" refers to A. Taking pride in ones ethnicity B. Judging all other cultures as better than ones own C. Judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture D. Judging any culture by its own standards

C. Judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was A. Cognitive development B. the importance of gender in socialization C. Moral reasoning D. All of the above

C. Moral reasoning

Patterns of socialization vary by class; in child-rearing, lower-class parents stress ____, while well-to-do parents stress ____ A. Independence; protecting their children B. Independence; dependence C. Obedience; creativity D. Creativity; obedience

C. Obedience; creativity

Cultural transmission refers to the process of: A. Judging another culture using our own cultural standards B. Using the oral tradition C. Passing cultural patterns from one generation to another D. Using writing to record cultural patterns

C. Passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these important people as A. Role models B. Looking-glass models C. Significant others D. The generalized other

C. Significant others

George Herbert Mead placed the origin of the self in A. Biological drives B. Culture or the demands of society on us as individuals C. Social experience D. The functioning of the brain

C. Social experience

Which of the following phrases best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach? A. The meaning people attach to their action B. Patterns of social inequity C. The consequences of social patterns for the operation of society D. All of the above

C. The consequences of social patterns for the operation of society

The distinction between high culture is based mostly on A. How complex the cultural pattern is B. How long the cultural pattern has existed C. The social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern D.all of the above

C. The social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern

Studying the meaning people attach to their everyday lives is the search for A. Quantitative data B. Validity C. Verstehen or "understanding" D. Value-freedom

C. Verstehen or "understanding"

Which term refers to "material construct that represents some part of the world?" A. A variable B. Operationalization C. Measurement D. A concept

D. A concept

Cultural acts as a constraint on human freedom because A. Much culture is habit and is repeated again and again B. Humans cannot create new culture for themselves C. Culture discourages change D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Family is important to the socialization process because A. Family members are often what Mead called "significant others" B. Families give children social identity in terms of locals, ethnicity, and religion C. parents greatly affect a child's self-concept D. All of the the above

D. All of the above

Learning more about sociology helps us to: A. See the opportunities in our lives B. See the constraint in our lives C. Be more active participants in society D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations A. Do not apply to all individuals in some category B. Are based on all available facts C. Are offered fair-mindedly lot with an interest in the truth D. All of the above are correct

D. All of the above

Cultural universals are cultural traits that A. Have always been part of US culture B. have diffused from the US to other countries C. Have come to the US from elsewhere D. Are part of every known culture

D. Are part of every known culture

The cultural values that largely define a culture A. Are always consistent with one another B. Always stay the same over the centuries C. Are shared by absolutely everyone in a society D. Are sometimes in conflict with one another

D. Are sometimes in conflict with one another

Read the list of values below. Which from that list is NOT one of the values central to US culture, as identified by the sociologist Robin Williams A. Equal opportunity B. Material comfort C. Racism and group superiority D. Belief in tradition

D. Belief in tradition

The concept "counterculture" refers to A. People living here who were born in another country B. Popular culture C. High culture D. Cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

D. Cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called A. Immigration B. Invention C. Integration D. Diffusion

D. Diffusion

Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the ___ in the ___. A. Good; worst tragedies B. New; old C. Specific; commonplace D. General; particular

D. General; particular

The social-conflict approach draws attention to: A. How elements contribute to the overall operation of society B. How people construct meaning through interaction C. Patterns of social inequality D. The stable aspects of society

D. Patterns of social inequality

The concept "cultural lag" refers to the fact that A. The rate of cultural change has been slowing B. Some societies advance faster than others do C. Some people are more cultured than others D. Some cultural elements change more quickly than others

D. Some cultural elements change more quickly than others

Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview A. Secondary research B. Participant observation C. Experiment D. Survey

D. Survey

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called A. Folkways B. Norms C. Mores D. Values

D. Values