Sociology Final

Because compulsory schooling began in part to , some critics see its origins as smacking of ethnocentrism. A) teach only the desired industrial skills B) prevent child labor C) prevent immigrants' values from corrupting "American" values D) increase awareness regarding several social issues E) improve the financial standards of poor families

**C) prevent immigrants' values from corrupting "American" values

Which of the following statements is true with respect to middle-class and working-class families? A) In middle-class families, men are more likely to be quiet when problems arise. B) In a blue-collar marriage, men tend to talk openly about problems they are facing. C) In middle-class families, men are better educated and more emotionally expressive than their working-class counterparts. D) To a wife in a middle-class family, an ideal husband is one who goes to work everyday. E) To a wife in a working-class family, an ideal husband is one who is expressive.

*C) In middle-class families, men are better educated and more emotionally expressive than their working-class counterparts

The Nazi experience and then the civil rights movement led whites to reassess their views about blacks, and Jim Crow racism gradually waned. A) True B) False

*true

Jim Crow racism involved . A) blatant bigotry B) wavering beliefs in the need for segregation C) the view that blacks were biologically superior to whites D) a belief that poverty is due to blacks' cultural inferiority E) kinder, gentler, anti-black ideology

A) Blatant Bigotry

The delay between an initial social change and a resulting social change is called: A) cultural lag. B) social distance. C) locational distance. D) cultural diffusion. E) ethnocentrism

A) Cultural lag

religiosity refers to how important people consider religion to be in their lives. A) Experiential B) Ritualistic C) Intellectual D) Consequential E) Ideological

A) Experiential

A 2007 survey shows that the high school dropout rate is highest for and lowest for _ . A) Latinos; Asians B) African Americans; whites C) Native Americans; Latinos D) whites; Asians E) Asians; Native Americans

A) Latinos; Asians

Race is best thought of as a: A) social construction. B) biological concept. C) genetic notion. D) morphological idea. E) psychological hypothesis

A) Social construction

Special-interest groups normally: A) work within the system. B) work to coordinate two conflicting systems. C) try to coordinate complementary systems. D) act as a third party that controls the system. E) work outside the system.

A) Work within the system

A berdache combines aspects of both femininity and masculinity of the society in which it is found and is thus considered a(n) . A) androgynous gender B) undifferentiated gender C) transgender D) transsexual E) bisexual

A) androgynous gender

A(n___is a subsection of a population with a set of shared social, cultural, and historical experiences; with relatively distinctive beliefs, values, and behaviors; and with some sense of identity of belonging to the subgroup. A) ethnic group B) cultural nation C) class D) stereotype E) social class

A) ethnic group

refers to the preferential treatment of minorities and women in employment and education. A) Ethnic nepotism B) Affirmative action C) Economic discrimination D) Desegregation E) Ethnocentrism

B) Affirmative Action

According to this theory, the family as a social institution contributes to social inequality. A) Functionalism B) Conflict theory C) Symbolic interactionism D) Socialization theory E) Identity theory

B) Conflict Theory

Which of the following situations refers to residential crowding? A) Smaller houses are found in cities due to the lack of space. B) Large numbers of people living in a small amount of space. C) People live in close quarters within a particular dwelling unit. D) Dwelling units in cities are typically small because of lack of space. E) Much urban housing is substandard and characterized by many problems.

B) Large numbers of people living in a small amount of space

Another commonly held image of cults is that they are , when in fact most are not. A) charismatic B) violent C) bureaucratic D) formal E) restrained

B) Violent

The Nayars of southwestern India were known for: A) having a nuclear family arrangement. B) not having a nuclear family. C) having an extended family arrangement. D) a predominantly patriarchal family arrangement. E) being a cooperative agricultural community

B) not having a nuclear family

According to Gonzalez, "What colleges do for powerfully impacts the futures of these young people and that of our nation." A) society B) students of color C) Native American students D) immigrant students E) low-income students

B) students of color

The number of live births for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year may be termed as: A) natural growth rate. B) average fertility rate. C) crude birth rate. D) general fertility rate. E) total fertility rate

C) Crude birth rate

It is a small religious organization that is at great odds with the norms and values of the larger society. It generally has not broken away from a larger denomination and instead originates outside the mainstream religious tradition. It is often secretive and does not proselytize as much. Identify the religious organization in discussion. A) Ecclesia B) Sect C) Cult D) Denomination E) Megachurch

C) Cult

When marriage occurs within one's own social category or social group, it is called: A) monogamy. B) polygamy. C) endogamy. D) polyandry. E) exogamy.

C) Endogamy

Which of the following refers to scholarship on environmental inequality and racism and public policy efforts and activism aimed at reducing these forms of inequality and racism? A) Environmental activism B) Environmental equality C) Environmental justice D) Environmental parity E) Environmental standard

C) Environmental justice

Ethnic ___ can give individuals a sense of belonging and recognition of the importance of their cultural backgrounds. A) structures B) pride C) identities D) systems E) relations

C) Identities

The fact remains that in a(n) __ society, men automatically have advantages just because they are men, even if race, social class, and sexual orientation affect the degree to which they are able to enjoy these advantages. A) patrilineal B) dominant C) patriarchal D) patrilocal E) authoritarian

C) Patriarchal

movements involve people trying to improve aspects of their personal lives. A) Reform B) Religious C) Self-help D) Reactionary E) Revolutionary

C) Self help

According to the text, which of the following is cited as a reason for the growing dissatisfaction with the medical establishment? A) The increasing popularity of alternative medicine B) The increasing number of medical negligence claims C) The soaring health-care costs D) The perception of unreasonable conditions set by the health insurance industry E) The growing patient dissatisfaction with the doctor-patient relationship

C) The soaring health-care costs

Which of the following is an advantage of rural life? A) Rural life offers a lot of entertainment and excitement. B) Services such as health care can be easily delivered in rural areas. C) Violent and property crime rates are much lower than those in large cities. D) Rural areas provide high culture and are sites of innovation. E) Rural residents are more tolerant of nontraditional attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyles

C) Violent and property crime rates are much lower than those in large cities

Low-income students drop out at higher rates because of and financial difficulties and family problems. A) emotional B) social C) academic D) homesickness E) discrimination

C) academic

A major problem associated with city life is that: A) most cities lack diversity. B) cities are often low in culture and other aspects of culture. C) cities typically have serious difficulties in paying for basic services. D) members of a city develop a strong sense of community leading to intergroup conflicts. E) cities often hinder innovation, and growth of individuals.

C) cities typically have serious difficulties in paying for basic services

Social change refers to the: A) change in demographic indicators such as population, growth rate, and death rate. B) changes in people's attitude toward others and others' beliefs. C) transformation of culture, behavior, social institutions, and social structure over time. D) process of forming a new culture by combining two complementary cultures. E) act of forming two separate cultures from a common culture

C) transformation of culture, behavior, social institutions, and social structure over time

The four frames of color-blind racism are: A) Abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, and nondescript racism B) Abstract liberalism, nondescript racism, overt racism, and naturalization C) Nondescript racism, overt racism, naturalization, and white-blind D) Abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, and minimization of racism

D) Abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, and minimization of racism

Which of the following statements is consistent with the functionalist approach of social change? A) Status quo is generally bad for a society as it does not promote growth. B) Revolutions and protests are desirable and necessary to reduce social inequality. C) Rapid transformation is preferred to gradual changes for the welfare of a society. D) Changes should stem from such things as population growth and technological advances. E) Societies can advance by disrupting the social equilibrium to bring about social change

D) Changes should stem from such things as population growth and technological advances

Which of the following functional perspectives emphasizes that family provides its members with a social identity? A) Identity theory B) Symbolic interactionism C) Conflict theory D) Functionalism E) Socialization theory

D) Functionalism

____ education may occur almost anywhere, but for young children it has traditionally occurred primarily in the home, with their parents as their instructors. A) Formal B) Technical C) Vocational D) Informal E) Legal

D) Informal

Individuals sometimes feel underprivileged relative to some other group or to some ideal state. This feeling is called: A) poverty threshold. B) objective deprivation. C) Robin Hood effect. D) relative deprivation. E) network effect

D) Relative deprivation

According to sociologist Herbert Gans' classification of city dwellers, the people who might wish to leave their neighborhoods but are unable to do so for several reasons are categorized under: A) cosmopolites. B) metropolitans. C) ethnic villagers. D) trapped. E) deprived

D) Trapped

Behavior that occurs during and after a disaster is referred to as: A) panic. B) looting. C) revolt. D) disaster behavior. E) mob behavior

D) disaster behavior

What two changing trends of American society have sociologists and other observers studied most carefully in the last few decades? A) increased religiosity; the rise of religious commitment B) increased religiosity; the rise of religious orthodoxy C) secularization; the decrease of religious allegiance D) secularization; the rise of religious conservatism E) increased religiosity; the rise of religious controversy

D) secularization; the rise of religious conservatism

Social construction signifies that: A) various physical and mental conditions have little or no subjective reality. B) inequality exists in the quality of health and of health-care delivery. C) the physician-patient relationship is hierarchical. D) various physical/mental conditions are considered healthy/ill conditions only if they are defined as such by a society and its members. E) good health and effective medical care are essential for a society's ability to function.

D) various physical/mental conditions are considered healthy/ill conditions only if they are defined as such by a society and its members

The term refers to the smooth path afforded men in promotion in the workplace, especially in occupations primarily filled by women. A) sticky ladder B) sex segregation C) glass ceiling D) comparable worth E) glass escalator

E) Glass escalator

One of the first monotheistic religions, relies heavily on the Torah, the Talmud, and the Mishnah. A) Christianity B) Confucianism C) Hinduism D) Islam E) Judaism

E) Judaism

This type of feminism says that patriarchy lies at the root of women's oppression and that women are oppressed even in non capitalist societies. A) Communal feminism B) Socialist feminism C) Multicultural feminism D) Liberal feminism E) Radical feminism

E) Radical Feminism

___ movement seeks limited, though significant, change in some aspect of a nation's political, economic, or social systems. A) Reactionary B) Revolutionary C) Self-help D) Religious E) Reform

E) Reform

Which of the following is a major reason for the gender gap in earnings? A) Sexual harassment B) Ethnic prejudice C) Social deconstruction D) The glass escalator E) Sex segregation

E) Sex segregation

____ are simplified, mistaken generalizations about people because of their race and/or ethnicity. A) Scapegoats B) Ethnic prejudices C) Social deconstruction D) Redlining E) Stereotypes

E) Stereotypes

Health care costs will almost certainly continue to be much higher in the United States than in other Western nations, in part because the United States uses a(n) model in which physicians are paid for every procedure they do. A) equilibrium B) capitation C) bundled payment D) free service E) fee-for-service

E) fee-for-service

Parcels of land and water that have been contaminated by the dumping of dangerous chemicals into the ground by factories and other industrial buildings are known as: A) hot cells. B) radioactive waste sites. C) deep borehole disposals. D) Brownfields. E) hazardous waste sites

E) hazardous waste sites

One reason for the social class-health link is ___ , which is higher for people with low incomes because of unemployment, problems in paying for the necessities of life, and a sense of little control over what happens to them. A) nutrition B) lack of knowledge C) mental health D) soft addiction E) stress

E) stress

According to functionalism, one of the functions of education is the establishment of social classes. A) True B) False

False

Conflict theory views social change as the result of certain natural forces. A) True B) False

False

De Facto school segregation is the result of policy or practices that are legally recognized and supported. A) True B) False

False

Demographers measure mortality with the crude birth rate, the number of births for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year. A) True B) False

False

Functional theory stresses that education serves to perpetuate inequality in society. A) True B) False

False

General fertility rate is a measure of the number of children an average woman is expected to have in her lifetime. A) True B) False

False

Most studies testing the social bonding theory generally support the view that weak bonds to family and school do not necessarily promote delinquency. A) True B) False

False

Native Americans have lower rates than whites of several illnesses and conditions. A) True B) False

False

Religious commitment refers to measures of religious services attendance, praying, religious singing, and reading sacred texts. A) True B) False

False

Rural residents are more likely than urban residents to report being in better health in government surveys. A) True B) False

False

The Nayars in southwestern India lacked the nuclear family but had an extended family. A) True B) False

False

The concern over population growth has faded in recent years as the world's resources seem to be standing up to population growth. A) True B) False

False

The major world religions, including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, and denominations such as the Mormons all began as sects. A) True B) False

False

The symbolic interactionism perspective looks at the macro aspects of the religion. A) True B) False

False

U.S. racial and ethnic groups are similar in their life chances. A) True B) False

False

When loan officers review mortgage applications, the law allows them to take race and ethnicity into account. A) True B) False

False

Women now earn about 50 percent of what men earn. A) True B) False

False

A marriage in which a man has many wives is called a polygyny. A) True B) False

True

A riot is a relatively spontaneous outburst of violence by a large group of people. A) True B) False

True

According to the research conducted by Kozol, there are significant inequalities in our education system when it comes to quality, access to resources, and facilities. A) True B) False

True

African American and Latina women are poorer than white women. A) True B) False

True

Although megachurches are popular, they have been criticized for being so big that members are unable to develop the close bonds with each other and with members of the clergy. A) True B) False

True

At some institutions, the graduation rates of Latino and African American students match those of whites thanks to the exceptional efforts by these institutions to help students of color. A) True B) False

True

Compulsory education became widespread by the end of the 19th century. A) True B) False

True

Contagion theory assumes that collective behavior is emotional and irrational and results from the hypnotic influence of the crowd. A) True B) False

True

Critics of resource mobilization theory say that it neglects the importance of emotions in social movement activity by depicting social movement actors as cold, calculated, and unemotional. A) True B) False

True

Crude death rate refers to the number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year. A) True B) False

True

Ethnic competition theory holds that ethnic prejudice and conflict increase when two or more ethnic groups find themselves competing for jobs, housing, and other goals. A) True B) False

True

Gender affects educational attainment. A) True B) False

True

Gender bias appears to affect the quality of healthcare. A) True B) False

True

In hunting and gathering societies, both sexes' activities were considered fairly equally important for a family's survival. A) True B) False

True

Infant mortality is higher among infants born to mothers without a high school degree than those with a college degree. A) True B) False

True

Interracial marriages are marriages between people of the same race whereas interracial marriages are marriages across different races. ? same word A) True B) False

True

Medicaid, a government program, pays some health-care costs for the poor, but many low-income families are not poor enough to receive Medicaid. A) True B) False

True

Members of many sects typically proselytize and try to recruit new members into the sect. A) True B) False

True

Men can usually walk anywhere they want or go into any bar they want without having to worry about being raped or sexually harassed. A) True B) False

True

Modernization is associated with the growth of individual freedom and autonomy. A) True B) False

True

Opponents of affirmative action argue that it implies that the people benefiting from it need extra help and thus are indeed less qualified. A) True B) False

True

Population growth acted as a major source of social change as societies evolved from older to modern times. A) True B) False

True

Religious movements aim to reinforce religious beliefs among their members and convert other people to those beliefs. A) True B) False

True

Social inequality in the larger society exposes some people much more than others to environmental dangers. A) True B) False

True

Sociologist Erich Goode emphasizes that members of casual crowds have little in common beyond their physical location. A) True B) False

True

Sociologist Max Weber lamented the impersonal quality of rational thinking and bureaucratization. A) True B) False

True

Some women's jobs pay less than men's jobs even though their comparable worth is equal to or even higher than the men's jobs. A) True B) False

True

The "feminization of poverty" refers to the trend that women are more likely than men to be at or under the poverty threshold. A) True B) False

True

The Native Americans known as the Mohave recognize four genders: a woman, a woman who acts like a man, a man, and a man who acts like a woman. A) True B) False

True

The selection of spouses differs across societies but also to some degree within societies. A) True B) False

True

What is now called modern medicine began in the 1600s, as scientists learned how blood circulates through the body and used microscopes to discover various germs. A) True B) False

True