Sociology Exam 2 review

outgroup

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?

Functionalists

role strain

A single status results in conflicting expectations

dramaturgical analysis

Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance

In the context of the gang types identified by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, which of the following types of gangs emerges in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities?

Conflict gangs

Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.

Deference

In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status?

It exists independently of the specific people occupying it

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds?

Mechanical solidarity

agrarian societies

Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing). -animal drawn -stay in place -landlords and peasants -gender inequality

Which of the following feminist perspectives on deviance is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy?

The Marxist feminist approach

Which of the following feminist perspectives on deviance and crime views women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace?

The liberal feminist approach

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (tonnes)

Theory that distinguishes between two groups; communities (Gemeinschaften), which share beliefs, ancestry, or geography; and society (Gesellschaften), which work together toward a common goal.

Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?

To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members

aggregate

a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common

self-fulfilling prophecy

a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true

Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes

a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches.

ingroup

a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity

reference groups

a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member

role expectation

a groups or societies definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played

bureaucracy

a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures and impersonality in personnel matters

category

a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender

groupthink

a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus even if they don't think its right

social network

a series of social relationships that links an individual to others

role

a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status

primary group

a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time -samily, friends

achieved status

a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort

ascribed status

a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender

postindustrial society

a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information -tech -innovation -mass media

social institutions

a standardized way of doing something -means by which basic needs are met

Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.

aggregates

status set

all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time -ascribed status -achieved status -master status

laissez-faire leadership

allows the group to function more on its own -minimal leadership

coalition

an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared goal/ objective

What are the 3 leadership styles?

authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.

bureaucracy

social group

consists of 2 or more people who interact frequently and share common things

Which of the following terms is used to refer to not only prisons and jails but also to a number of programs and organizations that manage people who are either accused or convicted of crimes?

corrections

Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs is termed __________.

deviance

Criminologist Ronald Akers's theory on deviance that suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes is called __________ theory.

differential reinforcement

master status

dominates other statuses and thereby determines a person's general position within society

democratic leadership

encourage group participation in all decision making -supportive

symbolic interactionist theorists on groups

focus on how size of group influence kind of interaction that takes place among members

A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.

formal organization

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies __________.

goal displacement

instrumental leadership

goal or task oriented leadership

expressive leadership

group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being

conflict theorists on groups

groups involve power which means that the needs of the individual members may not be met

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies __________.

groupthink

formal organizations

highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or reaching goals -colleges or corporations

role performance

how a person actually plays a role

division of labor

how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed

what are the five types of societies

hunting/gathering, horticultural/pastoral,agrarian, industrial, postindustrial

Rishi is a member of a reading group. The group meets every Wednesday to read works of literature and analyze them. Rishi identifies with the group members and feels a sense of belonging with them. From Rishi's perspective, the reading group is an example of a(n) __________.

ingroup

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime to buy some clothes she wants. In the context of Merton's types of social adaptation, the teenager's behavior is an example of __________.

innovation

the 4 dimensions of personal space

intimate distance personal distance social distance public distance

secondary groups

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

authortarian leadership

make all major group decisions -focus in the instrumental tasks and demand compliance from others

formal group

members develop a consciousness of kind

what are the 3 categories of formal organizations

normative, coercive, utilitarian

role distancing

occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance

role conflict

occurs when the roles associated with one status clash with the roles associated with a different status at the same time

coercive organizations

organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital -total institutions

utilitarian organizations

organizations that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership

impression management

people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.

primary group

Which of the following includes our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups?

primary groups

Burglary, larceny-theft, motor-vehicle theft, and arson are examples of __________ crimes.

property

what is social structure

provides framework within which we interect with others -social institutions,statuses and roles, social groups

social solidarity

refers to a groups ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles or disaster

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________ deviance.

secondary

feeling roles

shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by __________.

shared dependence established through division of labor

organic solidarity

social cohesion found in industrial societies -people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence -less personal

mechanical solidarity

social cohesion or preindustrial societies -minimal division of labor -united

A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n) __________.

social group

conflict views on social institutions

social institutions don't work for the common good they just meet basic needs

functionalist views of social institutions

social institutions exist because they perform 5 essential tasks -replacing members -teaching new members -producing/distributing/consuming -preserving order -providing sense of purpose

Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?

social marginality

what does social structure include

social positions, relationships among positions, resources attached to positions

status

socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectation, rights, dutues -could be high rank or low rank

industrial societies

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods -rural to urban -higher standard of living

social marginality

state of being part insider and part outsider -results in stigmatization

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.

statuses

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

face saving behavior

strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face -studied nonobservance: when 1 role player ignores flaws to avoid embarrassment for everyone

Kenny is a 30-year-old man who has been a frequent user of marijuana and cocaine for over five years. He believes there is nothing wrong with using these drugs recreationally and that using marijuana and cocaine is no different from consuming alcohol. Kenny's attitude best exemplifies __________.

tertiary deviance

The term "emotional labor" refers to

the display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public instead of true feelings

subsistence technology

the methods and tools that are available for acquiring the basic needs of daily life

absolute size

the number of members the group actually has

relative size

the number of potential members

Rationality

the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures

role exit

the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

Ethnomethodology

the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves -looks at existing patterns of conventional behavior in order to uncover people's background expectations

what is the conflict perspective on social structure

there is more to social structure than what is visable -creates boundaries that divide people

What is the functionalist perspective of social structure

they emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in society

emotional labor

upper and middle class emphasized -can make us hide our true selves

Horticultural and Pastoral Societies

use domestic animals and hand tools to cultivate plants for their source of food. -less egalitarian

hunting gathering societies

use simple tech -basic social unit is family -constantly on the move -egalitarian (all people equal)

normative organizations

voluntary associations, in which people pursue goals they consider morally worthwhile

role ambiguity

when role expectations are not clearly understood