Sociology final

In the US, females born in 2000 have an average life expectancy of:

79.5 years

The following is consistent with the concept of the "life course perspective"

Adult development is dynamic and interactive

The state which has the largest number of individuals aged 65 and above is:

California

Biological studies of aging using animal models demonstrate that:

Caloric restriction promotes health and longevity

Regarding age-related dangers in body composition:

Changes in body composition affect drug metabolism

Critical theorists are most concerned about:

Creating positive models of aging

Social exchange theory states that:

Elders generally have fewer resources to exchange

When conversing with an older adult who is experiencing hearing loss, you should:

Face the person directly and maintain eye contact

Age stratification theory has been useful in explaining how older adults in most societies are discriminated against, because of their position in social structures. True or False?

False

Aging results in a shift in opportunity structures, so that older adults benefit from their increased resources to exchange for benefits during retirement. True or False?

False

Cross-sectional research designs are the best method to determine causation. True or False?

False

Disengagement theory has been supported by recent empirical research. True or False?

False

Feminism addresses primarily the individual life experiences of women as they age. True or False

False

In general, the chronological age of most people is consistent with their psychological and biological age. True or False?

False

Longitudinal studies are currently the most widely used research designs in gerontology. True or False?

False

Personal competence in the person-environment includes family members' assistance to the older person. True or False?

False

Social exchange theory explains how older people disengage from society because it is beneficial to them and to society. True or False?

False

The early social gerontological theories addressed both individual and environmental factors that affect people's adjustment to aging. True or False?

False

The life course perspective takes account primarily of individual personality changes with age. True or False?

False

The study of aging is primarily a study of diseases. True or False?

False

The widespread availability of models of productive aging help facilitate socialization into old age. True or False?

False

Today's cohort of young-old has the same life expectancy, whether they are white or persons of color. True or False?

False

The state which has the largest proportion of individuals aged 65 and above is:

Florida

Educational attainment varies widely among the population aged 65+. Those least likely to have a high school degree are....., and those most likely are .......

Hispanics; non-Hispanic whites

What statement is consistent with the concept of social phenomenologists and social constructionists?

Individuals construct their own meanings of "reality"

What country has the highest proportion of elders in the world?

Italy

According to age stratification theory, the generation that retired in the year 2000 may differ from those who retired in the 1960's, in that new retirees:

May be more planful and proactive of aging and the dying process

The major change in liver functioning with age is:

Metabolism of medications by the liver declines

Regarding theories and concepts of aging:

Most early theories ignored environmental and lifestyle influences

The subculture of aging theory argues that:

Older people identify themselves as distinct from other groups

The fastest growing segment of the US population:

Oldest-old subgroup

The gastrointestinal system changes in what way with aging?

Secretion of stomach digestive juices decreases

With aging, what changes are found in skin?

Secretions by sebaceous and swear glands deteriorate

Regarding "structural lag":

Societies today have difficulty accommodating to and utilizing retired elders

The distinction between active and dependent life expectancy is useful in illustrating:

That not all gains in life expectancy are positive

Which theory of aging is an extension of cross linkage theory?

The free radical theory

As people age:

The incidence of chronic conditions increase

It is generally agreed that biological theories must meet four requirements to be viable. Which is not a requirement?

The losses must be extrinsic

This is considered to be the ideal survival curve and is different from the current life expectancy curve

The rectangular survival curve

Regarding the urinary system with aging:

The renal system declines more than most other organs

Continuity attempted to show that, as people age:

They substitute similar roles for those roles which they lost

As we age, our hair becomes:

Thinner

Both feminist and humanistic approaches toward understanding old age are examples of critical theory. True or False?

True

Life expectancy after age 80 in the US is longer than in Japan and Sweden. True or False?

True

Life expectancy refers to the average years of life one can expect to live, whereas maximum life span refers to the maximum number of years a given species is expected to live. True or False?

True

Older people who drop out of longitudinal studies tend to be those who score lower on intelligence tests and are more socially isolated. True or False?

True

One of the implications of the political economy perspective is the need to develop more services that address structural inequities in our society. True or False?

True

Relocating a frail elder to a nursing home is an example of increased environmental press in Lawton and Nahemow's model. True or False?

True

Sequential designs are particularly useful in studies of cognitive changes with aging. True or False?

True

Social phenomenologists and constructionists differ from earlier theories by their focus on the subjective meaning of old age. True or False?

True

Structural lag occurs when social structures, such as work and education, are not congruent with the changes in the aging population and older people's lives. True or False?

True

Surveys of the health status of young-old Americans today provide considerable support for compressed morbidity in the future. True or False?

True

The cohort of baby boomers has lived through the Vietnam War. True or False?

True

The early social gerontological theories focused on how well older adults adjust to aging. True or False?

True

The proportion of people aged 65 and older among ethnic minority groups will increase in the 21st century. True or False?

True

The symbolic interactionist view of aging takes account of the meaning of older people's activities within the larger environment. True or False?

True

An older person who is experiencing problems with depth perception could improve their home environment by:

Using color contrast where different levels meet

Which theory suggests that the human body, like a machine, simply wears out over time?

Wear and Tear Theory

Older people often have more problems seeing under low lighting conditions. This is most likely due to:

a slower shift from rods to cones

A valid measure is one that....

accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure

In all organ systems normal decline occur:

after age 30

Which two effects are confounded in cross-sectional research?

age and cohort

Which two effects are confounded in longitudinal research?

age and time-of-measurement

The phrase "act your age"s an example of society enforcing:

age norms

The leading cause of blindness worldwide is:

age related macular degeneration

The oldest-old according to the text are those:

aged 85

With respect to the Competence Model, which environmental intervention is least likely to support effective aging?

an environment that is exceptionally easy to navigate

The most common OTC medication used by older adults is:

aspirin

Sleep disturbances can be alleviated by:

avoiding napping during the day

With regard to bone changes and gender:

bone mineral density declines mostly because of estrogen levels declining

Recent efforts to integrate postmodern theory into gerontology reflect a concern among some feminist theorists to:

challenge research practices based on old beliefs and assumptions

A major problem with the cross-sectional research method is:

cohort effects may emerge rather than the effects of aging

With age, vital lung capacity:

declines and thus impairs daily functioning

A major advantage of longitudinal research designs is that they:

eliminate cohort effects

Critical theory has influenced the development of:

feminist theories of aging

The term "compression of morbidity" refers to:

illness affecting only the last few years of life

What concept implies that aging results in a significant decline in the immune system, increasing the older person's susceptibility to infectious disease and risk of death?

immunosenescence

Older people today are most likely to live where?

in metropolitan areas

The second transformation in theoretical development in gerontology took place:

in the 1960's

Disengagement attempted to show that:

it is adaptive for the well-being of older persons to disengage

When an older adult is seen as having dementia, because they lost their car keys; Whereas, a younger ignored adult who loses their car keys is seen as being distracted, the older adult is being:

labeled

In relation to aging and sensation:

loss of nerve endings causes a decline in touch sensitivity with aging

Regarding theories and concepts of aging:

most early theories ignored environmental and lifestyle influences

Significant elevation of blood pressure is not associated with:

old age

Age-related hearing loss is called:

presbycusis

Mary is 80 years old and is intellectually active and adapts well to new situations. She would be considered to have a young:

psychological age

In contrast to other theories, the best method for testing empirically a concept in social phenomenology is to use:

qualitative or ethnographic methods

An example of role loss that older adults commonly face is:

retirement

What is not a component of role theory?

role expectations

Slower reaction time with aging is most likely due to:

slower response of neurotransmitters

Critical theorists have been most influenced by:

social constructionism

Which social gerontological theory has not influenced the development of feminist theory?

social exchange

The political economy of aging is a recent model of social aging that is most closely related to:

social exchange theory

The structural change with aging that is most associated with hearing loss takes place in:

the cochlea

Activity theory attempted to show:

the more active an older person, the greater his/her life satisfaction and self-concept

Life course capital recognizes both the exchange of resources across the life course and:

the persistent inequalities in our society

A researcher wants to determine the range of oral diseases among the older population by examining the mouths of all 200 residents of a nursing home. The findings cannot be generalized to all older people because:

the sample is not representative

Age stratification theory suggests that older people:

today may be quite different from older persons of the past

Regarding urinary functions, increased age results in:

urinary incontinence among as many as 30% in the community