sociology exam #3
how do for-profit college students and graduates compare to non-profit students and graduates?
96% for-profit students take out loans compared to 13-57% at non-profit schools
Which statement about the Tuskegee syphilis experiment is true?
If the patients had been wealthy, it is inconceivable that the doctors would have performed the experiment.
negative sanction
an expression of disapproval of breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or a prison sentence
institutionalized means
approved ways of reaching cultural goals
result of non-profit organizations:
college is really expensive for students and their families
ray rist
concluded that each child's journey through school was determined by the eighth day of kindergarten
The __________ perspective stresses that the __________ of schools perpetuates social inequalities.
conflict; hidden curriculum
sociological definition of family
consists of people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption
household
consists of people who occupy the same housing unit
____ theory shows how internal and external perceptions may influence deviant behaviors
control
a functionalist would argue that school serves what purpose?
creates social integration
cooperate crime
crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation
street crime
crimes such as mugging, raping, and burglary
conflict perspective of deviance
criminal justice system is a tool designed by the powerful to maintain power and prestige
Privileges, such as more highly educated parents, encouragement, pressure to bring home top grades, and the money to pay for college, are called __________ by sociologists.
cultural capital
What is the manifest function by which schools pass on a society's core values from one generation to the next?
cultural transmission of values
depersonalization
dealing with patients as though they are merely cases and diseases
capital punishment
death penalty
Ordering lab tests when the patient does not need them is part of __________.
defensive medicine
A shaman—a spiritual intermediary in some tribal societies of the world—would probably be ___________ in contemporary American society.
defined as insane
sources of childcare
depends on social class and wealth; ex. higher class hires nannies
referring to patients as "a 35 year old woman" and "a 60 year old man" is an example of what?
depersonalization
functionalist perspective of deviance
deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms, deviance promotes social unity, and promotes social change
strain theory supports the sociological view that:
deviance does not exist unless labeled as such
symbolic interactionist perspective of deviance
deviance does not exist unless labeled as such
strain theory supports the sociological view that
deviance results from bad role models
strain theory supports the sociological view that
deviance results from social pressure to conform to norms
medicalization of deviance
deviance that existed in a non-medical framework is placed in a medical framework (ex. pornography consumption)
The use of a smartphone for health care is an example of __________.
digital medicine
A(n) ___________ environment is one that is harmful to people's health.
disabling
According to Talcott Parsons, when you claim the sick role, you __________.
do not like the sick role
For adults,the gatekeepers to the sick role are __________.
doctors
intimate partner violence
domestic violence or battering between two people in a close relationship
The professionalization of medicine in response to the Flexner report occurred in the __________.
early 1900s
sudden epidemics
ebola; diseases crossing over borders and quickly spreading
Acculturation is an informal process of learning a culture, and ___________ is a formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills.
education
differencial association
edwin sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate w/ some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant
community colleges
emerged in 1900s, opened higher education to students who otherwise would not have access
for-profit colleges
emerged in 1990s, high cost and low prestige but with loan options and flexible degree programs
functionalist perspective of medicine
emphasis on people needing to be healthy enough to perform their roles so that society functions well
If a school wants to promote capitalism, it will __________
encourage competition
A society that prohibits interracial marriage by law is:
enforcing endogamy
norms
expectations of "right" behavior
functionalism approach to family
family is related to other parts of society and how families contribute to well-being of society (universality of family, functions of incest taboo, dark side of families)
which of the following is NOT a component of health?
financial
Which of the following types of crimes is an example of a white collar crime?
fraud
defensive medicine
medical procedures performed by physicians to protect themselves in case they are sued for malpractice
before the 1960's doctors rarely prescribed hormones for menopause because menopause was considered a normal part of aging; menopause is an example of:
medicalization
menopause is an example of which concept?
medicalization
Most students who attend community college are __________.
nontraditional students
illegitimate opportunity structure
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life
self-fulfilling prophecy
original false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted
About how many Americans die from the effects of nicotine each year?
over 400,000
homeschooling
parents teaching their own children at home
Of the following factors, which one is most important in predicting which children will go to college?
parents' income
In Ray Rist's observation study of a kindergarten class, what was the basis for assigning students to the fast-learner, slow-learner, or average-learner tables?
social class
deviance is the result of society
social influences construct social norms and influence some people to break those norms
Schools bring about ___________ through the promotion of a national identity.
social integration
Which theory describes crime though a genetic predisposition to deviant acts?
sociobiological
tracking
sorting students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilites
differential association theory
states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity (ex. friends, family, peers)
because enzo's teacher has high expectations, she studies extra hard. what theory is this?
symbolic interactionism
ted talk by dr. rios
teachers need to listen to their students n stuff
cultural relativity
the "normality" of behavior is determined by the culture
Education reflects a nation's culture. Although their cultures differ in many ways, in both Soviet Russia and Japan, a great effort was put into enforcing __________.
uniformity
Before industrialization, Thomas Jefferson proposed universal schooling as a way to __________ the national culture.
unify
latent function of education
unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions
universal schooling
us leaders proposed common school, instill patriotism and teach principles of representation government
credential society
use of diplomas and degrees to determine eligibility for jobs even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the job
Each day in the United States, there are about __________ wrong-patient, wrong-side, or wrong-procedure surgeries.
