Sociology Exam 2 review
outgroup
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?
Functionalists
role strain
A single status results in conflicting expectations
dramaturgical analysis
Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
In the context of the gang types identified by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, which of the following types of gangs emerges in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities?
Conflict gangs
Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.
Deference
In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status?
It exists independently of the specific people occupying it
Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds?
Mechanical solidarity
agrarian societies
Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing). -animal drawn -stay in place -landlords and peasants -gender inequality
Which of the following feminist perspectives on deviance is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy?
The Marxist feminist approach
Which of the following feminist perspectives on deviance and crime views women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace?
The liberal feminist approach
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (tonnes)
Theory that distinguishes between two groups; communities (Gemeinschaften), which share beliefs, ancestry, or geography; and society (Gesellschaften), which work together toward a common goal.
Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?
To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members
aggregate
a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common
self-fulfilling prophecy
a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true
Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes
a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches.
ingroup
a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
reference groups
a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member
role expectation
a groups or societies definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played
bureaucracy
a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures and impersonality in personnel matters
category
a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender
groupthink
a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus even if they don't think its right
social network
a series of social relationships that links an individual to others
role
a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status
primary group
a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time -samily, friends
achieved status
a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort
ascribed status
a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender
postindustrial society
a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information -tech -innovation -mass media
social institutions
a standardized way of doing something -means by which basic needs are met
Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.
aggregates
status set
all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time -ascribed status -achieved status -master status
laissez-faire leadership
allows the group to function more on its own -minimal leadership
coalition
an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared goal/ objective
What are the 3 leadership styles?
authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire
An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.
bureaucracy
social group
consists of 2 or more people who interact frequently and share common things
Which of the following terms is used to refer to not only prisons and jails but also to a number of programs and organizations that manage people who are either accused or convicted of crimes?
corrections
Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs is termed __________.
deviance
Criminologist Ronald Akers's theory on deviance that suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes is called __________ theory.
differential reinforcement
master status
dominates other statuses and thereby determines a person's general position within society
democratic leadership
encourage group participation in all decision making -supportive
symbolic interactionist theorists on groups
focus on how size of group influence kind of interaction that takes place among members
A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.
formal organization
A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies __________.
goal displacement
instrumental leadership
goal or task oriented leadership
expressive leadership
group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being
conflict theorists on groups
groups involve power which means that the needs of the individual members may not be met
The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies __________.
groupthink
formal organizations
highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or reaching goals -colleges or corporations
role performance
how a person actually plays a role
division of labor
how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed
what are the five types of societies
hunting/gathering, horticultural/pastoral,agrarian, industrial, postindustrial
Rishi is a member of a reading group. The group meets every Wednesday to read works of literature and analyze them. Rishi identifies with the group members and feels a sense of belonging with them. From Rishi's perspective, the reading group is an example of a(n) __________.
ingroup
A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime to buy some clothes she wants. In the context of Merton's types of social adaptation, the teenager's behavior is an example of __________.
innovation
the 4 dimensions of personal space
intimate distance personal distance social distance public distance
secondary groups
larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited
authortarian leadership
make all major group decisions -focus in the instrumental tasks and demand compliance from others
formal group
members develop a consciousness of kind
what are the 3 categories of formal organizations
normative, coercive, utilitarian
role distancing
occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance
role conflict
occurs when the roles associated with one status clash with the roles associated with a different status at the same time
coercive organizations
organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital -total institutions
utilitarian organizations
organizations that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership
impression management
people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them
George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.
primary group
Which of the following includes our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups?
primary groups
Burglary, larceny-theft, motor-vehicle theft, and arson are examples of __________ crimes.
property
what is social structure
provides framework within which we interect with others -social institutions,statuses and roles, social groups
social solidarity
refers to a groups ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles or disaster
A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________ deviance.
secondary
feeling roles
shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation
According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by __________.
shared dependence established through division of labor
organic solidarity
social cohesion found in industrial societies -people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence -less personal
mechanical solidarity
social cohesion or preindustrial societies -minimal division of labor -united
A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n) __________.
social group
conflict views on social institutions
social institutions don't work for the common good they just meet basic needs
functionalist views of social institutions
social institutions exist because they perform 5 essential tasks -replacing members -teaching new members -producing/distributing/consuming -preserving order -providing sense of purpose
Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?
social marginality
what does social structure include
social positions, relationships among positions, resources attached to positions
status
socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectation, rights, dutues -could be high rank or low rank
industrial societies
societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods -rural to urban -higher standard of living
social marginality
state of being part insider and part outsider -results in stigmatization
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.
statuses
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.
stigma
face saving behavior
strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face -studied nonobservance: when 1 role player ignores flaws to avoid embarrassment for everyone
Kenny is a 30-year-old man who has been a frequent user of marijuana and cocaine for over five years. He believes there is nothing wrong with using these drugs recreationally and that using marijuana and cocaine is no different from consuming alcohol. Kenny's attitude best exemplifies __________.
tertiary deviance
The term "emotional labor" refers to
the display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public instead of true feelings
subsistence technology
the methods and tools that are available for acquiring the basic needs of daily life
absolute size
the number of members the group actually has
relative size
the number of potential members
Rationality
the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures
role exit
the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
Ethnomethodology
the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves -looks at existing patterns of conventional behavior in order to uncover people's background expectations
what is the conflict perspective on social structure
there is more to social structure than what is visable -creates boundaries that divide people
What is the functionalist perspective of social structure
they emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in society
emotional labor
upper and middle class emphasized -can make us hide our true selves
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
use domestic animals and hand tools to cultivate plants for their source of food. -less egalitarian
hunting gathering societies
use simple tech -basic social unit is family -constantly on the move -egalitarian (all people equal)
normative organizations
voluntary associations, in which people pursue goals they consider morally worthwhile
role ambiguity
when role expectations are not clearly understood