sociology final
According to the text, which of the following is one of the four major eras of environmental activism? a. postmodern environmentalism b. the conservation era c. climate justice d. Earth Day
b
After a woman's teenage son engages in deviant behavior, she says the reason for her son's behavior is that "he fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble? a. labeling theory b. differential association c. structural strain theory d. self-fulfilling prophecy
b
Although Los Angeles is infamous for its air pollution and smog, there are many parts of Los Angeles where the air is quite nice, especially in the mountains and by the sea. However, the people who live in these places are disproportionately white; the people who live in the places with the worst air quality are disproportionately likely to be racial and ethnic minorities. This is an example of a. conservation. b. environmental racism. c. environmental justice. d. sustainable development.
b
American ideology focuses on the importance of marriage and family values and assumes that the family is at the center of almost everyone's life. How does this compare to the way people really live? a. Both marriage and the family are central to the lives of the majority of Americans in much the same way they were in the distant past. b. Increasingly, both marriage and the family are less central to the lives of average Americans. c. Family values remain very important, but many more people are choosing not to get married than those who did so in the past. d. Marriage remains central to people's lives, but family values are less important than in the past.
b
Apartheid is a specific example of what system of social stratification? a. class b. caste c. slavery d. oligarchy
b
Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of a. a setting or region. b. an individual's personal front. c. the superego. d. expressions given
b
As an agent of socialization, who does the family influence? a. the elderly b. everyone c. women d. only children
b
According to Karl Marx, what social relations matter MOST in a capitalist system? a. community bonds b. family and kin c. economic relations d. nationalistic bonds
c
According to Robert Merton, which of these statements about manifest functions is true? a. Manifest functions are designed to alleviate inequality. b. Manifest functions are designed to critique the social system that produced them. c. Manifest functions are intended and obvious. d. Manifest functions usually have something to do with social conflict and change.
c
According to the Uniform Crime Report, murder is MOST likely committed by a a. friend or relative. b. stranger. c. gang member. d. dating partner.
a
A college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind. Where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas? a. These ideas come from teachers and fellow students expressing admiration. b. These ideas come from the confidence she gained from exceptional intellectual abilities. c. These ideas come from the ease with which she understood new concepts. d. These ideas are part of the structure of her personality with which she was born
a
A dishonest judge must pretend to be an honest judge, but even an honest judge must play the role of "honest judge" for an audience in order to interact and work with others effectively. This performance is an example of what theoretical perspective? a. dramaturgy b. ethnomethodology c. structural functionalism d. conflict theory
a
A graduate student is almost done with his dissertation when he is informed that twenty years ago someone did a similar project and already demonstrated what he had hoped to be the first to discover. What basic step of the scientific method should have saved him from this problem? a. reviewing the literature b. developing an operational definition c. selecting a research method d. analyzing data
a
A man is listening to loud music and singing along in public. The people around him glare and frown at him, hoping that he will stop. The man ignores them, indicating that he a. doesn't seem to care about negative sanctions. b. must be part of the dominant culture. c. is engaged in a culture war. d. doesn't know that some activities are taboo.
a
A man recently learned that he has a mental illness. Since his diagnosis, he has begun to act according to the illness and in ways that he thinks others expect someone with a mental illness to act. Which theory of health and illness best explains his situation? a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. curative medicine d. structural functionalism
a
A monetary fine, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are examples of a. negative sanctions. b. cultural universals. c. situational norms. d. positive feedback.
a
A paradigm shift is a major break in the assumptions that are used to understand the world. For social scientists, what causes a paradigm shift? a. new data forcing a new way of looking at the world b. religion and theology c. the study of history d. increased awareness of the current paradigm
a
A reporter who covers the police beat at a newspaper changes careers. She becomes an editor of nonfiction books and is paid the same salary as she was at the newspaper. What has she experienced? a. horizontal social mobility b. structural mobility c. vertical social mobility d. intragenerational mobility
a
A research team is curious about the relationship between exercise habits and academic performance among American college students. In order to get their data, the researchers randomly select seventeen colleges by pulling names out of a hat. They travel to campuses and stand in prominent public places asking for volunteers until they have ten people from each campus willing to be interviewed. What is the researchers' target population? a. American college students b. young people c. students at the seventeen colleges they visited d. the 170 students who were interviewed
a
A researcher studying a particular community looks through the community's trash and litter. What best describes this research method? a. unobtrusive measures b. comparative historical research c. content analysis d. experiment
a
A simple random sample is defined as a sample a. that provides the same chance of being included to every member of the population. b. that weights one variable more than another. c. with only one variable. d. that takes into account other demographic variables.