12
Personalized medicine includes prescribing medicines that match your__________.
DNA
white collar crime
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing
What effect does the low quality of education have on Egypt as a nation?
Egypt cannot compete in the global economy.
What did sociologist Randall Collins mean when he said industrialized nations have become credential societies?
Employers use diplomas and degrees as sorting devices to determine who is eligible for a job and to weed out the incapable.
__________ is the study of how medical problems are distributed throughout a population.
Epidemiology
In the United States, medical care is ___________.
a commodity for sale
education
a formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills
social placement
a function of education-funneling people into a society's various positions
social control
a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms
sanctions
a groups formal and informal means of inforcing norms
social order
a groups usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives
health
a human condition measured by four components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual
incest taboo
a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
positive sanctions
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward
increase in bureaucracy and lower teaching expectations lead to grade inflation of what group?
catholic school
As society changes, disease and death __________.
change
symbolic interactionist approach to family
how families negotiate roles and tasks
polygyny
single husband with multiple wives
polyandry
single wife with multiple husbands
One of the three components of health defined by international experts in 1941 was __________.
social
stigma
"blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity
Afghanistan's infant mortality rate is __________ times higher than Japan's.
50
What does the correspondence principle mean?
A nation's schools reflect the characteristics of their society.
affordable care act
An expansion of medicaid, most of employers must provide health insurance, have insurance or face surtax, prevents rejection based on pre-existing condition (obamacare)
Which racial or ethnic group has the most success in both education and attaining high incomes?
Asian Americans
Sociologist George Farkas found that even when test scores were the same, girls generally received higher course grades than boys. What did Farkas conclude from those findings?
Girls are better at signaling to teachers that they are good students.
Why did Horace Mann propose paying for education through taxation?
He thought average-income families should be able to afford to send their children to school.
__________ refers to the attitudes and unwritten rules of behavior that help perpetuate social inequalities and reproduce the social class structure.
Hidden curriculum
Why do home-schooled children tend to do better academically than public school counterparts?
Home schoolers receive intense, one-on-one teaching.
How does entry into college differ in the United States than in Japan?
In the United States, anyone who can afford college can go to college.
What was an effect of tracking?
It perpetuated social inequality.
How did the Russian educational system operate during the Soviet regime?
Students followed a state-prescribed curriculum.
What statement about sociology and medicine is true?
Many medical schools and hospitals have sociologists on their staffs.
__________ refers to the process of turning something that was not previously considered an issue for physicians into a medical matter.
Medicalization
What is the relationship between industrialization and access to education?
New machinery and jobs required workers to read, write, and work with numbers. This meant different members of society, other than the wealthy, had to be educated.
What is one reason that more people die of cancer today than in the past?
People live longer today, and most cancers strike older people.
What is a key reason that some people do not take steps toward preventing disease?
Prevention demands work.
What happened after doctors forcefully took over the delivery of babies from midwives?
Prices went up.
strain theory
Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
Which statement accurately reflects the current state of violence in our schools?
Schools are becoming safer.
What were the results when social psychologists Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson told teachers that they had developed a predictive test of children's abilities and that certain students should be expected to "spurt" ahead of their classmates?
The "spurters' " IQs increased by the end of the year.
The children attending a middle class, suburban elementary school scored far higher on their IQ test than the children from an urban school in an area of high poverty. What is the reason for this discrepancy?
The IQ tests were culturally biased against the urban-school students.
What were the long-term effects of the informal tracking done by the teacher in Ray Rist's participant observation study?
The children originally labeled as fast learners retained that reputation through the years and received more challenging work.
Ray Rist followed the children in his kindergarten study for a few years. What did he observe in second grade?
The children were grouped in the same basic arrangement as they had been in kindergarten.
Which of the following statements about HIV/AIDS is true?
The infection and death rates from HIV/AIDs are much lower in the United States today than in the past.
Why are MOOCs unlikely to replace traditional classrooms?
They are too impersonal.
infant mortality
US ranks high
Which statement about mental health is true?
We do not know how much mental illness there is today or how much there was in the past.
Which of the following statements about lifestyle is true?
Which of the following statements about lifestyle is true?
Tomas argues that the way medicine is practiced today is very much influenced by social class. Is Tomas right?
Yes, Tomas is right. Illness and health are much more than biological matters.
Gene, an enthusiastic, bright little boy, came from a background of poverty. He wore hand-me-downs, and often did not have the proper school supplies. Regardless of the fact that Gene showed ability and interest in reading, the teacher put him in the slow group based on where he came from. For the first few months of school, Gene repeatedly asked to read the more challenging books, but was told they were too difficult for him. By the end of the year, Gene no longer took much interest in reading at all. The next year he was again placed in the slow group and given the lowest-level readers. This continued for the next few years. By the end of elementary school, he barely read, even though his IQ was on the high side. What does this scenario exemplify?
a self-fulfilling prophecy
Mischa is a bright child and very well liked by her teachers. All of her teachers expected her to perform very well academically. At the end of the term, Mischa scored the highest in her class. Which of the following terms best describes Mischa's experience?
a self-fulfilling prophecy
medicine
a society's standard ways of dealing with illness and injury
two tier system of medical care
a system of medical care in which the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care
two-tier system
a system of medical care in which the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care
matrilinieal
a system of reckoning descent that counts only the mother's side
degradation ceremony
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place
the innovative path to deviance means to ______ cultural goals and _____ institutional means
accept, reject
What race/ethnicity is the least likely to have families headed by both parents?
african americans
non-profit
all public universities and most private
where do most alternative medicines originate?
asia
sociobiological explanations of deviance
behavior is made up of inherited propensities and modified by the environment
Bob graduated from high school, but he has trouble filling out job applications and reading newspapers. Which term best describes Bob?
functionally illiterate
Brenda felt bad and wanted to stay home from second grade. Her mother took Brenda's temperature. She asked Brenda if anything hurt, and Brenda said no--she just did not feel well. Brenda's mother sent her off for a normal school day. For Brenda, her mother was the __________ the sick role.
gatekeeper to
gatekeepers of sick role
gatekeepers "guard the gate" so too many people cannot claim to be sick
Social placement is more commonly known as __________.
gatekeeping
george farkas research
girls and asians more likely to get better grades
Medical care is one of a number of examples of __________.
global stratification
High school teachers used to give out more C's than A's, but now the opposite is true. What has caused this reversal?
grade inflation
why do teachers give more A's than C's today?
grade inflation
extended family
grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins
A human condition measured by these four components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual, is known as __________.
health
A leading cause of death today is __________.
heart disease
functionally illiterate
high school graduates who have difficulty with basic reading and math
grade inflation
higher grades given for same work
dr. salvador practices defensive medicine in order to protect who?
himself
In Ray Rist's kindergarten observation, where did the teacher place the "slow learner" table?
in the back of the room, farthest from her
genetic predisposition
inborn tendencies
Which of the following statements about alternative medicine is true? Alternative medicine__________.
includes medical practices imported from Asian cultures
Interracial marriage between blacks and whites is
increasing
Which of the following functions of education surprised researchers?
increasing the length of life
deviant paths
innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
the U.S. government had early schools develop:
instill patriotism, teach principles of representative government
social integration
integrading immigrants and people with disabilites
The positive things that people intend their actions to accomplish are known as __________, and the positive consequences they did not intend are called __________.
manifest functions; latent functions
functionalist perspective of health and illness
is society is to function well, it's people need to be healthy enough to perform their normal roles
who is an example of a gatekeeper?
kelly, levi's mom
What theory of deviance is guided by the stigma attached to criminal acts?
labeling
marriage and longevity
marriage rates are at a historic low
____ and _____ groups are more likely to follow family patterns from their country of origin
latinos and asian americans
mandatory education laws
laws that require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school
conflict perspective on health
least industrialized nations have shorter lifespans
cohabitation
living together without being married
Some people think the proliferation of video games is a reason for this aspect of high school seniors: ___________.
lower verbal SAT scores
the emphasis on male strength and dominance is defined as ____
machismo
____ is effective for students with physical disabilities who can keep up academically w/ others
mainstreaming
What can we safely say about the future of medicine? It will __________.
make today's practice of medicine look old-fashioned
By 1918, all U.S. children were required to attend school until the eighth grade, or the age of 16. This was enforced by __________.
mandatory education laws
what is the only legal monopoly in the united states?
medicine
sociological perspective of medicine
medicine examines how illness and health are related to cultural beliefs, lifestyles, and social class
When a school lowers the passing score for a test, they are promoting __________.
mediocrity
conflict approach to family
men have more power than women in a household
patriarchy
men-as-a-group dominating women-as-a-group
euthanasia
mercy killing
inner controls
morals, conscience, ideas of right and wrong
The sick role is claimed __________.
more frequently by women
nuclear family
mother, father and children living as a unit
single father households are most likely for what race/ethnicity?
