Sociology Final Exam 4 Review

What are some examples of Latent functions at school?

-Socializing -Sorting -Friendships

what two ways can increase followers

-birth -polygamy

What do Christianity and Islam have in common?

-both believe in a single supreme god -both share many of the same stories in their central religious texts -both believe in an afterlife

how do symbolic interactionists view education?

-education reinforces inequality -believe education introduces the labeling theory (live up to the label you are given) Example: if a child is told they are worthless they will start believing that as they grow up

Functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of

-families -society -the individual

In what ways does religion serve the role of a social institution?

-religions have a complex and integrated set of norms -religious practices and beliefs are related to societal values -religions often meet several basic needs

What are some examples of manifest functions in an educational setting?

-to learn -to work towards a career -social control

Same sex couple households account for ____ percent of U.S. households

1

Sorting

Classifying students based on academic merit or potential

What theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo?

Conflict theory

What are some denomination of the Christian Protestant church?

Methodist and Seventh-day Adventist

What type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States?

Neglect

What are the major factors that affect education systems throughout the world?

Resources and money

Some controversial groups that may be mislabeled as cults include:

Scientology and the Hare Krishna

what term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades or perceived ability?

Tracking

Megachurch

a Christian church that has a very large congregation averaging more than 2,000 people who attend regular weekly services

Family of procreation

a family that is formed through marriage

Head start program

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

Polyandry

a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more that one man at one time

Tracking

a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers)that perpetuate inequalities

Shaken-baby syndrome

a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head.

Extended family

a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Denomination

a large, mainstream religion that is not sponsored by the state

Marriage

a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship

Kinship

a person's traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)

Monotheism

a religion based on belief in a single deity

Polytheism

a religion based on belief in multiple deities

Ecclesia

a religion that is considered that state religion

Family life cycle

a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time.

According to the study cited by the U.S. Census Bureau, children who live with married parents grow up with more advantages than children who live with:

a single parent

Sect

a small, new offshoot of a denomination

Education

a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms

Family Life Course

a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages.

Matrilocal residence

a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife's family

Patrilocal residence

a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband's family

Religion

a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person holds to be sacred or spiritually significant

Ambilineal

a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father's or the mother's side exclusively

Patrilineal descent

a type of unilateral descent that follows the father's line only

Matrilineal descent

a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother's side only

The 1972 case Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia set a precedent for _____

access to education

No Child Left Behind Act

an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding

How do Functionalist view family?

as insitutions

Research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is _____than the family they grew up with.

at least as close

Religious Rituals

behaviors or practices that are either required for or expected of the members of a particular group

The Protestant work ethic was viewed in terms of its relationship to:

capitalism

In what part of the world have Confucianism and Taoism been primarily practiced?

china

Based on the video what was an example of an ecclesia?

church of denmark, church of finland

The metal mass was the church of _____

church of finland

What socialist perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society?

conflict theory

What is not a manifest function of education?

courtship

Cultural capital

cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture

Learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on Fridays is an example of _____.

cultural transmission

The main difference between an ecclesia and a denomination is:

ecclesia are state-sponsored and considered an official religion

What do Functionalists think about education?

education are manifest and latent functions.

how do symbolic interactionists view family?

family is "who we define as family", family is ever changing meanings

From a Conflict theorists stand point, how do they view family?

family leads to family struggles.

What perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps keep the social system running smoothly?

functional perspective

In general, children in ____household benefit from divorce.

high-conflict

Sociologists tend to define family in terms of...

how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption

The median age of first marriage has ____ in the last fifty years.

increased for both men and women

How do conflict theorists view education?

inequality

A cultural universal is something that:

is found in all cultures

What is one criticism of the family life cycle model?

it is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.

Based on the class video, what was an example of a cult?

kopinism

Megachurches tend to have:

large arenas where services are held

Social scientists refer to the use of a church to combat social injustice in the political realm as:

liberation theology

Children of divorced parents are ____to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married.

more likely

What is true of intimate partner violence(IVP)?

nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol.

A sect is:

often believes it must split from the larger group to return to important fundamentals

A child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only is part of a ____society.

patrilineal

Public schools must guarantee that _____.

per-student spending is equitable

Conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ___

perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status

A woman being married to two men would be an example of:

polyandry

What are the two types of Polygamy?

polygyny and polyandry

What in common do the functionalist and conflict perspectives share?

position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social norms

Plessy v. Ferguson set the precedent that ____.

racial segregation in schools was allowed

Informal education _______.

refers to learning of cultural norms

How do Symbolic interactionists view religion?

religion is a place of social construction that holds sacred meanings

How do Conflict theorists view religion?

religion is an insitution that displays inequality

How do Functionalists see religion?

religion provides answers to hard questions/it provides comfort *questions like "what happens after we die..ect.

Cults

religious groups that are small, secretive, and highly controlling of members and have a charismatic leader

Established sects

sects that last but do not become denominations

Many stories in the sacred text of Judaism are:

shared by Christianity and Islam

Couples who cohabitate before marriage are ____ couples who did not cohavitate before marriage to be married at least ten years.

slightly less likely than

Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________.

social placement

Allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called ____________.

social promotion

Family

socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society

Key predictors for student success include ____________.

socioeconomic status and family background

What term describes the separation of students based on merit?

sorting

Religious Beliefs

specific ideas that members of a particular faith hold to be true

Current divorce rates are

steadily declining

What of the main theoretical perspectives would approach religion from the micro-level, studying how religion impacts an individual's sense of support and well being?

symbolic interactionism

What theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process?

symbolic interactionism

Cohabitation

the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married

Monogamy

the act of being married to only one person at a time

Bigamy

the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person

Totemism

the belief in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings

Atheism

the belief in no deities/no God..etc

Religious experience

the conviction or sensation that one is connected to "the divine"

Credentialism

the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education or has met certain job qualifications

Universal access

the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system

family of orientation

the family into which one is born

Grade inflation

the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago

Formal Education

the learning of academic facts and concepts

Animism

the religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings like animals, plants and objects of the natural world.

Bilateral descent

the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines

Unilateral Descent

the tracing of kinship through one parent only

Hidden curriculum

the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission

Liberation Theology

the use of a church to promote social change via the political arena

Social placement

the use of education to improve one's social standing

Cultural transmission

the way people come to learn the values, beliefs and social norms of their culture

What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common?

they recruit top teachers

Conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why?

they reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture.

Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of ___

transmission of moral education

True or false? all religions began as a cult?

true

Nuclear family

two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same household

The majority of U.S. children live in

two-parent households

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship