Sociology Final
according to the pro-feminist men's movement, why should men support feminism?
(all of the above) out of fairness to women, men's lives are constrained by gender rules as well, the ideology of male superiority is a burden, men will be happier if society is less sexist
gender norm violations
...
peer pressure
...
split labor markets
...
How many babies out of every thousand are born intersexed?
17
% of Asch subjects refused to give wrong answer
25%
% of secretaries men and women
3.3% men, 96.7% women
% of men and women in prison
90 percent of nearly 2 million people in correctional institutions are men
the upper class makes up just 1% of the total US population, but their net worth is greater than that of ___ of the rest of the population
90%
false consciousness
A denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize the interests of the ruling class in their ideology.
queer theory
A paradigm that proposes that categories of sexual identity are social constructs and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or normal; this paradigm emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity
American Dream
An ideology that legitimizes stratification by reinforcing the idea that everyone has same chance to get ahead and that success or failure depends on person
class consciousness
Awareness of ones own social status and that of others ;also the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action
berdaches
Both female and male, 19th century native tribes. Men that dressed and did women chores, vice cersa.
Some people suggest that women are better suited to be housewives because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is being expressed?
Essentialist perspective
culture of poverty
Oscar Lewis 1966- Theory on poverty Poor blacks on welfare had spent so many generations in poverty that they differ from other Americans, they knew no other life than being in ghettos, had no desire to elevate or educate themselves to rise above, accepted by US gov. and was basis for decline in welfare assistance Culture of poverty blames poor blacks for their situatuion (they just dont want to get out of poverty)
GI bill of rights
Passed by congress in 1944, provided funding for returning WWII vets. Blacks were largely impeded from taking advantage of benefits, while whites climbed easily
How do sociologists differ between sex and gender?
Sex is biological, gender is social
life chances and social class
Social class- a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, power, and prestige
cultural capital
The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society
essentialist perspective
Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed
invisible poverty
What makes it invisible? Residential segregation, political disenfrachisement, homelessness,
concentrated disadvantage
William J Wilson-1988 Following desegregation, middle class blacks and black business owners moved from all-black neighborhoods. The middle class took resources with them to follow jobs, with no jobs, no cars, no public transportation, and resources taken out of local schools and hospitals, the concentrated poor had no options but to take welfare assistance.... Concentrated poverty blames social structures for poor blacks poverty (lack of jobs, resources, lack of good schools, and lack of transportation out of the poor areas)
pluralism
a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society
reference groups
a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves
how do sociologists define ethnicity?
a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage
democracy
a political system in which all citizens have a right to participate
how do sociologists define race
a social category based on real and perceived biological differences
ethnicity
a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor
race
a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
meritocracy
a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit
single mothers vs. single fathers
about 5 of every 6 custodial parents were mothers. Mothers receive less child support, less average income. Single women head more than 16.7 million households, single men only 2.3 million
prejudice
an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it
men's rights movement
an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men
According to conflict theory why are women's contributions to family life devalued
as a result of men's attempt to maintain dominant status
rational leaders
authority based on laws, rules, and procedures. Not heredity or personality of any individual leader
coercive leaders
backed up by threat of force
when does gender role socialization begin?
before birth
at what point in a child's school career do gender norms become firmly established?
by 5th grade
middle-class jobs
composed primarily of white collar workers with a broad range of incomes; constitute about 30% of population. (32%) lower managers, craftspeople, and foreman
expressive leaders
concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group
the tastes, habits, and expectations that children inherit from their parents and which help them achieve material success in life is called
cultural capital
intersex children
describes children whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male or female
individual discrimination
discrimination carried out by one person against another
institutional discrimination
discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economical, educational, and other) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with them
second wave feminism
during the 1960s and 70s. associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education
first wave feminism
earlist period. women won right to vote in 1920
why don't individuals from the lower class exercise more often
exercise is a luxury accessible to those who dont have to struggle with day to day existence.
social movements organized around the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called
feminism
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or national group is called
genocide
group think
in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement
social construction of race
individuals are placed into a hierarchy that produces definite social relations between the races. The totality of these racialized social relations and practices constitutes the racial structure of society
when the children of working class parents manage to attend college and get a job in the professional field this is an example of
intergenerational mobility
the exploitation of a minority group within the dominant groups' political borders is called
internal colonialism
secondary groups
larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary
How is patriarchy defined?
male domination
minority
member of social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups but who are not necessarily fewer in number than in dominant groups
third wave feminism
most recent period. Focusing on issues of diversity and variety of identities women can possess
which of the following is NOT one of the basic principles of social stratification
often low-level groups still have access to all the rewards and privileges of higher level groups
in the eiarly 19th century, native americans who had survived clashes with the US army were forcibly removed to reservations, this is an example of
population transfer
oligarchy
power rests with a small number of people.
how is prejudice different from discrimination?
prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action
what does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the enxt and so remain relatively stable over time
social reproduction
what do most americans claim about their class status
that they are middle class
globalization
the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late 20th and early 21st centuries
gender role socialization
the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine; primarily through four agents of socialization: family, schools, peers, and media
primary groups
the people who are most important to your sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belongings
social loafing
the phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficacy when working in teams
racial assimilation
the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage
cultural assimilation
the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture
in the early 1900s, native born Americans, usually Protestant, did not consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?
the social construction fo race
what has modern science determined about racial categories?
there is no such thing as biologically pure race
what are the positive consequences of racial and ethnic categories
they create a sense of identity and lead to feelings of solidarity
why are people more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds very similar to their own
they have more access to people like themselves
what is the goal of affirmative action
to increase diversity
discrimination
unequal treatments of individuals based on their membership in a social gorup; usually motivated by prejudice
what criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members
wealth, power, property, and prestige
how is max weber's idea of social class different from marxs?
weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige all could affect a persons social class
In addition to gender identity being about who we are, Ch. 10 argues that gender identity is also about:
what we do
majority minority
when the majority are less than half the population but still remain the dominant group in terms of power, resources, and representation in social institutions