Sociology Final Exam 4 Review
What are some examples of Latent functions at school?
-Socializing -Sorting -Friendships
what two ways can increase followers
-birth -polygamy
What do Christianity and Islam have in common?
-both believe in a single supreme god -both share many of the same stories in their central religious texts -both believe in an afterlife
how do symbolic interactionists view education?
-education reinforces inequality -believe education introduces the labeling theory (live up to the label you are given) Example: if a child is told they are worthless they will start believing that as they grow up
Functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of
-families -society -the individual
In what ways does religion serve the role of a social institution?
-religions have a complex and integrated set of norms -religious practices and beliefs are related to societal values -religions often meet several basic needs
What are some examples of manifest functions in an educational setting?
-to learn -to work towards a career -social control
Same sex couple households account for ____ percent of U.S. households
1
Sorting
Classifying students based on academic merit or potential
What theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo?
Conflict theory
What are some denomination of the Christian Protestant church?
Methodist and Seventh-day Adventist
What type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States?
Neglect
What are the major factors that affect education systems throughout the world?
Resources and money
Some controversial groups that may be mislabeled as cults include:
Scientology and the Hare Krishna
what term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades or perceived ability?
Tracking
Megachurch
a Christian church that has a very large congregation averaging more than 2,000 people who attend regular weekly services
Family of procreation
a family that is formed through marriage
Head start program
a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status
Polyandry
a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more that one man at one time
Tracking
a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers)that perpetuate inequalities
Shaken-baby syndrome
a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head.
Extended family
a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.
Denomination
a large, mainstream religion that is not sponsored by the state
Marriage
a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship
Kinship
a person's traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)
Monotheism
a religion based on belief in a single deity
Polytheism
a religion based on belief in multiple deities
Ecclesia
a religion that is considered that state religion
Family life cycle
a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time.
According to the study cited by the U.S. Census Bureau, children who live with married parents grow up with more advantages than children who live with:
a single parent
Sect
a small, new offshoot of a denomination
Education
a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms
Family Life Course
a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages.
Matrilocal residence
a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife's family
Patrilocal residence
a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband's family
Religion
a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person holds to be sacred or spiritually significant
Ambilineal
a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father's or the mother's side exclusively
Patrilineal descent
a type of unilateral descent that follows the father's line only
Matrilineal descent
a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother's side only
The 1972 case Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia set a precedent for _____
access to education
No Child Left Behind Act
an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding
How do Functionalist view family?
as insitutions
Research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is _____than the family they grew up with.
at least as close
Religious Rituals
behaviors or practices that are either required for or expected of the members of a particular group
The Protestant work ethic was viewed in terms of its relationship to:
capitalism
In what part of the world have Confucianism and Taoism been primarily practiced?
china
Based on the video what was an example of an ecclesia?
church of denmark, church of finland
The metal mass was the church of _____
church of finland
What socialist perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society?
conflict theory
What is not a manifest function of education?
courtship
Cultural capital
cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture
Learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on Fridays is an example of _____.
cultural transmission
The main difference between an ecclesia and a denomination is:
ecclesia are state-sponsored and considered an official religion
What do Functionalists think about education?
education are manifest and latent functions.
how do symbolic interactionists view family?
family is "who we define as family", family is ever changing meanings
From a Conflict theorists stand point, how do they view family?
family leads to family struggles.
What perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps keep the social system running smoothly?
functional perspective
In general, children in ____household benefit from divorce.
high-conflict
Sociologists tend to define family in terms of...
how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption
The median age of first marriage has ____ in the last fifty years.
increased for both men and women
How do conflict theorists view education?
inequality
A cultural universal is something that:
is found in all cultures
What is one criticism of the family life cycle model?
it is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.
Based on the class video, what was an example of a cult?
kopinism
Megachurches tend to have:
large arenas where services are held
Social scientists refer to the use of a church to combat social injustice in the political realm as:
liberation theology
Children of divorced parents are ____to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married.
more likely
What is true of intimate partner violence(IVP)?
nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol.
A sect is:
often believes it must split from the larger group to return to important fundamentals
A child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only is part of a ____society.
patrilineal
Public schools must guarantee that _____.
per-student spending is equitable
Conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ___
perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status
A woman being married to two men would be an example of:
polyandry
What are the two types of Polygamy?
polygyny and polyandry
What in common do the functionalist and conflict perspectives share?
position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social norms
Plessy v. Ferguson set the precedent that ____.
racial segregation in schools was allowed
Informal education _______.
refers to learning of cultural norms
How do Symbolic interactionists view religion?
religion is a place of social construction that holds sacred meanings
How do Conflict theorists view religion?
religion is an insitution that displays inequality
How do Functionalists see religion?
religion provides answers to hard questions/it provides comfort *questions like "what happens after we die..ect.
Cults
religious groups that are small, secretive, and highly controlling of members and have a charismatic leader
Established sects
sects that last but do not become denominations
Many stories in the sacred text of Judaism are:
shared by Christianity and Islam
Couples who cohabitate before marriage are ____ couples who did not cohavitate before marriage to be married at least ten years.
slightly less likely than
Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________.
social placement
Allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called ____________.
social promotion
Family
socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society
Key predictors for student success include ____________.
socioeconomic status and family background
What term describes the separation of students based on merit?
sorting
Religious Beliefs
specific ideas that members of a particular faith hold to be true
Current divorce rates are
steadily declining
What of the main theoretical perspectives would approach religion from the micro-level, studying how religion impacts an individual's sense of support and well being?
symbolic interactionism
What theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process?
symbolic interactionism
Cohabitation
the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married
Monogamy
the act of being married to only one person at a time
Bigamy
the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person
Totemism
the belief in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings
Atheism
the belief in no deities/no God..etc
Religious experience
the conviction or sensation that one is connected to "the divine"
Credentialism
the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education or has met certain job qualifications
Universal access
the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system
family of orientation
the family into which one is born
Grade inflation
the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago
Formal Education
the learning of academic facts and concepts
Animism
the religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings like animals, plants and objects of the natural world.
Bilateral descent
the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines
Unilateral Descent
the tracing of kinship through one parent only
Hidden curriculum
the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission
Liberation Theology
the use of a church to promote social change via the political arena
Social placement
the use of education to improve one's social standing
Cultural transmission
the way people come to learn the values, beliefs and social norms of their culture
What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common?
they recruit top teachers
Conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why?
they reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture.
Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of ___
transmission of moral education
True or false? all religions began as a cult?
true
Nuclear family
two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same household
The majority of U.S. children live in
two-parent households
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship