Sociology final exam over chapters 12-18
What does a mass protest organizations do
Advocates for social change through protest
Mothers Against Drunk Driving introduced the concept of the "designated driver" in order to combat drunk driving because it focused on a single issue and sought to change individual behavior it is best described as
Alternative
Students at the high school decided to pool their money to buy winter clothes for the city's homeless population they didn't benefit from this action individually but their city was better off for it each student was engaging in
Altruism
Loving v Virginia (1967) struck down Americas blank laws
Antimiscegenation
Corporations are recognized as persons by the law because they
Are entities distinct from their owners
Which of the following is one of the benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMO's)
Better ability to resist insects
Social change
Can be caused by a variety of factors like new ideas and technologies
In the 1970's a man by the name of Jim Jones persuaded 900 people to commit suicide in Guyana he was the leader of the Peoples Temple and his personal appeal allowed him to have this power over his followers Weber would call this blank authority
Charismatic
Given her own experience as a stay at home mother, Lilane's mom is somewhat surprised by Lilane's "postfeminist expectation" that she will
Combine marriage to an egalitarian man with motherhood and a successful career
A theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of peoples tendency to conform to the behavior of others is called blank theory
Contagion
The key differences crowd collective action and mass collective action is that
Crowd collective action occurs when people are face to face but mass collective action does not
Jessica keeps a painting showing the Victorian feminine domestic ideal in her living room she says she loves imagining the past when women's worlds were at home and women supported each other in child rearing Jessica enjoys imagining the
Cult of domesticity
Very few scientists disagree with:
Darwin's natural selection theory
Max Weber distinguishes "domination by economic power" and "domination by authority." What is the key difference?
Economic domination involves competing interests, while in authority-based domination, those being ruled act as if the ruler's will were also their own.
Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company was in a position to issue commands and dictate the price of oil producers by virtue of its monopoly on oil refining this services as an example of domination by
Economic power
In terms of Ulrich Beck's risk society concept a tsunami would be an example of blank risk
External
Although marriages that are interracial and interethnic have become more common in the United States, most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. Which of the following is a potential factor that discourages exogamy?
Facing ostracism from within one's community
Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1913) examined the family structure of Australian Aboriginals and settled a long-standing debate when he concluded that
Family is a universal human institution
Betty Friedans framework explores the emotions of sadness and loss of purpose that housewives feel in spite of having an adequate family income, a husband, and children this phenomenon is known as the
Feminine mystique
In the United States what made the concept of a "traditional" family structure a less viable ideal for black families
Forced separations of spouses, siblings and parents from children led to a more expansive definition of kinship and thus an extended model took root
The blank theory of the family developed by Talcott Parsons argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers
Functionalist
In relation to the division of household chores
Gay and lesbian couples have a more equal distribution of household responsibilities between the two spouses than do heterosexual couples
Al Gore's film An Inconvenient Truth documented the effects of
Global warming
An example of collective action would be an
Group of cycling advocates blocking downtown streets
Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to single mothers and poverty
Half of all mothers raising kids by themselves have relied on welfare in recent decades
According to the controversial twin study published in human genetics there is a genetic link to
Homosexuality
The 1930's Townsend Plan movement which organized elderly Americans to demand a pension from the government is an example of
How apparent failures can create conditions for success
The decision to develop atomic weapons during WW II was influenced by
International geopolitical circumstances
Which of the following is a Christian of resource mobilization theory
Involvement of the elites often results in the demise of a social movement
Sociologist Rob Willer talks in this chapter about research he and his colleagues have done on altruism what has Willer concluded about the duality of generosity although some altruistic behavior
Is sincere some of it is motivated by egoism
Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy
It has positions that are highly specialized
The concept of a traditional nuclear family such as the homemaker mother and breadwinner father is one that emerged from American history which of the following statements describes the reality about the "traditional" family
It was unique to a particular time in history (1950's) and in broader historical view seems almost unusual
A famous British economist argued that government intervention in the form of social expenditures could pull the economy out of a recession by stimulating demand for products and services this is referred to as
Keynesian economics
Which of the following statements is true regarding aging and the economy
Labor productivity tends to be highest in middle age, but some research shows that older workers are more productive.
For American corporations what is one of the major benefits of offshoring parts of their operations
Lowered labor costs
Thousands of people tweeting at and emailing a US senator to pressure them to vote a certain way on a bill is an example of
Mass collective action
Legal-rational authority is widespread in today's society this is most likely because it
Means everyone is theoretically treated the same based on clear and consistent procedures
What has research found regarding the typical distribution of work hours before and after a heterosexual couple has children
Men do fewer hours of work in the household after having children than they did before, and their total work hours are lower than those of women.
The Bell Telephone Company which for decades was the only provider of telephone service in the United States was an example of
Monopoly
Offshoring takes place when corporations
Move all or part of their operations abroad to developing nations
What is the difficulty with both the convergence and the contagion theory of communal action
Neither theory explains why the occurrence of communal action is inconsistent.
Research discovering the link between smoking and cancer has led to a decrease in cigarette smoking in the past several decades this demonstrates the role that blank can play in social change
New ideas
During the Cold War, the United States tended to use hard power with regard to international relations. Joseph Nye, former assistant secretary of defense concludes that today the use of hard power in international politics is
No longer needed especially because countries are economically dependent on each other
Blank science is conducted within an existing paradigm
Normal
The main purpose of the welfare reforms of 1996 was to
Promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility
Movements like Occupy Wall Street may try to retain their revolutionary quality by avoiding a narrower, more targeted effort the risks of doing this include participant fatigue and frustration along with movement ineffectualness that can come with
Remaining devoid of concrete goals
When a scientific paradigm shifts, this means that:
Scientific anomalies have amassed to a level that challenges the validity of an existing paradigm
According to Hobbes to achieve peace and avoid death humans enter into a blank contract and submit to an overarching sovereign authority charged with ensuring peace for everyone
Social
Following the rapid industrialization that took place between the late eighteenth century and the early twentieth century many states began adopting various policies developed to meet social needs this is known as
Social policy
Sociologically speaking the BRCA 1 gene mutation is a good example of how
Social practices can change the effects of genes
According to research conducted by Ruth Schwartz (1983) time saving technological inventions like the vacuum cleaner, the washing machine and other household appliances have actually increased the number of hours that women spend on housework how does she explain this finding
Standards of cleanliness have also risen so even more cleaning is expected
Blank is a key characteristic of dictatorships
State censoring of information to the public
Sociologist Georg Simmel saw the development of monetary payment systems as part of a historical process leading to
The depersonalization of exchange
In Freakonomics Levitt and Dubner found that a political candidate can't win an election unless
The electorate likes them
In terms of the evolution of payment and exchange, wage labor is more developed than piecework payment because under wage labor
The employer assumes responsibility for the quality of the raw materials, the technology, and the production process
A study of homicides among women over the age of 18 shows that
The majority were related to intimate partner violence
An organization is ideologically opposed to the teaching of critical thinking skills in schools because it believes this undermines religious belief so it's leaders hire a researcher to find some negative social and psychological consequences of critical thinking skills that they can use to mobilize opposition to the practice sociologists critical of this research are likely applying
The normative view of science
At the post office one day you spy a mother and her three unruly children she consistently threatens to spank them when she gets them home if they don't stop behaving badly they continue to ignore her threats finally she swats one of them on the bottom making the other children laugh suggesting that she has lost control of the situation this could be seen as
The paradox of authority
The resistance movement was able to attract a high turnout for the Women's March that day after Donald Trump's inauguration because
The participants were motivated by a wide range of grievances
The nuclear family ideal with a working father and a stay at home mother and their children became a more feasible arrangement for many during which time period
The post WW II economic boom
It is difficult to present generalizations about Latinx families in the United States the challenge lies in the fact that
Their original and geographic locations are so diverse
Legal-rational authority allows a governor but not a police officer to make laws what is the difference between the governor and the police officer
Their roles
What do we know about couples who live together before marriage
They are more likely to divorce because couples who cohabit before marriage are typically more accepting of divorce.
What characterized the "new markets" that are part of globalization
They are primarily financial and not bound by geography; anyone anywhere with the proper equipment can participate
CRISPR the rising technology that allows gene editing allows expecting parents to change the genomes of potential offspring according to your textbook a key reason this is seen as potentially problematic is that
This would alter not just the individual but all of her or his descendants
In the Na culture of China a little boy grows up very close to one of his male relatives everyone expects a strong degree of influence between this man and the child this role model male relative is the boys
Uncle
The fatalities produced by Chicago's 1995 heat wave occurred mainly among the elderly, poor and African American population because members of these populations
Were socially isolated
Karl Marx described workers as:
alienated from the process of production
Contagion effects often work through the influence of a leader with a lot of
charisma
The enclosure movement changed the economy in the early Tudor period in England by
creating a large, new pool of urban labor
The Matthew effect is essentially like
getting promoted because of who you are, not on the basis of merit.
An honorarium is similar to a:
gift for something you have agreed to do for someone, like giving a speech.
The agricultural revolution in Europe had an influence on the transition to capitalism more specifically the agricultural revolution
helped capitalism develop.
In 1961 Stanley Milgram devised an experiment to measure
how far ordinary people would go in obeying an authority figure.
The green revolution by increasing new technologies requiring more skills has resulted in
increasing the value of formal schooling for women in rural areas.
Episcopalian, Dallas Cowboys fan, Democrat, and Texan are all group associations that help define a person as a(n)
individual
One of the reasons the #BlackLivesMatter (BLM) movement is seen as a new form of civil rights movement is because it
is loosely led by a group rather than a single charismatic individual.
Thomas is a peasant in the nineteenth century who moved from the countryside to the city looking for employment. In the city he can no longer barter to meet his needs because monetization developed alongside wage labor in urban areas. This means that
legal currencies are used in financial exchanges.
Sometimes meat and poultry aren't labeled organic even though they come from free-range animals raised without growth hormones or antibiotics. This is because:
maintaining an organic farm with U.S. Department of Agriculture certification is expensive; many farmers can't comply because of this.
Daniel has had three wives, but this is legal in the United States since he was married to only one woman at a time. This legality reflects our marital norm known as
monogamy
In general rulers demonstrate their authority by
persuading subordinates that their claims to power are valid
Because rap music has a tradition of sampling rather than a reliance on sole authorship, it is an archetypal genre of music from the __________ era.
postmodern
When anthropologists Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar observed Jonas Salk in his lab they observed that some research findings receive more attention than others within the scientific community they attributed this to
power struggles within the lab hierarchy
One of the major reasons farmers genetically modify their produce is so they
produce higher yields
Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for what?
protection
FBI consultant Robert Hare claimed that in the pursuit of profits for shareholders, corporations exhibit many of the same traits as:
psychopaths
Adam Smith the father of liberal economics determined that groups of individuals pursuing their own self-interest manage to stay intact and not fall into civil strife because individuals
pursuing self-interest in an environment of others acting similarly will lead to healthy competition.
A homeless shelter for battered women, where they can learn how to care for themselves and their children, would be an example of a(n) ________ social movement.
redemptive
The difference between a social movement and a ritual is that
rituals don't aim to change something about society.
Debates over whether scientific facts are discovered or socially constructed have been referred to as
science wars
Until places like Somaliland are recognized by other states and international institutions such as the United Nations, they will remain:
self-proclaimed nation-states.
Pierre lives in sixteenth-century Europe and is bound to the land. He must give up some of his crop production to the lord in return for protection. Pierre is a
serf
reformative social movements
target almost everyone in a society.
Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by
the emergence of new markets, new means of exchange, new players, and new rules that are intensifying worldwide interdependencies.
Authority most explicitly refers to:
the justifiable right to exercise power
Social security benefits in the United States are an example of
the right to contributory programs
A sociologist and an environmental scientist are each interested in global climate change. The sociologist prioritizes human choices that influence climate. The environmental scientist finds biological factors that influence climate. When the sociologist and environmental scientist dialogue, they may find that their apparent disagreement is actually due to the fact that:
they are working through different frameworks, so they reach different conclusions
As noted by Phillipe Ariès, in preindustrial families, children were
thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.
With regard to the family wage, women:
were seen to be working just for "extra money," so they were not paid the same as men.
One of the concerns with the Human Genome Project is that once your genetic structure is known
you may be labeled in such a way that a self-fulfilling prophecy takes place.