native americans
the 3 "r's"
need to read, need to write, need to do math
education in early U.S. had:
no comprehensive school system, no education was sinked to class status, high school was higher education
mass incarceration and the new "jim crow"
no longer sociology permissive to use roles explicity
education in early societies had:
no social institution called education, no schools, no teachers
fee for service
payment to a physician to diagnose and treat a patient's medical problems
npr
people being discriminated against can develop long term health problems from constant anxiety
changes in death in united states
people died faster back then because of diseases, people live longer now; cancer is considered a luxury disease
sandwich generation
people who are caring for both their parents and their children
martial homogamy
people who have similar characteristics and marry one another
outer control
people, family, friends, and police
Major U.S. trends in marriage and family
postponment of first marriage, increase in cohabitation, delaying first child, sandwich generation
Although education in Egypt is free, there is little emphasis on formal education. This is largely due to __________.
poverty
global stratification
power, dominance, income
mainstreaming
practice of placing children with special needs in regular classroom settings, with the support of professionals who provide special education services
cultural bias
preferring one culture over another
Abdul knew that half his patients would not have so many health problems if they listened to his suggestions for eating healthier, exercising, stopping smoking, moderating alcohol, and losing weight. Most patients, however, seemed to want to leave Abdul's office with a(n) __________.
prescription to treat symptoms
coleman and hoffer
private school students who are disadvantaged do better than in public schools (looking at differences between public and private education)
Jill can barely add and subtract, but each year she was passed on to the next grade and eventually graduated from high school. This is an example of social __________.
promotion
_____ theory refers to mental disorders that lead to crime
psychological
What is one way to attract the best college graduates to the teaching profession?
raise salaries
the push for universal education included:
religious and ethnic pluralism, u.s. leaders proposed "universal culture" or "common school"
romantic love
sexual attraction
symbolic interactionist of medicine
sickness and health are matters of cultural definition (ex. south american tribe)
Sondra was surrounded by people in hospital garb whom she did not know. One of them lifted the front of her robe to show her left thigh to the others, who studied it. Sondra felt she was the only one in the room not shown respect, and she was glad when they left and she could drift off to sleep. Sondra's treatment is an example of __________.
the depersonalization of medicine
professionalization of medicine
the development of medicine into a specialty that requires physicians to (1) obtain a rigorous education, (2) claim a theoretical understanding of illness, (3) take authority over clients, (4) regulate themselves, and (5) present themselves as doing a service to society (rather than just following self-interest)
family of procreation
the family formed when a couple's first child is born
family of orientation
the family in which an individual grows up
shaman
the healing specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease or injury; commonly called a witch doctor
control theory
the idea that two control systems- inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate
widowhood effect
the impact of the death is so strong that surviving spouses tend to die earlier than expected
manifest function of education
the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions
In the United States, health care is __________.
the largest business
indusrialization
the need for more educated workers
industrialization
the need for more educated workers
cultural goals
the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve
recidivism
the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested
recidivism rate
the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested
criminal justice system
the police, courts, and prisons that deal with people who are accused of having committed crimes
criminal justice as a tool of oppression
the poor is an instrument of oppression
exogamy
the practice of marrying outside one's own group
endogamy
the practice of marrying within one's own group
police discretion
the practice of the police, in the normal case of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter
emotional overload
the problem that single-parents face involving the stress of having to cope with the emotional needs of their children all by themselves
gendered division of labor
the process whereby productive tasks are separated on the basis of gender
epidemiology
the study of how medical problems and health are distributed throughout a population
hidden curriculum
the unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms
personality disorders
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms
psychological explanations of deviance
the view that personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate norms
labeling theory
the view that the labels are given affect their behavior either deviance or conformity
deviance
the violation of norms (or rules or expectations)
crime
the violation of norms written into law
Nanobots are ___________.
tiny sensors placed in the bloodstream
patrilineal
tracing lineage through the father
Community colleges, sometimes still known as junior colleges, can have two distinct goals. What are these goals?
transferring students to four-year colleges, and vocational preparation
acculturation (education)
transmission of education from one generation to the next
acculturation
transmission of education from one generation to the next; in early societies, education was the same as learning a culture, and there was no separate institution for education (now there is)
About __________ of all full-time college students have drunk alcohol in the past year.
two-thirds
Melvin Kohn and socialization
type of work that parents do has an impact on how they raise their children
sick role
way to control sickness and separate those who are sick from the rest of society
techniques of neutralization
ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms
bilineal
we think of ourselves as related to both our mothers and our fathers side
Both in the highly industrialized United States and in much less industrialized Egypt, a family's __________ provides children with greater/better access to education.
wealth
relativity of deviance
what is deviant to some is not deviant to others
Rosenthal and Jacobson study
when pupils were labelled as high ability, they achieved highest
midwife
woman trained to assist women in childbirth
gender differences in sick role
women are more likely to claim sick role than men
how norms of gender affect the sick role
women are more likely to claim the sick role
According to Talcott Parsons, part of the sick role is that __________.
you are not held responsible for being sick
