SOCIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
Give three ways that functionalists such as Durkheim say that deviance contributes to the social order.
Deviance, including crime (according to Durkheim), contributes to the social order by clarifying moral boundaries and affirming norms, encouraging social unity, and promoting social change.
Why did a number of sociologists think Laud Humphreys' research on tearooms was unethical?
He did not identify himself as a researcher.
Bartholomew is a member of the second estate in Europe during the middle ages. In view of this, what is Bartholomew's most likely social location?
He is a monk in the St. Thomas Aquinas parish.
Ralph, age 45, has decided to stop putting in overtime at work and stop going to Chamber of Commerce meetings in order to spend more time with his family and friends. According to Elaine Cumming and William Henry, what is transpiring in Ralph's life?
He is in the early stages of disengagement theory.
In his research on family, what did sociologist Melvin Kohn discover about how parents socialize their children?
It is often based upon the norms of their work environment
What do conflict theorists believe is the purpose of the hidden curriculum?
It promotes social inequalities.
Maria and Brian recently gave birth to their first child. Based on sociological findings, what is the likely change in the marital satisfaction that Maria and Brian feel towards one another?
It will decrease.
Americans glorify academic progress and material success. However, most students do not graduate with honors and most citizens are no wealthy. This condition characterizes the difference between ______ and _______.
Ideal culture, and real culture.
one god
Monotheistic religion is a religion which beliefs in ( )
Taking the role of the other
Putting yourself in someone elses shoes; understanding how someone else feels an thinks, so you anticipate how that person will act
Values are like lenses through which we see the world
As it ought to be
What does it mean to say that we become the roles that we play?
As you play a role, you become more like it. It becomes incorporated into our self-concept.
Laura is an Asian-American girl born to a young mother and adopted by a middle-aged black couple. She is raised in relative wealth, attends college, and goes on to become a district attorney and have a daughter of her own. Which of the following would be considered Laura's ascribed status?
Asian American
Of all ethnic groups, in which group are children most likely to grow up with two parents and least likely to be born to a single mother?
Asian American
The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ________.
Auguste Comte
The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was _______.
Auguste Comte.
the reproduction of the social class structure by the educational system
Vera is a conflict theorist. She is particularly interested in looking at __________.
Hindu, Buddhism, Sikhism, Confucianism
What are Eastern Religions
All of the following acts qualify as a white collar crime EXCEPT for which one?
a bank teller robbing the First National bank
Despite recent confirmation of Milgram's findings, Milgram's experiment on small group phenomenon has received much criticism over the years. For example Kleinfeld criticized the study by making the analogy that "we live in a world that looks a lot like ________."
a bowl of clumpy oatmeal
When a researcher focuses on a single event, situation, or individual, the resulting research is known as ________.
a case study
The sociologist who identified ten underlying core values of American society was _____>
Robin Williams
Which group of men do women fear the most as potential rapists?
Strangers
Why do functionalists argue that the incest taboo is a nearly universal norm?
The incest taboo facilitates the socialization of children and avoids role confusion
Prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people because of their age is called ________.
ageism
individuals and groups that influence our orientations to life are called
agents of socialization
As she was walking through the park, Consuela was struck by the sounds of two improvising musicians. They were standing on the grass near some benches, one playing a guitar and the other a flute, and Consuela stopped to listen to them. Half a dozen other people also stopped. The people listening to the musicians made up a(n) __________. category aggregate social network secondary group
aggregate
Having family photos and personal decorations in one's workspace is a way to resist __________. rules making friends at work alienation working
alienation
The experience of being cut off from the product of one's labor, which results in a feeling of powerlessness, is called ________.
alienation
In the early years of the United States, __________ could vote. anyone all men all white men all white men who owned property
all white men who owned property
according to control theory, which of the following four types of social controls contribute to self-control
attachments, commitments, involvements, and beliefs
__________, the decision to arrest someone or even to ignore a matter, is a routine part of police work. a. Police corruption b. Police discretion c. Recidivism d. Medicalization of deviance
b. Police discretion
although a ____ is not actually a group, it is often confused with one
category
Some nations have traditionally been in poverty from one generation to the next, relying on tradition rather than experimenting with new technology that might improve their standard of living. This explanation for global stratification is called ________.
culture of poverty
In a(n) __________, one individual takes power. direct democracy dictatorship oligarchy representative democracy
dictatorship
Systems of descent, the ways in which people trace kinship generation after generation, are __________. a. matrilineal everywhere but in the United States b. remarkably similar throughout the world c. different all over the world d. bilineal in the United States, but patriarchal everywhere else
different all over the world
In __________, one is marrying within the same group. a. exogamy b. endogamy c. polyandry d. an extended family
endogamy
In some societies, closely related members of the ruling class and the upper class marry to preserve their power and wealth within their families. This is a practice known as ________.
endogamy
While race might reflect our biological heritage, ________ reflects our cultural heritage.
ethnicity
The group's __________ leader serves to reduce conflict. expressive authoritarian aggressive instrumental
expressive
Sally is employed as a computer programmer for the Ellis Corporation. She has a savings account of $15,000 and owns a few shares of Ellis stock. She thinks of herself as an investor rather than as a worker. Marx would maintain that Sally has experienced ________.
false class consciousness
a ____ is an example of a primary group
family
The most significant predictor of whether a student will attend college is his/her ________.
family background
A person grows up in his or her __________. a. family of procreation b. extended family c. family of orientation d. imaginary family
family of orientation
Terrorists try to create __________ to reach certain __________. fear; political goals chaos; order fear; reconciliation alarm; attention
fear; political goals
The United States follows __________, where the means of production are privately owned and profits are pursued, but the welfare of the population is protected by a system of laws. state socialism state capitalism laissez-faire capitalism pure capitalism
state capitalism
A 90-year old college student exemplifies _____ status shock prestige status inconsistency role
status inconsistency
Garish is a husband, a son, an entrepreneur, and an amateur ornithologist. A sociologist would say that these statuses or positions make up Girish's _______. told social class status set culture
status set
A backword collar is a(n) _____ for a priest. negative status symbol standard in all cultures status symbol ascribed status
status symbol
The invention of the plow is to the second social revolution as the ________ is to the third social revolution.
steam engine
Our assumptions about what people are like are known as _____. educated guesses stereotypes roles status set
stereotypes
in Asch's experiment on conformity, he found that most people ______
gave in to the group even though they knew the group was wrong
The looking-glass self relates to the concept of "me" by __________.
helping us to see ourselves as we think others see us, which allows the objective "me" to form
The gap between rich and poor Americans is __________. historically high narrowing slightly higher than it has been in the past about the same as it has always been
historically high
What are the three qualities on which research ethics is based?
honesty; truth; openness
LuAnn has a terminal disease and is close to death. Every other day, a person comes to her home and monitors her health signs, talks with her, and answers any questions the family has about LuAnn. The services provided LuAnn are referred to as ________.
hospice
A model that is a composite of the most efficient and highest-rated characteristics of many specific examples is called a(n) ________.
ideal type
Social class is based on _____. income, education, and occupational prestige birth marriage religion
income, education, and occupational prestige
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that
language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it
The sworn virgins of Albania are treated by people in their society as
men
The theories that propose societies may take different routes, but eventually lead to the same stage of development, are ________ theories.
multilinear
Social Security and Medicare take approximately ___ of total government revenue.
one-half
psychologists tend to explain deviance in terms of the ______
personality of the individual
which of the following people would look for explanations of deviance outside the individual, in social experience
sociologist
In Hinduism, one of the central beliefs is karma, which means ________.
spiritual progress
parents who have a high level of education
"Cultural capital" refers to privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life, such as __________.
Stephen Schwarzman, one of the members of the global superclass, stated that __________ people make the world's major decisions. 5 to 10 20 to 50 100 to 250 2,000 to 5,000
20 to 50
Since 1789, about ___ men have served in the U.S. Senate, compared to ___ women
2000; 44
parents
26. If teaching is done well and students are held to high standards, some students accustomed to low standards will not graduate. This upsets ______
Because Jane is in management at the Pepsi company, she knows she will be serving as a mentor for at least __________ junior staff people who are different from herself. 3 5 10 20
3
Today, __________ of workers are women and __________ are minorities. 10 percent; 8 percent 26 percent; 21 percent 47 percent; 34 percent 56 percent; 41 percent
47 percent; 34 percent
Approximately what percentage of each U.S. tax dollar is dedicated to Social Security and Medicare benefits?
52 percent
Between the top of the bureaucratic structure of a university and a sociology professor on the bottom, how many layers are there? (Include the top and the bottom in the count.) 2 3 4 7
7
The later older years begin at about age
75
A small group of seven students evaluated Professor Zanylo's lectures. On a scale of 1 to 10, the scores the students registered were 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10. Professor Zanylo's mode score was ________ and his median score was ________.
9; 8
Peer group
A group of if individuals, often of roughly the same age, who are linked by common interests and orientations
Cultural diffusion is
A group of people adopting things they find desirable from another culture
Which of the following is not an example of sexual harassment?
A high school boy acting obnoxious around a girl he is attracted to
Sociologically, what is a blended family?
A husband or wife brings a child into the new family from a prior relationship
Which of the following provides the best example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
A person whose native language does not contain separate words for jam and jelly cannot distinguish between jam and jelly.
Total institution
A place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are out off from the rest of society and the society is mostly cut off from them
What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?
A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others in order to do so by a person
How does a Ponzi scheme work?
A system where instead of investing people's money in the stock market, the money is used to pay returns to other investors, causing them to think the firm is very successful
Looking glass self
A term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others reactions to us
Degradation ceremony
A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someones self by stripping away that individuals self identity and stamping a new identity in its place
In what way would a person who has high social class according to Max Weber's theory of social class also have high social class in Karl Marx's theory of social class?
According to Weber, a person who has high prestige or power would be able to use those to obtain property.
Goffman believes that in social situations participants suppress true feelings in favor of behavior acceptable to a group. Which example best illustrates his claim?
At a performing arts center, a woman quietly watches an opera she hates.
In the bureaucratic structure of a medium-sized university, approximately where would one find the instructor for this course, provided that he or she is not the chair of the sociology department?
At or near the bottom of the chart
A __________ is a common understanding of how the world operates, while a __________ is an assumption of what people are like.
Background assumption; stereotype
Members of a(n) __________ have special terms with which they communicate among themselves.
subculture
What was Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life, accompanied by hard work and frugality?
the Protestant ethic
Napoleon Chagnon's visit to the Yanomamö tribe, where he observed tribe members appearing naked in public, using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses, is a good example of ________.
the cultural relativity of deviance
In society, which group has the greatest power, privileges, and social status?
the dominant group
Husbands remain primarily responsible for earning the income and wives are primarily responsible for the house and children. This is an arrangement sociologists call ________.
the gendered division of labor
Margaret, Sofia, and Craig are members of a secondary group. which one of the following statements is true of these acquaintances
they have common interest, but little social connection
Bureaucracies are widespread in society because __________. they are incompetent there is no other form of organization they work well on the whole they are the law of the land
they work well on the whole
What advantage does the author see in passing laws that would require background checks of nursing home workers?
they would likely reduce the incidents of elderly abuse
How many subcultures does U.S. society contain?
thousands
a social group includes ____
two or more people who identify and interact with one another
The smallest number of people that can still be considered a group is __________. one person two people three people ten people
two people
The local theater group, the Cub Scouts, and the Business and Professional Women's Club are examples of __________. temporary organizations alternatives to bureaucracies oligarchies voluntary associations
voluntary associations
For the social institution of religion, name some of the basic needs addressed and some norms of the institution.
Basic needs: concerns about life after death, the meaning of suffering and loss, and the desire to connect with the Creator. Norms: attend worship services, contribute money, follow the teachings
What did Solomon Asch's experiment on group conformity demonstrate?
Because of group pressure, most people are willing to say things they know are not true
the cultural transmission of values
Because of the emphasis of her teachers, Inez was able to name the first few presidents of the United States from memory by the time she was in fifth grade. This demonstrates the way schools celebrate founders and pass on the society's core values through __________.
Why would a very wealthy person in a class system not be concerned that his children will lose their social status?
Birth in a class system can overcome many other obstacles.
How has the age of the average first-time bride and groom in the United States changed since 1890?
Both the bride and groom are older than at any other time
Who believes that social institutions were originally designed to meet basic survival needs? conflict theorists functionalist theorists both conflict & functionalist theorists the status set
Both the conflict & functionalist theorists
The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another refers to ________.
Cultural diffusion
_____ refers to one part of a culture changing while other parts remain behind.
Cultural lag
In recent years, cultures, have become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication. Sociologists use the term "_______" to describe this process.
Cultural leveling
Which of the following about cultural relativism is true?
Cultural relativism has come under-attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating
Anthropologist Ralph Linton said, "The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water." What does this imply about culture?
Culture is taken for granted by members of society who share it.
Many fundamentalist Christian lobby for laws making same-sex marriage illegal. Gays and lesbians consider same-sex relationships and same-sex marriage as a basic human right. Which concept best describes the relationship between these fundamentalist Christians and the gay/lesbian community?
Culture war due to conflictng values.
manifest funtions
The intended beneficial consequences of people's actions are known as __________.
Manifest functions
The intended beneficial consequences of peoples actions
What is a social environment?
The key social factors influencing the behaviour of businesses and their customers.
How is our nine-month school year a living example of a culture lag?
The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s.
According to Karl Marx, what do the bourgeoisie have that the proletarians do not have?
The means of production
All of the following statements regarding the "graying of America" are accurate EXCEPT for which one?
The median age of Americans has almost doubled since 1950.
Why did the creation of the industrial society lead to greater social inequality?
The new technology was far more efficient than anything that preceded it, leading to larger surpluses and greater inequality
The term "real culture" refers to
The norms and values people actually follow
Generalized
The norms, values, attitudes, and expectation of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of self
What is a social environment?
The people we interact with regularly
According to the concept environmental injustice, what two groups are affected the most by pollution?
The poor and minorities
Anticipatory socialization
The process of learning in advance and anticipated future or role status
The author that added three values to the original list of ten core values that Robin Williams indentified as the most common in American society. Which of the following is NOT one of the three values added?
Equality.
Which of the following terms would be most useful in explaining why a person from the United States who views dogs and cats as pets might be disgusted by a culture who viewed them as a source of food?
Ethnocentrism
The refusal of Christians to accept Islam as a valid religion is a form of _____, while the sincere effort to understand the practice of having multiple wives in some societies is a form of _____.
Ethnocentrism, cultural relativism.
In 1906, sociologist William Summer made the comment "One's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it." This statement is most aligned with the concept of _______.
Ethnocentrism.
Who surrounds themselves with a personal bubble (personal space)? No one Children only Only adults past middle age Everyone
Everyone
Sociobiology emphasizes
Evolutionary explanations of social behavior in animals including human beings
Which of the following is an example of a first step of resocialization in a total institution such as prison?
Experiencing the removal of your existing identity
which of the following is an example of the clear levels in a bureaucracy?
Fiona, who is the head of her department, meets with her employees each week to distribute assignments and hear their reports on the work they completed
When someone is jogging on the left side of the side walk and you, running faster, overtake that person on his or her right this runs counter to a ___________ folkway in the United States.
Folkway
What sport did anthropologist Douglas Foley and sociologist Donna Eder examine to illustrate the devaluation of females as a method of motivating men?
Football
Mass media
Forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, and television that are directed to mass audiences
How do Piaget's and Freud's views on human development differ?
Freud believed that people were passive in their own development, while Piaget thought that they were active in their growth.
Ego
Freud term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society
id
Freud term for our inborn basic drives
Super ego
Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups
should not be based on property taxes
From a conflict perspective, school funding __________.
What did Ezekiel suggest as the reason why some people are attracted to racist hate groups?
Hate groups provide some people with a type of meaning in their lives
Why would it be considered offensive to use the U.S. "A-OK" gesture to express your enjoyment of a meal eaten in a restaurant in southern Italy?
In Italy, the "A-OK" gesture is used to refer to a part of the lower body in a negative way.
politicians are interested in using the educational system to shape minds
In Russia, __________.
set on a certain course only a few days into kindergarten
In a classic study by Ray Rist, it was determined by observation that a child's education was essentially __________.
false;true
In a self-fulfilling prophecy, the assertion was originally __________, and becomes __________.
study exactly the same thing at exactly the same time
In grade schools in Japan, all children in a class __________.
Marcus works as an air conditioner technician. This places him solidly in the upper middle class. However, he has a lot of freedom in his job, because he is on the road alone most of the workday. What character trait will Marcus likely appreciate in his children?
Independence
Why is it in the best interests of the government of China to maintain Internet censorship, even though it is unpopular with the people?
Internet censorship is an easy method to control what the people of China believe.
The main way people communicate is through
Language
Which of the following forms the basis of human culture?
Language
Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ______.
Language creates ways of thinking and percieving.
All of the following statements are accurate regarding language, EXCEPT for which one?
Language is universal in terms of the meaning of particular sounds.
College provides a haven for several million potential workers who are classified as "students" rather than "unemployed," which helps stabilize the job market. This situation represents what Merton would describe as a _______.
Latent function
Sociologists have identified an emerging set of five interrelated values in American society. What are these emerging values?
Leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and environmental concern.
Which statement about incest is true?
No society permits generalized incest for its members.
How do norms make a social life possible?
Norms make behavior predictable. We are socialized to follow norms, to play the basic roles that society assigns to us. Without norms, we would have social chaos. Norms bring about social order.
The concept of the maquiladoras was made possible by the passage of the ________.
North American Free Trade Agreement
How has being elderly in the United States changed recently?
People who are in good health today are coming to experience their 60s not as old age, but as an extension of their middle years.
What conclusion did epidemiologist Lynda Powell and her colleagues reach after studying data on the effects of participation in organized religion on health?
People who attended religious services at least once a week have 25 percent fewer deaths than people who do not attend church.
What is the sandwich generation?
People who take care of their parents and their children
In the United States, people tend to stay several feet apart when talking to each other. In the Middle East, however, both men and women tend to stand much closer. Which of the following does this demonstrate?
Personal space is defined culturally.
A person's consistent manner of acting, feeling, and thinking is part of his or her __________.
Personality
Nick was a promising caseworker for an agency. After earning several lower-level promotions, he was appointed to a supervisory position. Supervisory work did not mix well with Nick's abilities and he fell into a professional rut. This is an example of the ________.
Peter principle
Pietro, a wealthy businessman, has been a devoted Roman Catholic his entire life. But a few months ago he received a vision from God to wage a campaign to change the policy of the church to accept women as priests and to accept a prochoice philosophy. Based on this, the Vatican has stripped Pietro of his membership in the church. Which phrase describes what has happened to Pietro?
Pietro has been excommunicated
The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that approved "separate but equal" accommodations for blacks and whites as a reasonable use of state power was ________.
Plessy v. Ferguson
__________ is the exercise of power and attempts to maintain or change power relations. Micropolitics Macropolitics Power Politics
Politics
According to Max Weber, the idea that Protestants should work hard and be thrifty was an unexpected consequence of the ________.
Protestant Reformation
Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life characterized by people living frugal lives and saving their money as the ________.
Protestant ethic
girls
Researchers found that from kindergarten to fifth grade, when children have equal test scores, __________ receive higher grades.
When Joe enters the Army, he is assigned a number, given a uniform, and told to shave off all facial hair. If you consider the Army a total institution, what process is Joe experiencing?
Resocialization
What distinction did sociologist Frances Perkins hold in American history?
She was the first woman to hold a presidential cabinet position.
Which distinction did sociologist Frances Perkins hold in American history?
She was the first woman to hold a presidential cabinet position.
As a full professor of sociology, Jackie ranks high in prestige, but relatively low in income. What can one expect of her political views?
She will be more politically radical.
men and women are equal
Sikh religion's position with respect to gender relations is that ( )
In The Scarlet Letter, why was Hester Prynne required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress?
Sociologically, this served as a negative sanction and an example of shaming
What is the reasoning by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore to support their beliefs that social inequality has beneficial consequences for the operation of society?
Some form of social stratification has been found in every known society.
Which research method involves collecting data by having people answer a series of questions?
Survey.
Another term for no material culture that sociologists use is
Symbolic culture
Which of the following best describes Erving Goffman's "impression management"?
The efforts of a person to control the impressions that other people have of him or her
__________ seems to have real potential for more effective diversity training. The old boys network The hidden corporate culture Virtual humanization Virtual reality
Virtual reality
The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP, was ________.
W.E.B. Dubois
"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." This statement was made by sociologist(s) ______. Emile Durkheim WI & Dorothy S. Thomas Mark Snyder & Elliott Warsaw Erving Goffman
WI & Dorothy S Thomas
Which of the following is the best example of a gesture?
Waving your hand to greet a friend
Religion that is limited to a specific race or ethnicity
What is the meaning of ethnic religion?
religion is open for anyone with no restrictions
What is the meaning of universalizing religion?
has always been a matter of dispute
Whether community colleges should prepare high school graduates to enter four- year colleges or prepare the students for vocational work, __________.
signaling
Through __________, a student may affect how the teacher perceives him or her and get higher grades.
Why do many corporations, such as those employing the labor of the maquiladoras, have their products manufactured in other countries?
To increase corporate profits
Which of the following is a reason school children were made to witness executions three hundred years ago?
To scare children into good behavior
Basically, technology is associated with
Tools
People's ____ have to do with what they think is appropriate in life.
Values
Which statement about the origin of values is true?
Values are related to conditions of society.
Which of the following people is most likely to have an experience similar to that of the author when he visited Morocco?
Vijay's company transfers him from the main office in Washington, D.C. to a satellite office in Lima, Peru.
Hinduism
Which religion considers the Ganges River is a spiritual site?
Hinduism
Which religion considers the case system as its major social manifestation
social placement
__________ refers to a function of education that funnels people into a society's various positions.
Functional illiteracy
__________ refers to high school graduates who have never mastered things they should have learned in grade school.
Mandatory education laws
__________ require that all children attend school until they reach a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school
Sacred
__________, for Durkheim, meant things connected with the supernatural.
Latent functions
___________are the unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions.
In the model of historical change proposed by Karl Marx, the final stage in the process would be called ________.
a classless state
In the absence of _____, the same person will catch a fish, drive it to market, and sell it. common sense a division of labor basic capitalism mechanical solidarity
a division of labor
Because of our sense of belonging and loyalty to in-groups, we often judge our own group's traits as virtues, but view the same traits in other groups as vices. This judgment of superiority is an example of ________.
a double standard
According to symbolic interactionists, the deciding factor that determines if change in society is good or bad requires ________.
a framework or context from which to view the meaning of the change
The new world structure has integrated the world's nations into __________. a stockholder society mechanical solidarity a global production and distribution system corporate neosocialism
a global production and distribution system
What is a core value reflected by the education system in Japan?
a group-centered approach that stresses uniformity
Which phrase best describes Miss Rivers' Lodge?
a health care experiment at Tuskegee University
Democratic socialism is __________. an economic system where only individuals own businesses a hybrid economic system pure capitalism an economic system where only the government owns businesses
a hybrid economic system
In which of the following settings would shaming be LEAST effective?
a large inner-city neighborhood
A sociologist should use __________ to analyze the broad features of society.
a macrosociological approach
Sociologically, how would a cult be defined?
a new or different religion at odds with the dominant culture and religion
Conflict theorists take the position that __________ dominate(s) the United States. lobbyists functionalists anarchy a ruling class
a ruling class
John desires the best things in life - a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John?
an innovator
One of the emotions identified by paul ekman is
anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise
According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.
anomie
The social science discipline that concentrates on the study of artifacts, social structure, ideas, values, and forms of communication is ________.
anthropology
when you learn to play a role before entering it, this is known as
anticipatory socialization
A form of the caste system that, until recently, was legal in South Africa was called ________.
apartheid
The sandwich generation is so called because they __________. a. are torn between work and family responsibilities b. are caring for both their children and their parents c. have bad eating habits, which lead to obesity d. are caring for both their parents and grandparents
are caring for both their parents and grandparents
How have television advertisements and other forms of cultural media typically portrayed the elderly?
as unimportant and stereotyped
A(n) _____ status is given to you; you do not earn it. achieved ascribed earned marital
ascribed
in a bureaucracy, ____ flows downward from level to level and _____ flows upward
assignments; accountability
A(n) ________ leadership style has the tendency to encourage either aggressive or apathetic behavior among group members with aggressive members growing increasingly hostile towards their leader.
authoritarian
Any leadership style might create resentment, but the one most likely to do so is the __________ leadership style. democratic expressive authoritarian instrumental
authoritarian
According to Adorno, a(n) ________ is a person who is prejudiced and ranks high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors.
authoritarian personality
__________ is the violation of norms. a. Negative sanction b. Deviance c. Social control d. Stigma
b. Deviance
How does deviance clarify moral boundaries and affirm norms? a. by following the tenets of strain theory b. Punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what it means to be a member of the group. c. by opening up the illegitimate opportunity structure d. Rewarding deviance enhances the strength of the group as a whole.
b. Punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what it means to be a member of the group.
Conflict theorists view the criminal justice system as __________. a. operating impartially to bring justice to all b. a way for the elite to exert control c. focusing on punishment of the powerful d. an honest endeavor by society to settle disputes equitably
b. a way for the elite to exert control
A good indicator that the death penalty is disproportionately applied to lower-class citizens is that __________ of all the prisoners on death row have not finished high school. a. a quarter b. almost half c. a tenth d. almost all
b. almost half
In strain theory, institutionalized means are __________. a. rejected b. approved ways of reaching cultural goals c. unapproved ways of reaching cultural goals d. outmoded
b. approved ways of reaching cultural goals
What are the three elements of religion based on the writings of Emile Durkheim?
beliefs, practices, moral community
groups are made up of people who interact with one another and who _____
believe they belong together
Max Weber's prediction that ________ would come to dominate social life has withstood the test of time more than any other prediction in sociology.
bureaucracies
What is the practice of suttee?
burning the living widow with the body of her dead husband
According to Ray Rist's research, how long did it take for teachers to determine a child's potential success in school?
by the end of the first two weeks of kindergarten
About __________ of all those in prison have a father, mother, brother, sister, or spouse who has also served time in prison. a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent
c. 50 percent
Since the death penalty was reinstated in 1977, __________ of those put to death have been white and __________ have been African American. a. 21 percent; 49 percent b. 38 percent; 44 percent c. 57 percent; 34 percent d. 73 percent; 24 percent
c. 57 percent; 34 percent
The recidivism rate, which is the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested, is __________ within three years of release. a. 15 percent b. 38 percent c. 68 percent d. 91 percent
c. 68 percent
__________ states that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity. a. Deviance theory b. Control theory c. Labeling theory d. Neutralization
c. Labeling theory
There are a variety of ways to approach deviance. __________ look for answers internal to individuals, such as a possible genetic predisposition to deviance. a. All sociologists b. Conflict theorists c. Sociobiologists d. Psychologists
c. Sociobiologists
In control theory, how many control systems are in place to work against our tendencies to deviate? a. None b. One c. Two d. Six
c. Two
Shaming as a control strategy is __________. a. illegal b. a relic dating to colonial times c. apparently becoming popular again d. a form of neutralization
c. apparently becoming popular again
Street crimes refer to acts such as __________. a. embezzlement b. identity theft c. burglaries and assaults d. a corporation hiding large sums of money to avoid paying taxes
c. burglaries and assaults.
Symbolic interactionists stress that we __________. a. are prisoners of socialization b. are pawns in the hands of others, so to speak c. contribute to the formation of our own lives d. are predestined to think and act as our groups dictate
c. contribute to the formation of our own life
On any given day, __________ are incarcerated. a. fewer high school dropouts than college graduates b. fewer never-marrieds than ever-marrieds c. more men than women d. more women than men
c. more men than women
Psychologists look at __________ as possible causes of deviance. a. factors outside the individual b. social influences that recruit people to break norms c. personality disorders d. genes
c. personality disorders
In the medicalization of deviance, deviance becomes a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by __________. a. the court b. sociologists c. physicians d. the police
c. physicians
Because deviance undermines predictability, a system of __________ was developed to enforce the norms. a. street crime b. sociology c. social control d. assumption reinforcement
c. social control
Sociologist Robert Merton developed __________. a. deviance theory b. a defense of white-collar crime c. strain theory d. modern sociology
c. strain theory
According to Hirschi, if our bonds with society are __________, our inner controls will be __________. a. weak; strong b. weak; working harder c. strong; strong d. strong; ineffective
c. strong; strong
The term "capital punishment" refers to __________. a. white-collar crime b. nonviolent crime c. the death penalty d. laws regulating capitalism in countries under autocratic rule
c. the death penalty
The philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal is
called feminism
Our social networks __________. generally cause us to fight inequality are unrelated to inequality can contribute to the persistence of inequality reflect our desire to change the world
can contribute to the persistence of inequality
In __________, the means of production are privately owned. socialism convergence theory laissez-faire socialism capitalism
capitalism
Of the following, the crime with the highest recidivism rate within three years of release from prison is ________.
car theft
Groupthink __________. Enterprises was a think tank founded by sociologist Irving Janis has positive attributes, according to the text is of no small consequence no longer occurs now that everyone is aware of it
is of no small consequence
Which statement about machismo is true? a. It increases with each generation in the United States. b. It is limited to Latinos. c. It decreases with each generation in the United States. d. It is more important than social class in determining family life.
it decreases with each generation in the U.S.
Timasheff (1965) identified seven "fuels" that make war likely, including the idea that __________. religious beliefs should not be shared a cultural tradition of war is desirable it is necessary to get back at enemies for what they did before an antagonistic situation can only be resolved through violent methods
it is necessary to get back at enemies for what they did before
according to the theory of differential association, putting criminals in prison probably increases recidivism. why
it puts them in close contact with other deviants who reinforce their attitudes about deviant behavior
Marion belonged to a group that got together once a month in group members' houses to converse in Russian, which they had all learned in school. The Russian enthusiasts were an example of a group that wielded influence over _____. vast segments of their behavior the need to conform with group norms over many aspects of life just a small part of their behavior social class
just a small part of their behavior
For Durkheim, people who performed similar tasks had in common the way they looked at life, which he called _______. mechanical solidarity impromptu solidarity organic solidarity social class
mechanical solidarity
Using exceptionally simple questions on an exam and "dummying down" grading scales so everyone passes are examples of a growing problem in education called ________.
mediocrity
With the extent and type of government surveillance, plus our smartphones and cars emitting information about where we are, we may be entering a__________. minimum-security society utopia, because we will have little to fear maximum-security society "memory hole"
memory hole
A typical lie made by potential mates on an online dating site is __________. a. men saying they are taller than they are b. women saying they weigh more than they do c. men saying they are shorter than they are d. women saying they are friendlier than they are
men saying they are taller than they are
what is meant by the statement, "homelessness and mental illness are reciprocal"
mental illness may cause someone to become homeless, but becoming homeless can also lead to mental illness
Gender __________ are the methods society uses to tell us how males and females are expected to act.
messages
Sociologists use _____ to analyze social interactions. micro sociology behavioral sociology macro sociology order theory
micro sociology
What is the background profile of most United States presidents?
millionaire white men from families with old money
As diversity in the workplace continues to increase, more than half of U.S. workers include which three groups?
minorities, immigrants, and women
What term did Louis Wirth use to define groups of people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination?
minority group
Paul loved to party at Mardi Gras, even if he was not involved in making a float or anything else. The atmosphere on the street was just so different, so easy. He had a great time. At such a(n) _____, the rules were loosened.
moral holiday
in the United States religion is important to
morality
after several years of foster care, children in the study of Bucharest had _________ Brain cells than children who stayed in the orphanage
more
sociological research has found that children from poor neighborhoods are _______ to get in difficulty with the law, & that parenting is ________ in the poor neighborhoods
more likely harder
If you kill another person, you have violated a society's
mores
The _____ framework that determines what kind of people we become is culture. biological narrowest only most overarching
most overarching
What three factors account for the long life expectancy of the Abkhasians, the people living in the former Soviet republic of Georgia?
mostly vegetarian diet; lifelong physical activity; sense of community
Switzerland is made up of four separate ethnic groups that have kept their own languages but are peacefully united politically and economically. This pattern of intergroup relations is an example of ________.
multiculturalism
In the United States, third parties __________. have consistently been successful must support the same centrist themes as Democrats and Republicans to play a role are illegal have to set themselves apart from the two main parties to play a role
must support the same centrist themes as Democrats and Republicans to play a role
in a voluntary associoation, individuals volunteer on the basis of _____
mutual interest
what is the basis for organization of all voluntary associations
mutual interest
A common thread that runs through all voluntary associations is ________.
mutual interest among members
The term "organic solidarity" is based on the way that different members of society _____. intermarry need each other share the same status level exploit each other
need each other
a female coworker comes into the office one day wearing a low-cut blouse. she is greeted by snickers in the lunchroom and hears people whispering as she walks down the hall. these reactions are examples of ______
negative sanctions
During World War II, European Jews had to wear yellow stars on their clothing. The star is an example of a(n) __________.
negative status symbol
The Industrialized Nations control of the Least Industrialized Nations through debts owed to them, which is referred to as ________.
neocolonialism
when is the development of self concept finished
never
The emerging tools and the skills needed to use them, which have a significant impact on social life, are called ________.
new technology
Sadness is to sorrow as __________ is(are) to symbolic culture.
nonmaterial culture
A term for rules of behavior is
norms
According to Marx, workers feel alienation because they are __________. not connected to the finished products of their labor spoiled tired of using their own tools to make the finished product overstimulated by their jobs
not connected to the finished products of their labor
Asian American families are more likely to adopt the practice of ________, which is the Confucian value meaning each member of a family owes respect to other family members.
obligation
One feels antagonism toward a(n) __________. out-group primary group aggregate in-group
out-group
Although it is the most egalitarian, what was the one social division common to all hunting and gathering societies?
prestige based on male labor
When you encounter an adult who has difficulty getting along with others and maintaining any relationships, you will probably be tempted to consider how he or she was treated in his or her first __________ group. secondary reference primary aggregate
primary
a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships is called a ____ group
primary
"how are you?" is a common greeting. members of which type of group are likely to really want to hear the details of how you are doing?
primary group
A small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is a(n) __________. primary group reference group secondary group out-group
primary group
Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.
primary group
A vagina, penis, and other organs related to reproduction make up the
primary sex characteristics
A total institution leaves an indelible mark on a person's self. the Mark can be imposed quickly or in a more prolonged process. in ________ the process is brutal and prolonged
prison
What did Durkheim call the common elements of everyday life?
profane
Culture has a(n) _______ effect on people's lives. profound moderate occasional no
profound
If a person were living during Karl Marx's lifetime and worked at the Smittertown ironworks, Marx would consider that person a member of the ________.
proletariat
Of the following choices, the doctorate conferred with the greatest percentage of women recipients is ________, while the doctorate with the greatest percentage to men is ________.
psychology; engineering
The first wave of the women's movement had a radical branch and a conservative branch. What was the goal of the radical branch of the movement?
reforming all the institutions of society
in the mafia, not killing someone who has broken certain rules, such as "squealing" to the cops, is seen as deviant. this example shows how deviance is
relative
Priest, minister, rabbi, and imam are examples of statuses associated with the social institution of _____. religion the law the family medicine
religion
"In God We Trust" appears on money in the United States. This reflects the core value of ______
religiosity
What is the term that refers to a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God?
religious experience
In a bureaucracy, every worker is __________. replaceable the boss irreplaceable holding a hereditary position
replaceable
_________ refers to learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors to match a new situation in life
resocialization
The original goal of the Reformation led by Martin Luther was to ________.
restructure the Roman Catholic church
Of the following, the most important threat to global control by the G8, the group of nations that decide world policy, is the ________.
resurgence of ethnic conflicts worldwide
The sense that better conditions are soon to follow which, if unfulfilled, increases frustration, is called ________.
rising expectations
Next week, Abraham and Hazel will attend the bar mitzvah of their nephew. Their nephew's bar mitzvah is an example of a religious ________.
ritual
Suki enjoys her long commute to work every day, because it gives her a chance to mentally switch gears from being a mother to being a businesswoman. By separating these parts of her life, Suki is attempting to minimize __________.
role conflict
_____ indicate what is expected of people. roles sociology parts master status
roles
In __________, each member can have a direct interaction with every other group member. large groups a society group dynamics small groups
small groups
Hall found North Americans use _____ distance for business relationships tribal stereotypical social aggressive
social
Patterns of speech relate to __________ in the United Kingdom.
social class
attachments, commitments, involvements, and beliefs are four different types of ______
social controls
Studying the twins, Jack and Oskar, teaches sociologists that __________.
social experiences override biology
Durkheim referred to patterns of behavior that characterize a social group as ________.
social facts
_____ refers to the typical ways society meets its essential needs. religion social institutions status social class
social institutions
Emile Durkheim was interested in how societies united their members by shared values and other social bonds to produce _____. social dissolution aggregation dissonance social integration
social integration
One of the functions performed by schools is to promote a sense of national identity and stabilize the political system. This function is referred to as ________.
social integration
adolescence is a
social invention
When sociologists' group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income, they are trying to determine ________.
social location
__________ are the links generating outward from a person that ties him or her to others. Cliques Reference groups All groups Social networks
social networks
A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives, is called ________.
social order
The development of the assembly line process and use of interchangeable parts is an example of how technology has changed ________.
social organization
Renee has difficulty in reading and writing. However, despite her problem with reading and writing, she has been passed into the next grade every year. This is an example of ________.
social promotion
Because of new technologies, more parents can work at home, which can strengthen families and lead to a decrease in the divorce rate. This example demonstrates how new technology can transform ________.
social relationships
_____ consists of the usual patterns between students and teachers, for example, or between men and women; these patterns were laid out before any of these people were born. behavior ordination social structure classical structure
social structure
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Leon Trotsky used the term __________ to describe the intermediary step between capitalism and communism.
socialism
according to control theory, the key to learning strong self-control is ______, especially in childhood
socialization
Which of the following is one of the five functional requisites that functionalists believe a society must meet to survive? removing a sense of purpose yielding the needs of the group in favor of self-interest promotion creative chaos socializing youth
socializing youth
It would be fair to say that in the cultural leveling process taking place today
something vital is lost forever
The Midwest Dairy Association, the National Retail Federation, and the National Rifle Association are examples of __________. lobbyists PACs special-interest groups third parties
special-interest groups
Parents are actually spending more time with the children today than in the last forty years, and the main way parents have found the extra time is by __________. a. sleeping less b. spending less time with others c. working shorter hours d. enjoying the new, shorter workweek most employers have implemented
spending less time with others
Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, any Asian was viewed as an enemy of America. This phenomenon that occurs when one ethnic group that resembles another is also discriminated against because of mere association is called ________.
spillover bigotry
during his first year of high school, stan and his family move to the suburbs. at first, stan has trouble fitting in and making friends, but by the time his first semester is over, he has a close-knit group of buddies. stan's friends smoke marijuana, and soon he begins to smoke it as well. how would the theory of differential association explain stan's behavior?
stan adopts his friends' attitude toward this form of deviance
Erving Goffman used the term ________ to refer to characteristics that discredit people.
stigma
a characteristic that discredits people is known as a
stigma
in chinua achebe's novel, things fall apart, set in colonial nigeria, the native igbo people regard twins as a bad omen. any time twin babies are born, the parents take them to the "evil forest" and leave them there to die. within this society, being born a twin is a _____
stigma
______ thoery focuses on the frustrations people feel when they desire the things society associates with "success" but have few legitimate opportunities to reach those goals
strain
Sociologists Rosenthal and Jacobson found that when teachers were told that certain students would probably spurt ahead during the year, those students actually did better than other students on IQ tests. What does this illustrate?
students will respond to teachers' expectations
Ethnomethodology is the study of __________.
studies how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make interaction possible
A feral child is defined as a __________.
children who have lived in isolation from human contact
Under India's caste system, the occupation of __________ is held by "untouchables."
clothes washer
Triads often generate __________. dyads coalitions groups of four groups of six
coalitions
Based on the average of 60 nations, what three occupations enjoy the highest prestige ratings?
college president, Supreme Court judge, astronaut
The main anticapitalism argument is that such a system __________. focuses too much on the public good leads to too much social equality does not respect individual rights creates inequity
creates inequity
When clerks in stores smile at customers, they will be _____. assured of increased sales accepted in all cultures universally encourages creating discomfort in some cultures
creating discomfort in some cultures
When employers use diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work, it becomes a ________ society.
credential
The harlows took baby monkeys away from their mothers to live alone, frightened them and observed that the babies clung to terrycloth fake mothers rather then wire fake mothers. the experiment intended to prove what might already have been obvious--that infants need to be...
cuddled
Although cooperation is a core value in Japan, Japanese students are admitted to college only on the basis of intense competition. This is an example of a ________.
cultural contradiction
The Internet has helped to spread the English language around the world. Sociologists describe this process as __________.
cultural diffusion
What concept is central to all evolutionary theories, regardless of their type?
cultural progress
Anthropologist Robert Edgerton believes that cultures whose practices result in the exploitation of people are morally inferior to cultures whose practices enhance human life. Edgerton argues, therefore, that cultures should not all be viewed with __________.
cultural relativism
In his book, Sick Societies, anthropologist Robert Edgerton proposed that cultures should be evaluated on their "quality of life" and not just automatically accepted. This is contrary to which of the following sociological concepts?
cultural relativism
To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called
cultural relativism
_____ refer(s) to values, norms, or other cultural traits found everywhere.
cultural universals
A society typically passes along its __________, or language, beliefs, values, norms, and material objects, from one generation to the next.
culture
Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe ________.
culture
Schmuel lives in Israel and speaks Hebrew; Henri lives in Paris and speaks French; Meg lives in London and speaks English; Mei-Ling lives in Beijing and speaks Chinese; and Clarita lives in Mexico and speaks Spanish. This information lends support to the sociological assumption that __________.
culture is universal but the particulars of culture are not
After a fairly short plane ride from New York City, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats, chickens, and motor scooters, rather than cars. Food, clothing, and carpets were being sold by street vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on the ground, in no order that he could recognize. Irving was experiencing
culture shock
According to Marx, human history shows that struggle develops between the thesis and its antithesis, leading to a synthesis. Marx called this historical change a(n) ________.
dialectical process
According to Weber, in a bureaucracy the task assignments flow __________ and accountability flows __________. upward; upward upward; downward downward; downward downward; upward
downward; upward
Cindy acts casually around her friends but formally around her coworkers. When she gets together with her in- laws, she is polite and reserved; however, when she is alone with her husband and children, she is extroverted and witty. Erving Goffman would present Cindy's behavior as an example of __________.
dramaturgical analysis
Erving Goffman used the term _____ to mean that social life is like a drama or a stage play. proscenium dramaturgy movie rehearsal
dramaturgy
In addition to choosing the appropriate research method, sociologists must follow research _______ to achieve truth, honesty, and openness.
ethics
For the last five years, Sarah has been trying to recover her ethnic heritage by tracing her family line. This attempt to trace her family line is an example of ________.
ethnic work
In regard to standards of beauty, cultures around the world tend to be __________.
ethnocentric
In 1906, sociologist William Sumner made the comment, "One's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it." This statement is most aligned with the concept of ________.
ethnocentrism
Marsha visits her pen pal Noora in Dubai and is shocked that Noora wears a hijab over her hair. Marsha confronts her, angrily asking why Noora would demean herself by covering her head with a veil. Noora replies that it is a form of modesty and closeness to God, and wearing it is a sign of pride. In confronting Noora, Marsha was exhibiting __________.
ethnocentrism
On average, one tribe of Amazonian Indians has been lost each year of the twentieth century. What is the fundamental explanation for this destruction?
ethnocentrism and the greed of non-Indians
The refusal of Christians to accept Islam as a valid religion is a form of ________, while the sincere effort to understand the practice of having multiple wives in some societies is a form of ________.
ethnocentrism; cultural relativism
What conclusion did George Murdock make following his study of 324 societies?
every society associates certain activities with one sex or another
If 100 working-class people move upward on the class ladder and, at the same time, 100 middle-class people move downward, sociologists would consider this an example of ________ mobility.
exchange
In some tribal societies it is highly encouraged for the son or daughter of one tribe to marry the son or daughter of a neighboring or rival tribe to build camaraderie and form an alliance. This pattern of marital behavior is called ________.
exogamy
__________ requires that people marry outside the group. a. Exogamy b. Endogamy c. Matriarchy d. The family of orientation
exogamy
Workers today tend to __________ the humanization of the workplace. be conflicted by fear avoid expect
expect
Which of the following is an example of a first step of resocialization in a total institution such as prison?
experiencing the removal of you existing identity
in order to explain behavior that people find bizarre, szasz directs our attention not to hidden causes within the subconscious, but rather to _______
how people learn such behaviors
_____ refers to our efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us dramaturgy back stage impression management center stage
impression management
Violators of cultural taboos in the United States most likely would be sanctioned with __________.
imprisonment
Paul Ekman's work focused on the connection between __________ and emotions.
facial expressions
One of the reasons for the Islamic conflict with capitalist nations is the belief of some that modernization threatens their religion. The movement to restore the faith as it was originally practiced is called ________.
fundamentalism
In its 2010 ruling on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the U.S. Supreme Court __________. gave corporations even more freedom to contribute money for political purposes outlawed political contributions recognized that corporations are not people ruled that the First Amendment limits the amount of money that corporations can contribute to politicians
gave corporations even more freedom to contribute money for political purposes
The major distinction between gay or lesbian families and heterosexual families is that __________. a. they have different emphases on money and careers b. breakups occur for different reasons c. heterosexual families raise children and gay/lesbian families do not d. gay/lesbian families still face negativity
gay/lesbian families still face negativity
In every society, from the hunting and gathering society to the postindustrial society, the most common basis for social stratification has been ________.
gender
Little Jo got Dolls & jewelry for presents. her brother Joe got action figures and toy guns. such a division in toys and play give children ___________ lessons
gender
Learning the gender map is known as
gender socialization
The majority of students graduating with a degree in library science are women. Research has shown that this sex typing of majors is primarily due to ________.
gender socialization
The term for the unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on a person's sex is ________.
gender stratification
The fact that nearly 80 percent of engineering degrees are awarded to men while 90 percent of library science degrees are awarded to women illustrates the phenomenon of ________.
gender tracking
Sociologists are now developing what they call _________, which emphasizes the influence of genes on human behavior.
genetics-informed sociology
In the early middle years, a person would be most likely to __________ for the first time.
get divorced
Based on the research of sociologist George Farkas, which two groups of students were most successful in signaling their teachers they were good students?
girls and Asian Americans
What is the relationship between one's social class and one's chances of being a victim of crime?
inverse
Robert Michels said that a small group of elite members tends to perpetuate itself at the top levels of organizations. He called this the __________. McDonaldization of contemporary life hidden voluntary culture iron law of oligarchy democratic group
iron law of oligarchy
Stifling criticism as a means to maintain power __________.
is accomplished through the use of fear in dictatorship societies
The most uniformly applicable description of technology is that it ________.
is an artificial means of extending human abilities
Based on the research of Rosabeth Moss Kanter, what is meant by the term "hidden" corporate culture?
the values and beliefs of the corporation that shape employees' attitudes
what is the only circumstance under which thoughts and actions become deviant
when they violate particular norms
Numerically, what is the race of the majority of the poor in the United States?
white
The not-so-empty nest is a phrase that refers to when children ________.
who have moved out as young adults, then return to live with their parents
According to Karl Marx, what would be the end result of workers being pushed by capitalists to make more and more products without appropriate changes in compensation and treatment?
the violent takeover of the means of production and establishing a worker's state
The computer now allows the instantaneous transfer of billions of dollars from one country to another. One of the concerns of governments about this easy transferring of digitized money is that ________.
there are few traces for government to follow
which function applies to all voluntary associations
they all advance particular interestss
what do the Girl Scouts, knights of colubus, baptist church, and alcoholics anonymous all have in common
they are all voluntary associations
For what reason do sociologists study twins who were separated at birth?
they are biologically similar, but have different upbringings
Children adjust better to divorce if __________. a. the parent they live with is not making a good adjustment to the divorce b. their routines are varied c. they have another adult they can turn to d. they experience a great deal of conflict
they have another adult they can turn to
Prior to a formal system of education that included schools, teachers, and diplomas how was the manifest function of education accomplished?
through a process of acculturation
why must the inner circle of an organization remain attuned to the opinions of the rank-and-file members
to avoid a grassroots rebellion that would lead to the ousting of the inner circle
According to sociologist Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, boys in urban areas are motivated to join gangs for a number of reasons. Which of the following reasons LEAST qualifies as one of the reasons Jankowski discovered why urban youth join gangs?
to escape broken homes
Most major companies sponsor "diversity training" lectures and workshops for their employees. What is the ultimate purpose of these efforts?
to increase company profits and competitiveness
Pash Keqi is noteworthy because she __________ in Albania.
took on men's roles
What is the most popular way to accomplish gatekeeping?
tracking or sorting students into different education programs
A new life stage that seems to be evolving is the years
transitional older
Every December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah, the "festival of lights," during which special foods are served, rituals are practiced, and traditional activities take place that are unique to this faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith would represent which concept?
subculture
When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time its values and norms reflect the dominant culture of its society, the group would be considered a(n) ________.
subculture
Harold got up early and cleaned and polished his motorcycle, while Fabienne packed a picnic lunch. Their destination was a park on a lake about 50 miles away, where they would meet some friends who also liked to ride motorcycles on weekends. They soon got underway, driving safely on the highway at the speed limit, enjoying the trip, while they listened to National Public Radio. About halfway to their destination, Harold and Fabienne were overtaken by a speeding clump of about 10 motorcycles ridden by people with swastikas on the back of their jackets. Several of the group appeared to be completely nude under their jackets, which was legal in their state due to an anachronistic law that said you could not disrobe outdoors, but that did not address the situation where you were already disrobed when you arrived outdoors. In all likelihood, Harold and Fabienne could be termed members of a motorcycle enthusiast _____ and the cyclists who passed them could be termed members of a motorcycle enthusiast _____.
subculture; counterculture
Hunting and gathering societies had a(n) __________ economy; they lived off the land and had few belongings. subsistence modern pastoral industrial
subsistence
In freud's terms, culture within us is represented by the
superego
In Albania and parts of Bosnia and Serbia, it is a custom for some women to become men in order to __________.
support the family
George Herbert Mead was a
symbolic interactionist
Sakiko was a _______, so she was interested in micro sociology. functionalist symbolic interactionist structuralist conflict theorist
symbolic interactionist
Sociologists who analyze how social life depends on the ways that people define themselves and others are most likely ________.
symbolic interactionists
"Male" and "female" are such powerful __________ that learning them forces us to interpret the world in terms of gender.
symbols
Mead stressed that we cannot think without _______, and that ________ gives us our symbols
symbols society
Even just the thought of the violation of a _____ fills us with revulsion.
taboo
The automobile, and the skills needed to drive it, would be an example of ________.
technology
which of the following statements best explains the relationship between group size and group stability?
the birth of a single child makes the couple much stronger
In the northeast United States, some lakes which were once considered good fishing spots no longer have fish living in them. The reason fish cannot survive in these lakes is because ________.
the burning of fossil fuels produces acid rain
Jacob is single, 40 years old and living in government-subsidized housing. He does not want to pursue regular employment because he feels there are other members of society who need the work more than he does. Jacob's situation is an example of which of the following explanations of why people are poor?
the characteristics of individuals
What is the term for gender discrimination against women who miss the work experience while they care for children at home?
the child penalty
A feature of early societies was __________, the power of which radiated outward to adjacent areas that came under its rule. representative democracy revolutionary authority universal citizenship the city-state
the city-state
Which of the following led to the discontinuation of the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" to describe global stratification?
the collapse of the Soviet Union
Sociologists who view law as an instrument of oppression used to control workers are aligned most with which sociological perspective?
the conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective is most closely aligned with the explanation that Social Security benefits came about as the result of a struggle between competing interest groups?
the conflict perspective
From a sociological perspective of marriage and divorce, to what does the term continuities refer?
the degree to which divorced couples maintain contact
The belief by many Americans that they actually contribute to major governmental decisions through the power of their vote is referred to by Hellinger and Judd as ________.
the democratic facade
In the 1600s, King Charles I of England was overthrown in a coup and then put on trial in court by the new government. King Charles did not defend himself because he believed he was supposed to rule, and the new government was going against the will of God by overthrowing him. This ideology is known as __________.
the divine right of kings
Sociologists use the concept of "norms" to describe ________.
the expectations, or rules of behavior that develop out of values
Using Facebook to study the race-ethnicity of friendships among college students would be an example of which research method?
the experiment
Daughter, cousin, dad, and grandmother are examples of statuses associated with which social institution? The family medicine religion the economy
the family
One need addressed by _____ is the replenishment of the population medicine the family the economy education
the family
The trend in the United States in which most poor families are headed by women is called ________.
the feminization of poverty
What term describes the invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels of a corporation?
the glass ceiling
When we belong to a group, who has the right to judge our behavior? no one only a court of law no one but ourselves the group
the group
A billionarie and a person living on the street shares _____. the same social class comparable status the influence of social class on their lives a comparable level of privilege
the influence of social class on their lives
What did Karl Marx blame for the transformation of most societies from being Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft?
the invention of capitalism
The domination of organizations by a small, self-perpetuating elite is called ________.
the iron law of oligarchy
One important feature of socialism is __________. the lack of a monopoly profit-making the lack of a need to compete distribution of goods according to people's ability to pay
the lack of a need to compete
The social institution of _____ would include groups or organizations such as lawyers' associations, courts, and jails. religion the law the economy politics
the law
according to conflict theory, those who threaten the interests of the wealthy are likely to be labeled deviant because
the law is designed to protect the power elite from overthrow
What are the two characteristics a people must share to qualify as a society?
the same culture and the same territory
Which is the only entity that can legitimately authorize the use of violence within a country? the citizens the state the army the court
the state
_____ said that sociobiology will eventually absorb sociology.
Edward Wilson
Achieved status can be based on __________.
Effort
According to ___ theory, satisfaction during old age is related to a person's amount and quality of activity.
activity
Dr. Loomis' introductory sociology class is composed entirely of first-year students who are 18 years old. Together, these 55 students, and all other 18-year-olds, comprise a(n) ________.
age cohort
Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space, but who do not see themselves as belonging together, make up a(n) __________. aggregate category in-group clique
aggregate
The amount of control wielded over a people by totalitarianism is __________. almost total moderate very slight nonexistent
almost total
In kohlberg's theory, children in the ________ stage focus on personal needs to be satisfied and recognize no right and wrong
amoral
On the whole, Republicans and Democrats represent __________. radically different political parties the exact same viewpoint only slightly different centrist positions extreme viewpoints
only slightly different centrist positions
The methodical and exacting process by which a researcher measures a variable is known as ________.
operational definition
Precise ways to measure variables in research so that comparisons can be made and replications can later be done are referred to as ________.
operational definitions
Among married couples, who is the most likely to care for preschoolers when both parents work outside the home?
organized child care facilities
According to sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler, a high school girl who is overweight and shy will likely be __________.
ostracized
The term generalized other refers to
our perception of how people in general think of us
_____ would be a part of material culture.
Hairstyles.
Marx's notion that religion diverts the thoughts of workers to the afterlife rather than toward rebellion against their worldly oppressors is expressed by his statement ________.
"Religion is ... the opium of the people."
Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis?
"Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men"
The later older years
1. are marked by growing frailty and illness 2. is ended by death
A significant sociological point about the life course is that it
1. as you pass through a stage it affects your behavior and orientations 2. it differs by social location
concerning the effects of daycare researchers have found that
1. children are smart but mean 2. there are differing personalities for children
Most rape victims are aged
16 to 19
The age range of women most likely to be victims of rape is ________.
16 to 19
transitional adulthood covers ages
18-29
Abby is a member of parliament in a small country in Europe. Today, she and her fellow parliament members will vote on legislation to have a bridge built near Abby's hometown. Because there is a similar bridge nearby, this new bridge is not necessary. However, if it is built, the construction company Abby owns will receive the contract, and she will make millions of euros. According to Italian sociologist Gaetano Mosca, what is Abby likely to do?
Abby will vote for the bill because it will benefit her.
__________ is (are) a condition of lawlessness or political disorder caused by the absence or collapse of governmental authority. Pluralism Anarchy Checks and balances Functionalism
Anarchy
The group with the highest percentage of one-parent families with a female head of household is ________, and the group with the lowest percentage of one-parent families with a female head of household is ________.
African Americans; Asian Americans
religion
After doing a survey of worldwide religions, Durkheim defined __________ as the beliefs and practices separating sacred from profane and unifying followers into a moral community.
Nancy and Don took their children to the zoo while on vacation. It was a busy day. Those that were at the zoo that day were all members of an...
Aggregate
With respect to group dynamics, what is the defining characteristic of a small group?
All members of the group can interact directly with one another.
Patti Sue is having difficulty adjusting to George, the new office supervisor. George is quite a "bean counter" and has shown a great deal of insensitivity toward everyone in the office. In view of this, what is the most likely course of action Patti Sue and the other office workers will take?
All the affected office workers will develop a greater sense of social solidarity.
People from all walks of life, races, religions, and ethnic groups participate in the U.S legislative process. In view of this, which term best described American society?
America is a pluralisitc society.
People from all walks of life, races, religions, and ethnic groups participate in the U.S. legislative process. In view of this, which term best describes American society?
America is a pluralistic society
What is the politically powerful group with 39 million members that monitors federal and state legislation and mobilizes its elderly members to act on issues affecting their welfare?
American Association of Retired Persons
The term "new technology" refers to ______
An emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life
Which of the following research errors is less likely to be classified as fraud and more likely to be considered as simply sloppy work?
Analyzing the data incorrectly
The sociologist who developed the concept of the power elite was ________.
C. Wright Mills
Which of the following would not be considered unobtrusive measures?
Cameras that follow you through the store recording your every move.
According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of ______.
Capitalism
Based on the research of sociologists James Coleman and Thomas Hoffer, what is the reason Catholic school students score higher on tests than public school students?
Catholic schools have higher standards and greater parental involvement
Pigs, spiders, elephants, and other animals that rely solely on instinct act as they do because they lack a ______.
Cerebral cortex
John worked at a steel mill for 25 years. A recessionary economy and competition with foreign steelmakers forced the closing of the mill. At the age of 45, John is unable to find work in his town, lives in poverty, and must go on welfare. What is the most likely cause of John's poverty?
Changes in the social structure are the most likely cause.
With respect to contemporary China, which of the following statements best reflects its policy toward the elderly?
Children are obligated by tradition,and sometimes contract, to care for aging parents.
Feral children
Children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated for humans
__________ is a set of rights that comes with birth in the United States. Retroactivity Citizenship Dictatorship Township
Citizenship
Because Annette was born to wealthy parents, she has high status in her society. She was able to attend the best schools and landed a job in a high-paying field. After several risky investments and poor job performance, however, she loses most of her money, her job, and her status in society. What type of stratified society does she live in?
Class
Karl Marx suggested that the force that drives human history and is at the core of human society is ______.
Class conflict
__________ is a form of power that people consider unjust. Legitimate power Large-scale power Authority Coercion
Coercion
a decrease in
Concerning deaths in school shootings, the trend is toward __________ deaths
In an experiment, one groups of participants is exposed to an application identified to them as treatment, and another is not exposed ti any treatment. In such a procedure, the participants who are not exposed to any form of treatment, either genuine or false, are classified as the _____ group.
Control
__________ is the idea that capitalist and socialist systems, in taking on ways of doing things from each other, will ultimately create a mixed economic system. Communism Convergence theory Market forces Divergence theory
Convergence theory
Some of the values and norms of a _____ place it at odds with the dominant culture.
Counter culture
According to reports of ______ children, they walked on all fours, growled, and showed no sensitivity to cold
Feral
What is another term used to describe the research method called participant observation?
Fieldwork
What is differential association theory?
Differential association is a term coined by Edwin Sutherland. From the different groups we associate with, we learn to deviate from, or conform to, society's norms. We may get mixed messages, but we end up with more of one kind of message than the other. Consequently, we tilt in one direction (conformity) or the other (deviance).
What is another term used to describe the research method called participant observation?
Fieldwork.
What is the first significant factor in gender socialization?
Family
The town of Durkheim, New Hampshire, creates a new youth baseball league for teenagers aged 13 through 17, and the response is tremendous. Because the emphasis of the league's creators is on fun rather than competition, none of the games played by the teams during their four-month season are scored. At the end of the season, all the players on the league's twelve teams receive a small trophy with the inscription, "You're #1!" Following the Davis-Moore thesis, which of the following would be the most likely result of the town's new youth baseball program?
Far fewer teenagers sign up to play baseball the following year, and those who do were the first season's poorest players, leading the league's creators to rethink their procedures.
declined further than ever before
From the 1960s to the present, verbal scores in the SAT have __________.
__________ believe(s) the three major trading blocs that have emerged in the world benefit people globally, not just the multinational corporations. Conflict theorists Functionalists Durkheim Small-town residents
Functionalists
According to Ferdinand Tönnies, individuals in the __________ way of life are unified by a desire to help improve the well-being of everyone.
Gemeinschaft
The Old Order Amish of the US exemplify the concept of _____ Gesellschaft Gemeinschaft modern mainstream
Gemeinschaft
What do the German terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft mean? In which direction - toward which of the two - is society changing
Gemeinschaft means intimate community Gesellschaft means impersonal association
Gena makes a nice salary and invests her money in the stock market. She is saving some of her money and hopes to someday open a cupcake shop. She considers herself to be of relatively high social status. What would Karl Marx say about Gena's social class?
Gena thinks she is bourgeoisie but she is not.
Mr. and Mrs. James buy boxing gloves for their son and a doll carriage for their daughter. What is this an example of?
Gender socialization
tracking
Girish found himself in honors classes or special, smaller, more innovative versions of regular classes as soon as he entered high school. He had not asked for this; it just happened automatically, based on his performance in middle school and perhaps some tests he had taken along the way. Girish's experience is an example of __________.
_________ refer(s) to the ways that individuals affect groups and the ways that groups influence individuals. Dyads Group dynamics Leadership styles Groupthink
Group dynamics
Which one of Williams' U.S. values is condtradicts the other values of the freedom, democracy, and equality?
Group superiority.
How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?
Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure.
In order to recruit a sufficient number of teachers in California, the competency level of teachers to be hired was lowered to a tenth grade level. Other states have made similar adjustments. How did the author of the text describe this change?
He called it a national disgrace
How did psychiatrist Thomas Szasz describe mental illness?
He said mental illness was neither mental nor an illness
The term "survival of the fittest," which is a principle part of the concept of the social Darwinism, was coined by ______.
Herbert Spencer.
__________ refer(s) to stereotypical traits that create self-fulfilling prophecies as they produce high-performing and underperforming workers. Self-fulfilling stereotypes Quality circles Hidden corporate culture The conflict perspective
Hidden corporate culture
Alfonzo was in sixth grade. some of the stories that his teacher told when teaching English, history and math included lessons in patriotism and honesty which were part of the schools
Hidden curriculum
avoid losing funding
High school administrators across the nation have faked their graduation rates to __________
There were much-publicized myths of the late 1800s that centered around the rags-to-riches exploits of fictional boy heroes. These myths were perpetuated by their author, ________.
Horatio Alger
In freud's psychoanalysis the _________ causes us to seek self gratification
ID
made it less difficult
In recent years, to accommodate today's students, those who design the SAT have __________.
According to control theory, when are inner controls most effective in deterring deviant behavior?
In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society
many simply don't have enough time or money to go to school
In the world's Least Industrialized Nations, __________, which used to be the case everywhere.
What are the five techniques of neutralization given by Sykes and Matza (1957/1988)?
In their studies, Sykes and Matza found that boys use five techniques of neutralization to deflect society's norms: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of a victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties.
What nineteenth century event experienced by Karl Marx gave rise to his ideas about social class?
Industrialization
By a narrow margin, Dr. Moreau was elected chair of the largest academic department at Faber College. She appointed faculty members who support her views to the most influential and important committees in the department. This group of loyal colleagues, on which Dr. Moreau is relying to advance her policies, is an example of a(n) ________.
Inner circle
An attractive African American woman is conducting random interviews on campus to gather data on students' opinion on the reverse discrimination suit filed by white students at the University of Michigan School of Law. Four out of five white respondents and virtually all of the African American respondents favor the court's ruling and supports "bonus points" being given to applicants of color. Based on this information, what is probably affecting the data collection process?
Interviewer bias.
The concept of "groupthink" was developed by ________.
Irving Janis
What is the defining characteristic of a random sample?
It gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen.
What is the sociological significance of social structure? It has a major effect on how we act. Understanding it helps to prove the randomness of human behavior It is a synonym for the term "sociology" Our behavior guides it.
It has a major effect on how we act.
What has been the result of the industrialized Western nations exporting food and medicine to the Least Industrialized Nations?
It has caused population explosions in the nations receiving the aid.
Sociologically, why is gender especially significant?
It is a device by which society controls its members.
Based on the work of Elaine Cumming and William Henry, when does disengagement begin?
It is a gradual process that begins in middle age and continues over several decades
What does the spirit of capitalism refer to, as proposed by Max Weber?
It is a new approach to work and money that emphasizes investment to make profit.
In an experiment, one group of participants is exposed to treatment, another is exposed to an application identified to them as treatment, and another is not exposed to any treatment. In such a procedure, the participants who are not exposed to any form of treatment, either genuine or false, are classified as the ________ group.
It is a spurious relationship.
There is a high correlation between the number of Americans who pay income tax in the month of April and the number of swimsuits sold. Which of the following statements is the best description of this relationship?
It is a spurious relationship.
Which of the following statements best describes how feminists view sexual harassment?
It is based on the structural problems imbedded in society.
Although debatable, what does evidence suggest about the emphasis on machismo in Latino families?
It is declining with each new generation.
How would sociologists classify communism in respect to its religious qualities?
It is functional equivalent of religion.
In the United States, what is the choice of a marriage partner most dependent upon?
It is influenced by age, education, class, race and religion
Because of her outstanding contributions to social reform, as demonstrated in her work as co-founder of Hull- House, ________ was a co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Jane Addams
Of the following countries, in which one do the citizens have the longest life expectancy?
Japan
___________ studied the natural process that children go through to develop their ability to reason
Jean Piaget
The practice the South employed after the Civil War to segregate blacks from whites was called ________.
Jim Crow law
Jim and Jan are working-class Americans making a combined income of $47,000. Today they won a $125 million lottery. How will this immediately impact their lives?
Jim and Jan are working-class Americans making a combined income of $47,000. Today they won a $125 million lottery. How will this immediately impact their lives?
This theologian proposed that God has predestined some people to go to heaven and others to hell at the time of their birth.
John Calvin
mainstreaming
Julio, a student who is deaf, attends classes with students who can hear; to accommodate this situation, an interpreter translates everything the teacher is saying into sign language. This is known as inclusion, or __________.
In her study of 47 corporations, what was the relationship that Rosabeth Moss Kanter discovered between the flexibility of a corporation and corporate profit?
Kanter discovered that the relationship was direct, showing that greater flexibility increases profits.
The social thinker of the 19th century who predicted that there would be a classless society once the working class united and began a revolution was _____.
Karl Marx.
What is the concern about artificial intelligence?
Lethal auto mass weapon systems, the adverse impact on labor, important decisions delegated, risk of humanity losing control of machines
___ is the number of years that na average person (including newborns) can expect to live.
Life expectancy
Describe the relationship between homelessness and mental illness.
Living on the streets can cause unusual thinking and behaviors, or mental illness. Mental illness can also result in homelessness. In this way, they are reciprocal.
What do less rigorous teaching, dummied down textbooks and less reading have in common with watching television, and playing video and computer games?
Low verbal scores on the SATs
In his book, The Ruling Class, Gaetano Mosca offered three arguments regarding society and power. All of the following represent his arguments EXCEPT for which one?
Man is naturally good.
As the "baby boom" generation reaches retirement age, what can be expected of its effect on the economy?
Many jobs will open at roughly the same time.
Why would Karl Marx disagree with the functionalist view of social stratification
Marx believed that members of the elite are no more qualified than other people.
If you study hard to get a degree so you can get a good job and afford a nice home and car, you could be said to be bound up in ________
Material comfort
When there is culture change, a group's _______ usually changes first.
Material culture
Jewelry, art, hairstyles, and clothing each represent examples of ____.
Material culture.
A society in which women hold the authority would be a(n) __________. a. patriarchy b. bilineal system c. matriarchy d. egalitarian society
Matriarchy
The sociologist who believed that social class is made up of three components - property, power, and prestige - was ________.
Max Weber
The __________ of society refers to the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them. goal displacement alienation bureaucratization McDonaldization
McDonaldization
Which statement is most accurate regarding U.S. suicide rates?
Men commit suicide at a higher rate than females
Which statement about female circumcision is true?
Men dominate the societies that practice it
Which statement best summarizes the relationship between killers and their victims?
Men outnumber women as both victims and killers
What did Skeels and Dye learn about institutionalized children?
Mentally handicapped children gained IQ points. While the infants considered more intelligent lost them.
Two slaves in an ancient nation fell in love. Their masters allowed them to be together, and eventually the woman gave birth to a little boy. Luckily for this little boy, the society that had captured his parents and made them slaves did not consider slavery to be hereditary. In which of the following places was this young boy most likely born?
Mexico
how might groupthink have affected the disastrous decision to risk the fate of the space shuttle columbia in 2003
NASA officials disregarded engineers' warnings, convinced that a loose piece of foam could not harm the shuttle
When you break norms, you receive
Negative sanctions
The emerging tools and the skills needed to use them, which have a signifigant impact on social life are called _______.
New technology.
16;eighth
One hundred years ago, U.S. schools required attendance by everyone usually until age __________ or until they completed the __________ grade
It is becoming more common for corporations to provide daycare facilities as a fringe benefit for their employees. What has evaluative research found regarding the costs and benefits of these facilities?
Operating on-site daycare reduces employee absenteeism, improves production, and increases staff morale.
In the 1920s, who was the German high school teacher who wrote The Decline of the West and proposed that Western civilization had passed its peak and was in decline?
Oswald Spengler
have high income
Overall, children are more likely to get a higher education if their parents __________.
Matthew is completing his master's thesis, which addresses the culture outlaw motorcycle gangs. For the past six months, he has been riding with a gang, observing and describing behaviors in an attempt to present a view of these groups from a gang member's perspective. Like Mario Brajuha, he is determined to keep the identities of his subjects confidential. Which research method is Matthew employing?
Participant observation
Julian conducts an experiment at a formal retirement ceremony. When he is introduced to people at the ceremony, he shakes hands with his left hand as opposed to the usual right hand. What is the expected result of the experiment?
People become mildly confused by these actions because a social rule has been broken.
Recieving the Medal of Honor and making the Dean's List are both examples of _______.
Positive sanctions.
__________ in place within the policies of the United States. Quite a few elements of socialism are Social Security's independence from the government is Market-force-blind capitalism is No socialist practices are
Quite a few elements of socialism are
Which of the following variables formed the basis of the only example of a caste system ever present in U.S. history?
Race
inadvertently perpetuated it
Randolph gave all pupils an equal chance to succeed in his second-grade class, but he demanded more from the children of professionals and the wealthier families in town. It only seemed natural because they were generally better readers and better students overall. He did not deliberately discriminate against students from disadvantaged homes. In fact, Randolph was delighted when one of them performed well. However, when it came to social inequality, he __________.
The term "cultural lag" referring to the varying _______ among elements within cultures, was coined by sociologist ______.
Rates of change, William Ogburn.
self-expectations
Research shows that certain kinds of __________ can help you to rise to many challenges in college and in life.
The behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status is called a __________.
Role
Based on Weber's research, which religious denomination was slow in accepting capitalism and dedicated to the acceptance of tradition?
Roman Catholicism
Most Americans feel that the only proper basis for marriage is ______
Romantic love
Why might a teenage girl suddenly start listening to a new type of music?
She is experiencing anticipatory socialization.
Which of the following provides the best example of cultural relativism?
Sarita, a college student from Detroit, visits Spain during her summer break. While there, she attends a bullfight. Afterward, she writes postcards to her friends back home, telling them that it was so exciting and impressive that she plans to attend another bullfight in a few days.
separating religion from public life
Secularism means ( )
The human potential movement exemplifies the emerging _______ value.
Self-fulfillment
Of the five interrelated core values emerging in American society, the one that is reflected in the "human potential" movement that focuses on "self help, relating, and personal development" is ________.
Self-fulfillment.
What has the Supreme Court ruled regarding the treatment of homosexuals in the workplace and sexual harassment?
Sexual harassment laws apply to homosexuals who are harassed by heterosexuals or other homosexuals on the job.
The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________.
Social Darwinism
The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ______.
Social Darwinism.
Religion, class, and interests are all part of our __________ that affects how we perceive the world.
Social background
Several years ago, the gay community applief for a permit to march in the St. Patrick's Day's Parade in Boston. When denied, the gay community filed suit and won. Rather than permitting the gay community to march in the parade, the parade trustees cancelled the event. Sociologists would suggest this conflict in values between the trustees of the parade and the gay community would eventually lead to _________.
Social change that brings attention to gay rights and evventual acceptance.
The French sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the following areas of study?
Social integration
All of the following statements are accurate in describing gestures, EXCEPT for which one?
Social scientists have identified many common gestures and agree that gestures are universal.
Distinguish the term "social status" from the term "Prestige".
Social status: the position a person holds within a group Prestige: value associated with a person's position
A distinct world within the overreaching culture is a
Subculture
The American sociologist who focused on social analysis, developing abstract models showing how parts of society harmoniously work together, was ________.
Talcott Parsons
One of the latest fads to build corporate teamwork and solidarity is the "cook-off." Which statement best summarizes this activity?
Teams of workers prepare culinary dishes to be judged by professional chefs.
Which of the following is central to a group's material culture?
Technology
Which of the following is an example of a recently created modern symbol?
Text message abbreviations
Compared to the German American population, Latinos in Miami, Florida, have been slower to accept the English language. Which of the following is most responsible for this finding?
The United States shares a border with Mexico and experiences steady immigration both from Mexico and Latin America. The United States does not share a border with Germany.
Which of Freud's hypothesized personality parts controls a person's set of moral behaviors?
The superego
If a secondary group does not satisfy one's need for intimate association, which of the following is most likely to occur?
The secondary group will break down into primary groups.
Life course
The stages of our life as we go from birth to death
Why do most acquaintance rapes go unreported to authorities?
The victim feels partially responsible because she knows the perpetrator.
At the steel plant, all minorities hired are assigned to work the battery pits, one of the dirtiest jobs in the mill. Even so, the battery pit workers wear this assignment as a badge of honor and have developed a close social bond that transcends the time they spend at the mill. How would Karl Marx describe their solidarity?
The workers share class consciousness.
Which of the following is an effect the increasing aging population will have on society?
The younger generations will be forced to interact more with the elderly.
Which of the following is one way in which modern sociologists have refined Piaget's theory of development?
They postit that some people do not progress through all stages
What did Higginbotham and Weber discover about women from working-class backgrounds who now occupied professional, managerial, and administrative positions in Memphis?
They were encouraged by their parents to get an education.
Mark and Sally are married, both are working, and they chose not to have children. What classification best fits them?
They are DINKS.
Courtney raises champion sheep, Joe is a cab driver in New York, and Rufus is a member of the RAW family of professional wrestling. What do Courtney, Joe, and Rufus have in common?
They are all members of subcultures.
Based on Merton's typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common?
They are all retreatists.
How a society treats its deviants is one measure of how humane it is. What would an examination of prisons and mental hospitals in the United States suggest regarding this standard?
They are both used as warehouse for the unwanted
At the Back to Nature Nudist Colony, Ernie and Morello take a walk every morning along the beach, totally nude. Within the colony, which statement best describes the behavior of Ernie and Morello?
They are conforming to the folkways of their subculture.
Why are both macro sociology and micro sociology necessary to understand social life?
They both yield distinctive perspectives that we need to gain an understanding of social life
What is the greatest flaw in using self-administered questionnaires for a research study?
They cause the researcher to lose control of the data collection.
Harry and Margaret Harlows' experiments involving the isolation of baby monkeys were important because they __________.
They confirmed that infant-mother bonding is the result of intimate physical contact
What part of the experiment performed by Skeels and Dye would be challenged today
They limited visual and physical stimulation for all the babies.
According to Piaget, children all over the world learn in what way?
They move from the concrete to the abstract
Twyla and Tyreke are biological twins separated at birth. Twyla was raised in a working-class, strict Catholic family. Tyreke was raised in a free-flowing, pagan, middle-class family. Which prediction would sociologists make?
Twyla and Tyreke will have similar personalities.
Why do sociologists classify females as a minority group?
Women are discriminated against because of their physical characteristics.
What did Karl Marx predict after workers were exploited year after year by the capitalist class?
Workers would revolt against the bourgeoisie and assume control.
Which activity best represents the use of a back stage in a typical teenager's life?
Writing in a diary
Are street people influenced by social structure? No Yes Only in scattered instances The research is unclear
Yes
Sociologists would categorize the United States as __________.
a stratified society
Functionalists refer to how parts of a society fit together to form a whole as ________.
a structure
Dr. Zak is trying to determine what traits, if any, high-achieving students have that students who do poorly on his exams do not possess. To assess personal information from both groups of students, what research method should Dr. Zak probably use?
a survey
What is a government based on the principle that God is king?
a theocracy
Using the macrosociological approach and the examples of the "Saints" and the "Roughnecks," who has the best chances of success in the United States?
a white boy born into a wealthy, prominent New England family
Women commit about __________ of murders, but make up only __________ of death row inmates. a. 9.6 percent; 2 percent b. 10.3 percent; 4 percent c. 18.5 percent; 11 percent d. 21 percent; 13 percent
a. 9.6 percent; 2 percent
__________ violate(s) rules written into law. a. Crime b. Deviance c. Personality disorders d. Social order
a. Crime
The __________ refers to opportunities for crimes that are part of the fabric on one's life. a. illegitimate opportunity structure b. strain theory c. legitimate opportunity structure d. social disorder theory
a. illegitimate opportunity structure
Judge Judson sentenced Freda, a 13-year-old shoplifter, to a diversion program consisting of counseling instead of sending her to reform school or jail. The judge did not want Freda to be imprinted with a reputation as a thief so early in life. This exemplifies a practice influenced by __________. a. labeling theory b. neutralization c. shaming d. degradation ceremonies
a. labeling theory
According to functionalists, deviance __________ a feeling of solidarity in a group. a. actually promotes b. has no discernible impact upon c. virtually destroys d. discourages
a. actually promotes
Mary was adamant that her sorority's practice of hazing should be stopped. Though this attitude was considered __________ in her sorority at the time, it caused her sorority sisters to reconsider the morality of their hazing practice, move forward in changing with the times, and end all hazing activities. a. deviant b. strained c. white-collar d. differential
a. deviant
Killing is __________ in mainstream society, but for members of the Mafia, when certain of their norms are broken that threaten a person's honor, not killing would be __________. a. deviant; deviant b. not deviant; more desirable c. frowned upon; more desirable d. not deviant; deviant
a. deviant; deviant
The motorcycle policeman appeared out of nowhere and pulled Teresa over for speeding. He was friendly and businesslike as he stood by Teresa's open window and issued her a $250 ticket. This is an example of a __________. a. negative sanction b. neutral sanction c. positive sanction d. street crime
a. negative sanction
Techniques of __________ are ways of thinking that help people rationalize the breaking of society's norms. a. neutralization b. the cyber age c. control theory d. degradation
a. neutralization
Who did the spate of "three-strikes" laws actually end up convicting? a. nonviolent offenders b. murderers c. rapists d. child molesters
a. nonviolent offenders
A group's __________, or typical social arrangement, is brought about by norms. a. social order b. deviance c. crime d. stigma
a. social order
Serial murder is defined as the killing of several victims in __________ or more separate events. a. three b. five c. eight d. fifteen
a. three
Francis has recently been told that he has a terminal disease and can expect to live for only a short time. He has made a will, paid all his bills, and given instructions to his children. According to Kübler-Ross, Francis is in the stage of ________.
acceptance
strain theory asserts that whether an individual engages in deviant behavior depends largely upon the individual's _____
access to cultural goals through legitimate means
Ex-con, class president, and doctor are examples of _____. ascribed status social classes lack of status achieved status
achieved status
According to Timasheff (1965), one of the three necessary conditions for a war to take place is __________. aggressive impulses a weaker nation's desire to dominate a stronger one an aggravation representing an unresolvable incompatibility slight to the nation's honor
an aggravation representing an unresolvable incompatibility
How do ascribed status and achieved status comparae?
an ascribed status is assigned, but an achieved status is largely earned
Some social analysts believe that postindustrial society will be followed by a biotech society. Such a society would be characterized by ________.
an economy centering around the application of genetic structures
A corporate executive who gets in trouble for authorizing her company to pollute a river will most likely __________. a. get away with a modest amount of jail time b. bypass the courts altogether c. go into the witness protection program d. can count on her corporation not having to pay any fines
b. bypass the courts altogether
The __________ as a whole consists of several components, such as police departments and officers, the court system, and jails and prisons. a. social service system b. criminal justice system c. halfway house system d. poor house
b. criminal justice system
In a(n) __________, people answer to a group, hear testimony against themselves, are found guilty, and have their statuses as group members removed. a. example of conflict theory b. degradation ceremony c. example of differential association theory d. illegal type of self-control
b. degradation ceremony
The sharp decline in violent crime can be attributed to __________. a. increased unemployment b. multiple factors c. a higher birth rate d. lead in gasoline
b. multiple factors
Ted gave a talk to his high school class that was laced with humor and understanding and showed that he really grasped the important points in the history of the French Revolution, which was what his history class was studying. When he was finished, Ted was praised by his teacher as well as by several classmates. The praise was an example of a __________. a. norm b. positive sanction c. stigmatization d. negative sanction
b. positive sanction
In families living in dangerous neighborhoods, parents want to move because they feel that if their children have delinquent friends, they will also be likely to become delinquents. Sociological research __________ this belief. a. rejects b. supports c. has not addressed d. is mixed in its findings on
b. supports
A __________ is committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations. a. street crime b. white-collar crime c. victimless crime d. crime that results in society's most severe punishments
b. white-collar crime
Advances in technology have created the new possibility of __________. a. waiting less than three months for a human baby to be fully developed and ready to be born b. having full-grown children c. baby shopping d. arranged marriage
baby shopping
According to Goffman's scheme, we have ______ where we can have some privacy and relax. front stages bleachers back stages precast dramas
back stages
Ethnomethodologists explore _____ assumptions about how the world operates that underlie our behavior. background written legal foreground
background
Dr. Zahn's academic interest is analyzing various aspects of society and publishing his findings in sociological journals. In view of this, Dr. Zahn is considered to be a(n) ________ sociologist.
basic or pure
An advantage of knowing a culture's gestures is
being able to communicate with simplicity
When many students graduate from college, they are able to earn an extra $1,435 a month between the ages of 25 and 65. These students manage to earn this bonus by ________.
being born male
Sociobiologists believe that
biology is a basic cause of human behavior.
According to the author, the biological and economic enmeshment of the emerging __________ society will probably increase the amount of surplus and trade even more. industrial biotech hunter-gatherer new agricultural
biotech
World system theory explains that global stratification came about through the __________.
birth of an industrialized society
To interpret _____, we consider facial expressions, posture, and gestures. the extent of intimate distance body language stereotypes macro sociology
body language
an example of a total institution is a
boot camp prison concentration camp convent & some military schools
In the global economic shakeout, companies that survive, whether thriving or hanging by their fingernails, will be ________.
bureaucracies
Since the 1960's Native Americans have won a series of legal victories giving them control over reservation lands. During that time they have opened businesses ranging from fishing canneries to industrial parks that serve metropolitan areas. More recently the business endeavor that has attracted the most attention is the __________ business.
casino
A(n) __________ consists of people who share similar characteristics, but who do not think of themselves as belonging together. out-group reference group category primary group
category
The core value of education has
changed over the years, until today a college education is considered an appropriate goal for most Americans.
People were so attracted to a particular cult leader that they did whatever he told them to do, even when it broke the law. This cult leader exemplified __________ authority. charismatic rational-legal traditional no
charismatic
The intention of _____ is to keep any individual branch of the U.S. government from dominating. the conflict perspective pluralism checks and balances anarchy
checks and balances
Queen Elizabeth II is currently the monarch of Great Britain. She will eventually pass on to Prince Charles the power to rule because he is her __________. friend child most qualified subject leading man
child
When an executioner wears a hood he is separating his true identity (the man without a hood) from the one carrying out the execution. Such behavior is part of an effort to separate one's feelings from one's acts, called ________.
compartmentalization
Gaetano Mosca believes that social stratification is a result of
conflict
a sociologist is asked her feelings on the 'three-strikes' law. she says that the law disproportionately affects the poor and serves only to keep them from improving their lot. this sociologist is applying the _____ perspective
conflict
which of the following perspectives argues that the power elite employ the criminal justice system to inflict heavy penalties on those whose crimes threaten the social order
conflict
Role strain is _____. conflict between roles conflict occurring within the same role compatibility between roles a vain attempt to find a role
conflict occurring within the same role
Richard lived on a street for almost a year. His days were busy with doing things necessary to survive at a basic level-finding shelter, keeping safe, panhandling for money, getting food and drink, washing, and finding dry clothes. Richard knew that he did not have many chances. A _____ would focus on where Richard is located in the social class system of the US and what opportunities are available to him because of that. micro sociologist symbolic interactionist research sociologist conflict theorist
conflict theorist
Children of immigrants typically feel __________ about assimilating.
conflicted
a problem with groupthink is that it results in _____
conforming, leading to a narrow view of an issue
Janelle is a professor in the Department of Business at a state university. She is a full professor in her department and earns $135,000 a year. According to Lenski's status inconsistency hypothesis, what is Janelle's most likely political philosophy?
conservative
Rather than save her money, Marguerite likes to spend as much as she can, especially on clothing and accessories with designer labels that she can show off in public places. Marguerite is exhibiting what Veblen would call __________ . conspicuous consumption custom-bound behavior an ostentatious orientation economic prosperity rights
conspicuous consumption
At a vaginal examination, male doctors _____ social reality to define the examination as _____ deny; sexual ignore; nonsexual dismiss; normal construct; nonsexual
construct; nonsexual
Erik Wright revised Marx's concept of social classes by regarding some people as simultaneously occupying more than one class. He termed their positions in the class structure ________.
contradictory class locations
Chinese leaders putting tight controls on Internet cafes and search engines, blocking access to Facebook and Twitter is an example of which means elites use to maintain stratification?
controlling information
Great Britain was one of the first nations in which industrial capitalism developed. According to world system theory, Great Britain would be a ________ nation.
core
Sociologists call values that are shared by most of the groups in a society
core values
Bill heard, as part of the _______ curriculum in his school that certain races were not as good as others, and that coolness was the key to everything
corridor
Jews, Christians and Muslims all believe in one God who, as creator of the universe, is concerned about our actions and will hold us accountable for them. In this sense, Jews, Christians and Muslims all share the same ________.
cosmology
Justin and his parents are driving from Atlanta, Georgia, to Pennsylvania to settle Justin into his new college dorm. Shortly after they arrive in Pennsylvania, the members of the Thyme family are surprised to find that they are passing unusual horse-drawn buggies traveling on the road. Glancing back, they notice that the women in the buggies are wearing bonnets and long dresses and that the men have beards but no moustaches. Confused, Justin taps his mother on the shoulder and asks, "Are we in the middle of an episode of Fringe?" In sociological terms, Justin is experiencing __________.
culture shock
In cultural leveling,
cultures become similar to one another
Investigators who use specialized software to recover every note employees have written and every website they have visited are known as ________.
cybersleuths
The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and about __________ of the world's prisoners. a. 3 percent b. 5 percent c. 13 percent d. 25 percent
d. 25 percent
__________ attempt(s) to justify the breaking of some norms. a. None of us b. Very few people c. Only deviants d. Everyone
d. Everyone
__________ refers to blemishes that discredit a person's claim to a normal identity. a. Crime b. Norm c. Deviance d. Stigma
d. Stigma
Edward Sutherland used the term __________ to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn more messages favorable to deviance, increasing their chances of becoming deviant. a. control theory b. labeling theory c. shaming d. differential association
d. differential association
In the twenty-two years from 1992 to 2014, the percentage of people arrested for burglary who were women __________. a. decreased dramatically b. decreased slightly c. increased slightly d. increased dramatically
d. increased dramatically
In the U.S. population over eighteen years of age in the mid-2010s, about 12 percent of people had less than a high school education. In prison, however, __________ had less than a high school education. a. one-tenth of that percentage b. only half that percentage c. ten times that percentage d. more than twice that percentage
d. more than twice that percentage
Executives who committed corporate crimes at Macy's, Sears, and Bloomingdales spent __________ in jail. a. an average of 10 years b. an average of five years c. an average of six months d. no time
d. no time
A teen who dies his hair purple, wears a spike through his finger, and dresses only in bright yellow clothing seems to be __________ a deviant identity. a. rejecting b. denying c. neutralizing d. seeking
d. seeking
Strain theory __________ the sociological view that deviants are the product of society. a. rejects b. offers an alternative to c. diminishes d. supports
d. supports
The percentage of American children under 18 who live with both parents is __________. a. increasing b. decreasing c. unknown d. fixed by law
decreasing
Ritualistic procedures intended to humiliate norm violators and mark them as being moral outcasts of the group to which they once belonged are called ________.
degradation ceremonies
an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual's current identity and stamping a new on in its place is
degradation ceremony
A(n) __________ leader tries to gain consensus among group members. democratic expressive laissez-faire authoritarian
democratic
Groups in which members take personal responsibility and work at a steady pace, even without supervision, are most likely headed by which classification of leader?
democratic leader
michelle, a single mother with two children in their early teens, wants to move to a better neighborhood she thinks there are too many delinquents in her current neighborhood, and she fears her children will become delinquents like their friends. michelle's attitude illustrates which of the following theories?
differential association theory
The Japanese adopted baseball as a national sport after they saw American GIs playing it following World War II. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of ________.
diffusion
A phenomenon of group dynamics that results in a decrease in one's willingness to help others as the size of the group increases is referred to as ________.
diffusion of responsibility
In a(n) __________ democracy, all those who are eligible to vote get together with each other to decide what should be done about the issues that face them. indirect representative direct totalitarian
direct
the attitudes and thinking patterns that result from identification with in-groups can lead to _____
discrimination and prejudice
The poorest fifth of the U.S. population receives __________ of the nation's income. none disproportionately little its proportionate amount the greatest proportion
disproportionately little
If a researcher is reading diaries to collect information about the attitudes of rape victims, he or she is using ________ to collect the data.
documents
According to Georg Simmel, which of the following groups is the most unstable?
dyad
The example of the 13-year-old girl named Genie who was locked in a small room since she was 20 months of age shows that __________.
early interactions are necessary for normal development
ages 30 to 49 in the life course are known as the ___________ years
early middle
Mathilde owns her own grocery. She buys items in bulk and sells each item for more than she paid for it so she can make some money. To encourage repeat business she is always very polite to her customers and will, for example, give someone a new carton of milk for free if he or she claims there was a problem with the last cartoon bought - no questions asked! Mathilde's ways exemplify the norms associated with which social institution? medicine economy family politics
ecomony
Karl Marx believed that ________ was the central force for social change, while Max Weber believed that ________ was the force most responsible for social change.
economics; religion
A system of producing and distributing goods and services is known as a(n) __________. subsistence economy market economy hunting and gathering society
economy
The manifest function of formal education refers to
education's intended purpose
What are the four variables Gilbert and Kahl used to develop a six-class model to reflect the class structure of the United States and other capitalist countries?
education, power, property, prestige
In a(n) __________ family, both the wife and the husband hold just about the same authority. a. matrilineal b. incest taboo c. egalitarian d. patrilineal
egalitarian
The ____, as viewed by freud, is the balancing force in our personality
ego
In what century was the steam engine invented? seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth
eighteenth
Based on research, romantic love consists of what two components?
emotional and cognitive
The characteristics of bureaucracies that Max Weber identified __________. run counter to American ideals enable them to achieve their objectives are more imagination than fact hamper their efforts to accomplish anything
enable them to achieve their objectives
psychoanalysis was developed by
freud
You are in a group of six people. As you start to count up the number of possible relationships between the different people in the group, you realize the maximum number is __________. three six nine fifteen
fifteen
If Alice came to class wearing a soiled and torn blouse, she would be violating a ________. But if Alice came to class not wearing a blouse (or any other garment), she would be violating a ________.
folkway; more
Jeanann and her two children recently went on welfare. Research indicates that it is likely that Jeanann and her children will be in poverty ________.
for a year or less
When the Native Americans were pacified by the military in the late 1800s, they were forced to learn the English language, dress like the white man, renounce their religion, and give up their customs. This was a classic example of ________.
forced assimilation
A bureaucracy is a very __________ type of secondary group. fair formal informal irrational
formal
When Josie visits Sweden, she finds she doesn't like the traffic jams occurring when she leaves the airport. Even though she has arrived in a private plane, all passengers have to leave in a uniform fashion. Josie thinks there should be an expedited way to leave for some passengers, so she calls her friend, the prime minister of Sweden, to make that suggestion. Apparently, Josie is a member of the __________. government rank and file global superclass Peace Corps airport security team
global superclass
When an organization replaces old goals with new ones, this is known as __________. alienation McDonaldization goal displacement the Peter Principle
goal displacement
Higher grades given for the same work or a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning is known as __________.
grade inflation
Female voters ___ male voters.
greatly outnumber
In Professor Jones' social problems course, the students interact freely with one another, think of themselves as "Dr. J's class," and feel they are significant because of their mutual interest in social reform. Which concept best describes Dr. Jones' class?
group
People who have something in common, and who believe that what they have in common is significant, form a __________. hunting and gathering society group domestication revolution pastoral society
group
_____ would be part of material culture.
hairstyles
apparently, having a reasonable level of __________ depends on early, close relations with other people
high intelligence
according to control theory, thorough socialization of children at an early age results in ______
high levels of self-control
Bob works at an automobile factory that organizes its workers into small groups that meet regularly to discuss ways to increase production and efficiency. Individual workers are often singled out and recognized for their contributions to the organization. These are examples of attempts to ________.
humanize the work setting to develop employee potential
The _____ culture refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers worth aiming for.
ideal
Although people in the United States generally agree on the importance of sexual faithfulness in marriage, a significant percentage of both women and men report that they cheat on their spouse. This finding illustrates the relationship between __________ and __________. Correct!
ideal culture; real culture
Americans glorify academic progress and material success. However, most students do not graduate with honors and most citizens are not wealthy. This condition characterizes the difference between ________ and ________.
ideal culture; real culture
__________ intrigue sociological researchers, particularly those separated at birth
identical twins
The imaginary country of Setats has a large slave population made up of people from another country the Setatians have conquered. Many of the Setatians who own slaves would like to own the children of their slaves as well, and they consequently develop a belief system that the people of Setats are smarter than any other people. Because they believe they are so smart, the people of Setats feel it is their duty to enslave other people in order to help them. This belief system is known as a(n) __________.
ideology
in Fox and Arquitt's study, inner circle members of the local VFW posts viewed rank-and-file members as _____
ignorant boozers
in fox and arquitt's study, inner circle members of the local vfw posts viewed rank-and-file members as ____
ignorant boozers
According to Cloward and Ohlin, what is the underlying cause of deviance and delinquency in unstable slums of a city?
illegitimate opportunity structures
The correct sequence of Mead's three stages of how we learn to take on the role of others is __________.
