Sociology Final

according to the pro-feminist men's movement, why should men support feminism?

(all of the above) out of fairness to women, men's lives are constrained by gender rules as well, the ideology of male superiority is a burden, men will be happier if society is less sexist

gender norm violations

...

peer pressure

...

split labor markets

...

How many babies out of every thousand are born intersexed?

17

% of Asch subjects refused to give wrong answer

25%

% of secretaries men and women

3.3% men, 96.7% women

% of men and women in prison

90 percent of nearly 2 million people in correctional institutions are men

the upper class makes up just 1% of the total US population, but their net worth is greater than that of ___ of the rest of the population

90%

false consciousness

A denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize the interests of the ruling class in their ideology.

queer theory

A paradigm that proposes that categories of sexual identity are social constructs and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or normal; this paradigm emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity

American Dream

An ideology that legitimizes stratification by reinforcing the idea that everyone has same chance to get ahead and that success or failure depends on person

class consciousness

Awareness of ones own social status and that of others ;also the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action

berdaches

Both female and male, 19th century native tribes. Men that dressed and did women chores, vice cersa.

Some people suggest that women are better suited to be housewives because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is being expressed?

Essentialist perspective

culture of poverty

Oscar Lewis 1966- Theory on poverty Poor blacks on welfare had spent so many generations in poverty that they differ from other Americans, they knew no other life than being in ghettos, had no desire to elevate or educate themselves to rise above, accepted by US gov. and was basis for decline in welfare assistance Culture of poverty blames poor blacks for their situatuion (they just dont want to get out of poverty)

GI bill of rights

Passed by congress in 1944, provided funding for returning WWII vets. Blacks were largely impeded from taking advantage of benefits, while whites climbed easily

How do sociologists differ between sex and gender?

Sex is biological, gender is social

life chances and social class

Social class- a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, power, and prestige

cultural capital

The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society

essentialist perspective

Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

invisible poverty

What makes it invisible? Residential segregation, political disenfrachisement, homelessness,

concentrated disadvantage

William J Wilson-1988 Following desegregation, middle class blacks and black business owners moved from all-black neighborhoods. The middle class took resources with them to follow jobs, with no jobs, no cars, no public transportation, and resources taken out of local schools and hospitals, the concentrated poor had no options but to take welfare assistance.... Concentrated poverty blames social structures for poor blacks poverty (lack of jobs, resources, lack of good schools, and lack of transportation out of the poor areas)

pluralism

a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society

reference groups

a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

how do sociologists define ethnicity?

a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage

democracy

a political system in which all citizens have a right to participate

how do sociologists define race

a social category based on real and perceived biological differences

ethnicity

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor

race

a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

meritocracy

a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit

single mothers vs. single fathers

about 5 of every 6 custodial parents were mothers. Mothers receive less child support, less average income. Single women head more than 16.7 million households, single men only 2.3 million

prejudice

an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it

men's rights movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

According to conflict theory why are women's contributions to family life devalued

as a result of men's attempt to maintain dominant status

rational leaders

authority based on laws, rules, and procedures. Not heredity or personality of any individual leader

coercive leaders

backed up by threat of force

when does gender role socialization begin?

before birth

at what point in a child's school career do gender norms become firmly established?

by 5th grade

middle-class jobs

composed primarily of white collar workers with a broad range of incomes; constitute about 30% of population. (32%) lower managers, craftspeople, and foreman

expressive leaders

concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group

the tastes, habits, and expectations that children inherit from their parents and which help them achieve material success in life is called

cultural capital

intersex children

describes children whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male or female

individual discrimination

discrimination carried out by one person against another

institutional discrimination

discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economical, educational, and other) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with them

second wave feminism

during the 1960s and 70s. associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

first wave feminism

earlist period. women won right to vote in 1920

why don't individuals from the lower class exercise more often

exercise is a luxury accessible to those who dont have to struggle with day to day existence.

social movements organized around the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called

feminism

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or national group is called

genocide

group think

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement

social construction of race

individuals are placed into a hierarchy that produces definite social relations between the races. The totality of these racialized social relations and practices constitutes the racial structure of society

when the children of working class parents manage to attend college and get a job in the professional field this is an example of

intergenerational mobility

the exploitation of a minority group within the dominant groups' political borders is called

internal colonialism

secondary groups

larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary

How is patriarchy defined?

male domination

minority

member of social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups but who are not necessarily fewer in number than in dominant groups

third wave feminism

most recent period. Focusing on issues of diversity and variety of identities women can possess

which of the following is NOT one of the basic principles of social stratification

often low-level groups still have access to all the rewards and privileges of higher level groups

in the eiarly 19th century, native americans who had survived clashes with the US army were forcibly removed to reservations, this is an example of

population transfer

oligarchy

power rests with a small number of people.

how is prejudice different from discrimination?

prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action

what does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the enxt and so remain relatively stable over time

social reproduction

what do most americans claim about their class status

that they are middle class

globalization

the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late 20th and early 21st centuries

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine; primarily through four agents of socialization: family, schools, peers, and media

primary groups

the people who are most important to your sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belongings

social loafing

the phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficacy when working in teams

racial assimilation

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

cultural assimilation

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture

in the early 1900s, native born Americans, usually Protestant, did not consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

the social construction fo race

what has modern science determined about racial categories?

there is no such thing as biologically pure race

what are the positive consequences of racial and ethnic categories

they create a sense of identity and lead to feelings of solidarity

why are people more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds very similar to their own

they have more access to people like themselves

what is the goal of affirmative action

to increase diversity

discrimination

unequal treatments of individuals based on their membership in a social gorup; usually motivated by prejudice

what criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members

wealth, power, property, and prestige

how is max weber's idea of social class different from marxs?

weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige all could affect a persons social class

In addition to gender identity being about who we are, Ch. 10 argues that gender identity is also about:

what we do

majority minority

when the majority are less than half the population but still remain the dominant group in terms of power, resources, and representation in social institutions