imitation, play, team games
Early attempts at diversity training were __________. more effective than the trainings today ineffective if not worse so successful the concept of diversity training took off always held in the boss's office so people would know they were serious
ineffective if not worse
One is loyal to one's __________. in-group aggregate out-group category
in-group
_____ is (are) the primary focus of micro sociologists. hidden meanings and innuendo the broader features of society in-person interaction the demise of society as we know it
in-person interaction
Marcus works as an air conditioner technician. This places him solidly in the upper middle class. However, he has a lot of freedom in his job, because he is on the road alone most of the workday. What character trait will Marcus likely appreciate in his children?
independence
__________ factors influence our life course
individual
what did solomon asch's line study demonstrate about group dynamics
individuals are willing to compromise their beliefs to avoid the discomfort of being different from others in a group
Which of the following factors most transformed the process of dying into an event to be managed by professionals?
industrialization
Susie is a first-year college student. Although she wants to be popular, she has refused invitations to attend underage drinking parties. Susie has a strong respect for authority, even when it conflicts with a simple matter such as attending a college party. Susie's decision in this situation demonstrates a quality of control theory called ________.
inner control
Milgram's study on authority was __________. inspired by Nazis provoked by Stalinists ordered by his supervisor conducted to prove he was a loyal American
inspired by Nazis
A leader focused on tasks who keeps the group working toward its objectives is a(n) __________ leader. expressive instrumental laissez-faire authoritarian
instrumental
The social construction of reality theory states that through _____, we construct what for us is reality. ethnomethodology interactions with others examinations introspection
interactions with other
People in secondary groups typically share _____
interests or activities
A researcher is asking questions of a serious nature, and a respondent gives only "socially acceptable" answers. This is an example of ________.
interviewer bias
An attractive African American woman is conducting random interviews on campus to gather data on students' opinions on the reverse discrimination suit filed by white students at the University of Michigan School of Law. Four out of five of the white respondents and virtually all of the African American respondents favor the court's ruling and supports "bonus points" being given to applicants of color. Based on this information, what is probably affecting the data collection process?
interviewer bias
_____ theory recognizes that an individual's reputation may set him or her on a path to conformity or deviation
labeling
______ theory recognizes that an individual's reputation may set him or her on a path to conformity or deviation
labeling
The most permissive leadership style is the __________ leader. instrumental laissez-faire authoritarian democratic
laissez-faire
Symbols can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought. This is referred to as ________.
language
The basis of culture is
language
isolated children require _______ to develop
language
unintended consequences of schools, or ________ functions, help the social system
latent
College provides a haven for several million potential workers who are classified as "students" rather than "unemployed," which helps stabilize the job market. This situation represents what Merton would describe as a ________.
latent function
A fundamental shift in thinking--from the time since our birth to the time we have left to live--occurs in the
later middle years
Deborah has started to worry about her health and schedules monthly checkups with her doctor to make sure she is in good physical shape. She also finds herself frequently thinking about what she has accomplished and what she had hoped to achieve in her career. From this information, you can infer that Deborah is most likely in her __________.
later middle years
Computers are to material culture as __________ are to nonmaterial culture.
laws
A __________ influences other people. dyad leader group dynamic triad
leader
gender socialization
learning society's gender map, the paths in life set out for us because we are male or female
What term refers to the maximum length of life that is possible for a species?
life span
How are public schools primarily funded?
local property taxes
People's _____ the social structure will teach them behaviors and attitudes are appropriate for them. attitude toward willingness to be part of location in number of friends within
location in
The term _____ was coined by charles cooley
looking glass self
In the 1930s, children reared in orphanages tended to have __________.
low IQs
Sociologists use _____ to analyze the broad features of society. interactional sociology macro sociology chaos theory micro sociology
macro sociology
Cindy is interested in how the movement of Maytag production plants and other industries from the Midwest to Mexico has changed the lives of thousands of unemployed workers and their communities. Cindy is conducting a ________ analysis.
macro-level
Edinboro University of Pennsylvania is one of the largest "wheelchair" universities in the United States, providing access of all programs to all students and establishing special wheelchair programs in sports competition. This is an example of ________.
mainstreaming
According to Robert Merton, ________ are the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions.
manifest functions
From a functionalist perspective, what is the teaching of knowledge and skills which reinforces positive consequences in students?
manifest functions
The most salient factor to consider in terms of the future of marriage is that __________. a. many societies in the world exist quite happily without marriage b. the decline of marriage indicates that it will become a relic of the past c. fewer couples will find themselves sandwiched between taking care of kids and parents d. marriage exists in every society
marriage exists in every society
The dilemma presented to women by ________ is that a model is thrust before them that is almost impossible to replicate in real life
mass media (television, movies and cartoons)
Aletha had an accident in which she fell into hot cooking grease. Despite many operations and treatments, her face, neck, and hands were forever altered. Regardless of her accomplishments or occupation, many others viewed Aletha's disfigurement as her _____ ascribed status master status status symbol status set
master status
Good nutrition, medical care, comfortable housing, and a nice car are included in a classification of values in American society that sociologist Robin Williams would call ________.
material comfort
in their study of three local posts of the VFW, sociologists Fox and Arquitt found that leadership was based on which type of system
oligarchic
A small group of people has taken power in a(n) __________. oligarchy representative democracy dictatorship direct democracy
oligarchy
The term __________ refers to a system in which many are ruled by a few. "oligarchy" "bureaucracy" "voluntary association" "leadership"
oligarchy
In a dyad, how many relationships are possible? one two three six
one
Jarod is conducting research on the homeless. For six weeks, he has lived among the homeless "24/7," sleeping on the street or at a shelter, and engaging in the same activities as the population he is studying. By doing so, Jarod has been able to gather a broad understanding of the homeless, their needs, and characteristics. In view of this, Jarod is using ________ as a method of gathering data.
participant observation
What is the Implicit Association Test?
participants associate positive words with whites and negative words with blacks
Which societies were the first in which not everyone's work was needed for food production? pastoral and horticultural societies industrial and postindustrial societies hunting and gathering societies subsistence economies
pastoral and horticultural societies
Males hold the authority in a(n) __________ society. a. patriarchal b. egalitarian c. household d. matriarchal
patriarchal
It is still customary in U.S. society for a bride to accept her husband's last name and for the bride's family to pay for the wedding. What is the line of authority this represents?
patriarchy
individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests make up a
peer group
Agents of socialization
people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or the orientations toward life
psychiatrist thomas szasz describes attention-deficit disorder as a "problem behavior" that arises from ______
people's response to the misbehavior of children
Ruth owns the Head 2 Toe Boutique where she employs 15 workers. According to Erik Wright's model of social class, Ruth would be classified as a(n) ________.
petty bourgeoisie
The __________ enabled agricultural societies. use of child labor plow subsistence economy steam engine
plow
a society made up of many different groups
pluralistic society
On what factor was the stratification system of the old Soviet Union based?
political position within the Communist Party
When Bosnian Serbs practiced ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population during the 1990s, they employed a combination of ________.
population transfer and genocide
What is the term used to describe an attitude that exaggerates the virtues of a group, such as all Asian Americans being brilliant or all African Americans being great athletes?
positive prejudice
Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East and are considered heroic warriors. Such honor and praise is an example of a ________.
positive sanction
According to Gaetano Mosca, every society is stratified by ________ to ensure that society's work gets done.
power
In Max Weber's notion of social class, the second element is
power
The ability to carry out one's will, even over the resistance of others, is called __________. power politics micropolitics macropolitics
power
The term "democracy" literally means __________. all hail the king may the best man win common denominator power to the people
power to the people
In Max Weber's theory on social class, a politician would have high __________ while a war hero would have high __________.
power; prestige
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, when children have learned the rules and follow them in order to stay out of trouble children are in the ______ stage
preconventional
The feeling of trust that researchers establish with their respondents is referred to as ________.
rapport
The term "cultural lag," referring to the varying ________ among elements within cultures, was coined by sociologist ________.
rates of change; William Ogburn
An approach to life in which there is an emphasis on rules, efficiency, and practical results is ________.
rationality
at a campus party, justine is offered drugs. as she contemplates her choice, she considers what her parents would think, what her friends would think, and even how her favorite professors would respond if she chose to use the drugs. all of these people are examples of Justine's ____ group
reference
For many college professors, their own teachers served as role models. Kody Scott looked up to older gang members as his idols. In both cases, former teachers and older gang members qualify as being ________.
reference groups
We judge ourselves based on __________. reference groups categories out-groups primary groups
reference groups
The growing percentage of older people in the U.S. population is
referred to as the graying of America
Because there is no rule for succession when a charismatic authority figure dies, that leader will sometimes name a successor in advance or build an organization that can govern after the charismatic figure is gone. Weber called this kind of transition the __________. traditional authority routinization of charisma revolution best of all possible worlds
routinization of charisma
Which statement about same-sex marriage is true? a. In North America, it originated recently in the United States. b. The U.S. Constitution mentions same-sex marriage. c. Same-sex marriages were already taking place among Native Americans in the pre-Columbian era. d. It is illegal throughout the United States.
same-sex marriages were already talking place among native Americans in the pre-Columbian era
John recently received his semester grades and found that he had failed two courses. He says the reason he failed the two courses is that they were taught by female professors. John believes that women are really not smart enough to teach at the college level. In this example, the female professors are ________.
scapegoats and being blamed for John's grades
Every research method has its drawbacks. Which method often leads the current researcher to question the manner in which the data were gathered, the accuracy of the data, and the training of the original researchers?
secondary analysis
__________ tend to have __________ within them. secondary groups; pastoral networks primary groups; secondary groups secondary groups; primary groups primary groups; laissez-faire networks
secondary groups; primary groups
What is the process by which spiritual concerns are replaced by worldly concerns?
secularization
At one time, Methodists prohibited members from playing cards, dancing, and going to movies. Since then, these prohibitions have been dismantled. What is this shifting of focus from spiritual matters to worldly matters called?
secularization of religion
Phillip would like to collect information from a large number of people, but he has a limited budget. In order to sample a large number, but to keep the cost low, Phillip should use ________ as a research method.
self-administered questionnaires
In Buddhism, what do the four noble truths emphasize?
self-denial and compassion
The first of piaget's developmental stages is the
sensorimotor stage
If Ferdinand Tönnies wanted to find a village that exhibited what he called Gemeinshaft, he could look to __________.
the Amish communities in United States
According to Melvin Tumin, which of the following high school seniors will most likely attend college?
the C+ student from the upper class
Based on the global stratification model, nations of the former Soviet Union and its former satellites in Eastern Europe are classified as ________.
the Industrializing Nations
Which of the following currently holds the most promise for unity in the world? Great Britain leaving the EU. the United Nations NAFTA the decline of China
the United Nations
What did historian James Flink cite as the primary reason women were transformed from producers of food and clothing to consumers of national-brand canned goods, prepared foods, and ready-made clothes?
the automobile
In laissez-faire capitalism, __________. the government controls the market central committees control the market the market is not affected by any government action the market is tightly controlled by the public
the market is not affected by any government action
Sociologically, what is the immediate family of husband, wife, and children called who live apart from other kin?
the nuclear family
In a self-fulfilling stereotype, _____. the behaviors of the person match our expectations from the get-go the underlying truth of stereotypes is confirmed the other person ends up adapting to fit our expectations many factors can play a role, but attractiveness is not one of them
the other person ends up adapting to fit our expectations
What was the term C. Wright Mills used to refer to those who make the big decisions in American society?
the power elite
Latent Functions
unintended beneficial consequences of peoples actions
Kim is the child of Asian American parents. When she misbehaves, how will her parents most likely discipline her?
using shame and guilt to control her behavior
A _____ exists between the value of group superiority and the values of freedom, democracy, and equality.
value contradiction
What quality did Max Weber stress as being the hallmark of social research?
value neutrality
In the statement, "Poverty causes crime," the words "poverty" and "crime" are best described as ________ because they are subject to change.
variables
Many high school and college students enjoy the excitement and control of __________.
video games
sociologists use the term deviance to refer to any ____
violation of norms
Those who do not care enough to vote suffer from __________. compassion fatigue coalition blues voter apathy proportionate representation
voter apathy
No material culture refers to a group's ______
ways of thinking and doing
Non-material culture refers to a group's
ways of thinking and doing.
Solomon Asch's classic experiment showed that most individuals in a group __________. will even say what they know to be false to go along with their peers are much stronger than the group itself could care less about conformity will not say things they know are not true
will even say what they know to be false to go along with their peers
In the last seven U.S. presidential elections, a majority of __________ have consistently voted for the Democratic candidate. men women neither men nor women both men and women
women
Politically, the class of people who are more likely to feel that the government should intervene in the economy to make citizens financially secure are the ________.
working class
to keep their children in line, sociologist Melvin Kohn found that ________ parents tend to use physical punishment
working class
How would conflict theorists classify migrant workers, seasonal employees, and members of the workforce who are subject to layoffs?
working poor
Milgram's study on authority __________. was a failure is a classic example of how to conduct research properly would not be conducted in the same way today encouraged him to be more authoritarian
would not be conducted in the same way today
Communications in a bureaucracy are __________. written down and retained not recorded written down, but must be discarded after 30 days always a matter of public record
written down and retained
Wilma is in charge of the town's construction unit, and Tom is in charge of the town's event-planning unit; if they are typical bureaucratic units, they will have __________ of all their transactions. audio recordings written records video recordings oral records
written records
Rational-legal authority is based upon __________. oral tradition coercion written rules custom
written rules
Your sign-vehicles include _____. the appearance of others written scripts role conflict your way of presenting yourself
your way of presenting yourself
Sociologist Robin Williams identified 10 core values appear to be emerging in U.S. culture today, and an additional 3 were added by the author. Which of the following is not one of those emerging core values?
youthfulness
A sociologist administers an intelligence test to a seven-year-old child. The child has been locked away in isolation for his entire life with virtually no human contact and was only recently rescued. The child will most likely score __________.
zero