a
According to Karl Marx, the most important factor in social life is a person's a. relationship to the means of production. b. religious beliefs. c. race or ethnicity. d. level of education.
a
According to Talcott Parsons's understanding of the different roles that family members play, which of the following examples could be associated with the expressive role? a. a mother providing love, care, and affection to her husband and children b. a father providing for his family by paying the rent and household bills c. a daughter refusing to do homework after school d. a grandmother babysitting her grandchildren while both parents work
a
According to social psychologists, what do people tend to do when they encounter a situation that seems to be unfair and they cannot or will not act to make things right? a. convince themselves nothing bad has happened b. dedicate themselves to bringing about change c. try to use other resources, especially financial, to rectify the problem d. try to find an authority figure who can take over the responsibility
a
According to the scientific method, what are the steps in conducting research and in what order should they be completed? a. form a hypothesis, define variables, choose research method, collect data b. define variables, form a hypothesis, choose research design, review the literature c. form a hypothesis, choose research design, define variables, analyze data d. analyze data, form a hypothesis, choose research design, define variables
a
According to the text, sociologists would consider someone who listens to public radio but never contributes during pledge drives as a a. free rider. b. parasite. c. social tragedy. d. community malcontent.
a
According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the engine of social change? a. conflict between social groups b. exploration beyond the boundaries of a given society c. development of technology d. shared moral values
a
Advertising, engineering, marketing, product design, and web design are all examples of ________ work. a. knowledge b. industrial c. computer-assisted d. traditional
a
After studying the indigenous peoples of Australia, ________ concluded that any form of religion is united in its definition of what is considered to be ________ and ________. a. Émile Durkheim; sacred; profane b. Karl Max; manifest functions; latent functions c. Talcott Parsons; manifest functions; latent functions d. Robert Merton; sacred; profane
a
Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are innate, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are a. a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than innate. b. something that is innate, more an instinct than something learned. c. usually negotiable and not all that hard to change. d. the direct result of hormonal differences in the limbic system
a
Although the federal government plans to store nuclear waste under a mountain in Nevada, many people who live in Nevada are trying their best to have it housed elsewhere. This is a classic example of a. NIMBY. b. mainstream environmentalism. c. conservation. d. human exceptionalism.
a
An association of workers who organize to improve their economic status and working conditions is called a. a union. b. a nonprofit. c. a sweatshop. d. the third sector.
a
Charismatic authority is unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority in that it is rooted in a. the personal qualities of a leader. b. the efficiency and rationality of a particular way of doing things. c. an economic system that focuses on rules and regulations. d. birthright.
a
During the American occupation of Japan after World War II, the Japanese observed soldiers playing baseball and later adopted it as one of their pastimes. This is an example of a. cultural diffusion. b. counterculture. c. material culture. d. culture war.
a
Every four years, when it is time to elect a new president, we pay much attention to surveys, which we usually call "polls." Even though there are more than 300 million people in the United States, most political pollsters ask about a thousand people who they plan to vote for and use that information to predict how the election will turn out. Who is the sample for a presidential poll? a. the 1,000 people who are asked whom they will vote for b. every American c. every person who is planning on voting d. people who have strong political opinions
a
Experts have posited that Syria's change from a stable to an unstable country is partially due to an extensive drought. This means that the recent social change in Syria is, in part, due to a. a major physical event. b. wide-scale demographic changes. c. a new innovation or discovery. d. war.
a
Feminist theory has contributed to our understanding of gender by supporting the claim that a. women continue to have unequal positions in society as reflected in the ways their contributions have been written out of history books. b. gender inequality is rooted in biological differences between men and women. c. only women in positions of power can achieve gender equality. d. gender is no longer an influence on social life.
a
How do self-fulfilling prophecies work? a. We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning. b. We tend to respond to the physical and social marks that discredit our identities and leave us vulnerable to negative social judgments. c. Our social locations are a crucial factor in determining how others see us; therefore, social status is the most important determinant of deviance. d. We learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who break the rules.
a
How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today? a. These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live. b. Race and ethnicity are more important than any other factor in determining social class. c. These variables matter for members of the lower class but not for members of the upper or middle class. d. These other variables matter for members of the upper class but not for members of the middle or lower classes.
a
How is it possible for you go to Indonesia on vacation and have a conversation with your cab driver about your favorite television program? a. cultural diffusion b. cultural lag c. contagion theory d. technological determinism
a
Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called a. the looking-glass self. b. the preparatory stage. c. backstage. d. impression management.
a
In the ________ approach to addiction, people who become addicted may be responding to strains in the social system and their own lives by escaping through drugs and alcohol. a. structural functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict theory d. sick role
a
John, the CEO of a large bank, is charged with fraud. John pays $13 billion to settle the case and he does not go to jail. Andy is arrested for stealing money out of a parked car. Since Andy is unable to pay his bail or bond, he spends a month in jail while waiting for his trial. John and Andy exemplify the perspective of a. conflict theorists like Richard Quinney. b. symbolic interactionists like Edwin Sutherland. c. label theorists like Howard Becker. d. functionalists like Émile Durkheim.
a
Kea tries to take good care of herself. She works out regularly, gets plenty of rest, and eats well. Her approach to health is MOST closely aligned with a. preventive medicine. b. chronic illness. c. lifestyle medicine. d. palliative medicine.
a
Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have. This is why he believed that when looking for employment, it is advantageous to have a. casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks. b. a prestigious education in order to gain access to lucrative occupations. c. a high degree of cultural and social capital. d. a commitment to hard work and determination to succeed.
a
Religion fulfills what role in society from a structural functionalist perspective? a. It provides its adherents with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live. b. It makes women subservient to men. c. It is an instrument against oppression and exploitation. d. Its shows religious organizations how to become agents of change.
a
Rescission refers to a. insurance companies canceling a client's coverage only after the person gets sick. b. insurance companies denying health-care coverage due to a preexisting condition. c. a client's inability to pay for health insurance due to economic hardship. d. stabilizing the price of health care.
a
Role conflict occurs when an individual has a. multiple roles that are in conflict with each other. b. a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within his or her social circle. c. a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within himself or herself. d. a role that requires him or her to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict.
a
Sociologists have noted that the informal teaching practices and power relationships by which schools operate produce a disconnect between democratic values and what actually goes on in schools. About what concept are such arguments referring? a. the hidden curriculum b. educational inequality c. teacher expectations d. simulacra
a
Some immigrants have a hard time assimilating to a new culture. If their children assimilate and have a higher standard of living than their parents, the children are experiencing ________ mobility. a. intergenerational b. intragenerational c. structural d. immigrant
a
The "bureaucratization" stage of a social movement a. happened when American colonists transitioned from being revolutionaries to the official government leaders. b. has not yet happened for the gay rights movement. c. always happens at the beginning. d. happened for the environmental rights movement with the release of the film An Inconvenient Truth.
a
The 2010 Health Care Reform Act (commonly called the ACA or "Obamacare") a. included many insurance reforms and aimed to increase the number of Americans receiving health care. b. required births to occur in a hospital instead of at home. c. provided universal health care for all citizens by providing each person with state-run insurance. d. allowed insurance companies to deny coverage to anyone with preexisting conditions
a
The Information Revolution is transforming Western society from a. modern to postmodern. b. traditional to modern. c. traditional to postmodern. d. postmodern to modern.
a
The fact that school schedules are organized around Christmas is evidence a. that the United States is not a totally secular society. b. that the majority of Americans celebrate Christmas. c. that the United States is a secular society. d. of nothing; it is just a coincidence.
a
Today, many young people face an unprecedented problem: what to do when their parents try to friend them on Facebook or another social networking site. Technology has given us unprecedented ways to document our lives online, but some are not quite sure how to share this documentation with older generations. What is this problem called? a. cultural lag b. regressive social change c. technological determinism d. cultural imperialism
a
What do sociologists call it when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar? a. cultural leveling b. cultural imperialism c. social control d. cultural diffusion
a
What is it called when a government bars an individual, either temporarily or permanently, from voting? a. disenfranchisement b. voting conviction c. pluralism d. suffrage
a
What is the danger of too much group cohesion? a. It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged. b. It leads to endless discussion that tends to preclude any real action. c. It makes group members more susceptible to anomie or normlessness. d. It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group.
a
Émile Durkheim worried that individuals would feel less and less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented modern world, which would lead to a. anomie or normlessness. b. unemployment. c. a need for new types of etiquette. d. the rise of hate groups.
a
Émile Durkheim's study on suicide found that suicide rates went up when the economy slumped, but they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates a. anomie b. mechanical solidarity c. organic solidarity d. alienation
a
"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need." This slogan could only be fully realized with a. pure capitalism. b. pure communism. c. a mixture of capitalism and socialism. d. a mixture of capitalism and communism.
b
A college professor has a large collection of controversial counterculture T-shirts but makes sure to never wear these shirts to class. What is this kind of conformity called? a. internalization b. compliance c. identification d. groupthink
b
A company that dumps toxic waste in a river to keep costs down will likely never get caught by environmental regulators. According to Garrett Harden, we can best understand the costs of this action in terms of a a. social dilemma. b. tragedy of the commons. c. public goods dilemma. d. relative deprivation.
b
A five-year-old boy hurts himself while playing with his toys and immediately begins to cry. His father walks over to him and says, "Don't be a sissy; boys don't cry." This is an example of a. sexism. b. gender role socialization. c. transphobia. d. gender inequality.
b
A little girl notices that whenever both of her parents are in the car, her father is always driving. From this, she deduces that women should be passive and men should be active. This process is called a. sexism. b. social learning. c. gender inequality. d. expressive work.
b
A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time. a. folkway; mores b. mores; law c. norm; folkway d. law; taboo
b
A reality television show called Wife Swap exchanged the mothers from two very different families and filmed the result as the participants are exposed to radically different ways of life. Although the television network was simply trying to be entertaining, the show also demonstrates the sociological principle of a. globalization. b. culture shock. c. quantitative methods. d. the sociological imagination
b
A researcher must identify a target population before engaging in sampling. What is the target population? a. the group of people from whom he or she will gather data b. the larger group of people about whom he or she wishes to generalize c. the group of people whose behavior he or she wishes to change d. the group of people least often studied in the past
b
A sociologist uses a survey to study the attitudes of adults in the United States concerning premarital sex among teenagers. In this study, the target population consists of all ________ and the group that is asked the survey questions is called the ________. a. teenagers in the United States who have engaged in premarital sex; experimental group b. adults in the United States; sample c. adults in the United States who have teenage children; units of analysis d. teenagers in the United States; reference group
b
A sociologist wants to study popular attitudes and perceptions about astrology among college students in California. She believes that people who have astrological signs associated with fire will have a greater knowledge of astrology because fire signs tend to have more interesting and attractive symbolism. What are the variables in this study? a. popular attitudes and perceptions b. astrological signs and knowledge of astrology c. California and college students d. college students and symbolism
b
A trans woman, a person who does not identify as male or female, and a man who sometimes identifies as female are all a. cisgender. b. gender nonconforming. c. transgender. d. homosexual.
b
According to Karl Marx, how could a belief in heaven as a reward for earthly suffering serve the interests of the ruling class? a. by distracting the lower classes with fantastic spectacles b. by keeping the lower classes from demanding better treatment in this life c. by keeping working classes busy with religious activities and with no time to organize d. by using the church as a means to extract economic resources from the poor
b
According to William Julius Wilson, racism has created a black underclass, but this underclass is perpetuated by a. individual racism. b. economic factors. c. racial passing. d. prejudice.
b
According to conflict theory, how does the nuclear family facilitate exploitation? a. through the use of nannies and domestic workers b. through a sexual division of labor within the home c. by making geographic mobility possible d. by exploiting the working class whose products it consumes
b
According to symbolic interactionism, what is the relationship between the self and society? a. The development of a sense of self is guided by society. b. The self is shaped by society, but society is also shaped by the self. c. Both the self and society are shaped by larger external forces. d. Both the self and society are created by the course of history.
b
According to the text, which of the following has the effect of making poverty socially "invisible"? a. highlighting successful attempts by the poor to organize b. the use of law enforcement to move the homeless away from visible locations c. cultural products such as movies that highlight the lives of the poor d. political engagement
b
Barack Obama, as a presidential candidate, argued that racial prejudice is one of America's defining social problems. He was implicitly acknowledging that a. low-income women of all ethnicities see marriage as having few benefits. b. membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can affect people's life chances. c. race is constructed almost entirely through interaction. d. racism is driven by economic factors and any solution to racism must involve affirmative action.
b
Due to an oil boom, North Dakota has experienced the greatest population increase among all of the states in the United States in the recent past. Which demographic variable explains this? a. fertility b. migration c. mortality d. life span
b
Firms that purposely transcend national borders so that their products can be manufactured at sites all over the world are called a. sweatshops. b. transnational corporations. c. globalization. d. runaway shops.
b
Functionalists view the family as responsible for the reproduction of society in what way? a. It is the fundamental planning mechanism for society. b. It produces and socializes children. c. It is the basic unit of the household and the smallest building block of a society. d. It is the most important unit of consumption.
b
Hate crimes targeting Arab Americans and those mistakenly identified as Arab increased after Arab identity became stigmatized. What sort of stigma was this? a. religious b. tribal c. moral d. symbolic
b
How does a fad differ from fashion? a. Fashion changes; fads are stable, if only among a small group of people. b. Fads become very popular for short periods of time; fashions are widespread styles of behavior that may last for longer periods of time. c. Fads can mark you as belonging to a certain social group; fashion is widespread in society. d. Fads and fashions are the same thing.
b
How is culture transmitted and internalized? a. Values and beliefs are only taught in school. b. We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally. c. We are born with these values and beliefs. d. It is human nature to accept one's own culture as superior.
b
In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife or playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing? a. role strain b. role conflict c. a dual self d. the unconscious
b
In 2003, a major armed conflict began in the Darfur region of Sudan. The government carried out a deliberate and systemic extermination of Darfur's non-Arab population, resulting in several hundred thousand causalities and refugees. What best describes the actions taken by the government of Sudan against Darfur's non-Arab population? a. segregation b. genocide c. assimilation d. internal colonialism
b
In the 1980s, many politicians argued that listening to heavy metal music led teenagers to die by suicide. Though you might find this belief silly, it is a(n) a. operational definition. b. hypothesis. c. variable. d. paradigm shift.
b
Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would predispose him or her to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach? a. It requires psychiatric evaluations. b. It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently. c. It focuses too much on the emotional appeal of certain types of crime. d. It requires a great deal of statistical analysis.
b
One of the major problems with slowing greenhouse gas emissions lies in the developing world where many countries are just now starting to burn fossil fuels at the same rate as the industrialized world. Aside from the pollution produced, this is also a problem because there is not enough oil left for the world to burn it at its current rate. To solve this problem, many believe that we need a. a return to feudalism. b. sustainable development. c. environmental racism. d. ecological footprints.
b
Several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation, such as the case of Genie in 1970, suggest that a. human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity. b. most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction. c. the effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn't corrected by the time the child is five years old. d. the effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time.
b
Sociologists who conduct interviews can only gather data from a limited number of people because a. it is extremely difficult to guarantee confidentiality to large groups. b. interviews are too time-consuming. c. researchers are only allowed to talk to people who are eighteen and older. d. it is impossible to find enough people through a random sample.
b
Tactics that are used by workers to take back some degree of control over the conditions in which they work are called a. collective bargaining. b. resistance strategies. c. service work. d. knowledge work.
b
What does it mean if a sample of sociological research is representative? a. The researcher has avoided any overt bias. b. A smaller group of people studied can tell us something about a larger group. c. The research has been conducted systematically using the scientific method. d. The researcher avoided using any double-barreled questions.
b
What economic change has made it more difficult for workers to strike effectively? a. a strong, organized working class in the United States b. the ease with which manufacturing firms can move operations to another country c. the increasing availability of communications technology d. the increasing role played by nonprofits and Third Sector organizations
b
ethnographers using participant observation must always be aware of reflexivity, which occurs because a. ethnographers' conclusions may not be applicable to any larger group. b. the presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing. c. participants may not consider their own motivations and act out of reflex. d. ethnographers intervene in the lives of the people they are studying
b
A famous social scientist tells you that the most important task in her research was entering the social world of the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher? a. She cannot use interviews as a methodology. b. She exclusively uses quantitative methods. c. She is a qualitative researcher. d. She worries about ethical issues in her research.
c
A man tries to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making money. Into what category does this fit according to Robert Merton's typology? a. retreatism b. rebellion c. innovation d. ritualism
c
A professor has been commissioned by a college to do research on its new academic system. The college has moved from a semester system to block scheduling. One of the questions asked is, "How have teachers and students responded to the new intensive block scheduling system?" What is this is an example of? a. leading question b. reflexivity c. double-barreled question d. closed-ended question
c
A public goods dilemma occurs when a. individual actions that may be rational by themselves lead to a collective disaster. b. an individual tries to cheat the system by getting more than his or her fair share of the commons. c. individuals must give something to a collective resource without necessarily taking anything in return. d. individuals encourage others to participate in a social movement.
c
A researcher studying sororities pretends to be a college student and attempts to join a sorority. The researcher is operating on a high level of a. bias. b. objectivity. c. deception. d. reactivity.
c
A society that separates church and state is a(n) ________ society. a. traditional b. fundamentalist c. secular d. agnostic
c
A study found a strong correlation between parental bonding and adolescent drug use. Children with stronger bonds to their parents were far less likely to try drugs or alcohol. However, the researchers, after examining their data more closely, discovered that parental bonding was really a predictor for teen religiosity. Consequently, high levels of religiosity prevent drug use rather than parental bonding. This means that religiosity was a(n) a. paradigm shift. b. issue of reflexivity. c. intervening variable. d. spurious variable.
c
According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games? a. the values and beliefs of their parents b. how to imitate things c. the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole d. the behaviors associated with particular roles
c
According to Karl Marx, how is class consciousness, or revolutionary consciousness, developed? a. by achieving perfect industrial production so that most workers are unemployed b. by a eurocentric party leading a violent revolution c. by the lower classes recognizing how society works and challenging those in power d. through a religious awakening
c
African American and Hispanic communities are much more likely to be located near toxic waste dumps than white communities. What does this tell you about race in America? a. Race is an interactional accomplishment. b. The employment structure of inner cities has collapsed. c. Race can have an effect on health. d. Even the structure of families is dependent on race.
c
Alejandra believes that religion is the basis for good values and that promoting religion in society promotes social order. What perspective best describes Alejandra's views? a. symbolic interactionism b. promote a fashion brand c. structural functionalism d. conflict theory
c
Anna's father tried a low-carb diet for a while but stopped when he became aware of a new diet called "paleo." This is an example of a. a social dilemma. b. fashion. c. a fad. d. contagion theory.
c
Being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to a. be healthy due to access to Medicaid. b. complete college due to receiving need-based scholarships. c. feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement. d. overcome criminal charges due to the assistance of a public defender.
c
Designer labels on purses and logos on shirts are both examples of a. counterculture. b. cultural essentials. c. material culture. d. values.
c
During the Great Depression in the 1930s, huge numbers of dispossessed U.S. farmers left places like Oklahoma and moved to California. This is an example of a. internal colonization. b. mortality. c. internal migration. d. emigration
c
Family friends who are referred to as "Aunt" or "Uncle" are examples of a. homogamy. b. the Full House effect. c. fictive kin. d. extended families.
c
How do most abusive relationships look at the beginning? a. There is tension and a "walking on eggshells" feeling from day one. b. Violence usually begins as soon as the relationship starts, if not before. c. The abusive partner is charming, attentive, and thoughtful. d. The signs of violence are there from the start.
c
How do sociologists define a minority group? a. a group that makes up less than 20 percent of the total population b. a group that is smaller than the dominant group c. a group whose members are denied access to power and resources d. a group that makes up less than 50 percent of the total population
c
How does the birth of children tend to change the gendered division of labor within the household? a. It brings the extended family into the household more. b. It has no influence on the gendered division of labor. c. It makes the division of labor more traditionally split along gender lines. d. It gets fathers more involved.
c
In 2008, the Obama family's search for a church to attend in Washington, D.C., was big news. A sociological analysis of the national curiosity about the president's church might argue that a. America is an increasingly secular nation. b. following the media occupies an increasingly large part of everyone's time. c. being a Christian is an unofficial requirement for the presidency. d. the president has a high level of intrinsic religiosity.
c
In 2009, Barack Obama became the first black president. Some feel that this election demonstrates that racism is a thing of the past. This way of thinking is typical of a. institutional discrimination. b. racial passing. c. color-blind racism. d. cultural appropriation.
c
In Los Angeles you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever's playing USC." What is this an example of? a. bureaucratic rationalization b. group dynamics c. hostility toward an out-group d. the use of a reference group
c
In terms of job leads and social networks, how are men's networks different from women's? a. Women are more likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more women than men. b. Women are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more men than women. c. Women are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more women than men. d. Men are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more men than women.
c
In what aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested? a. which stigmas are fair and which are unjustly applied b. how stigma always leads to positive life outcomes c. how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis d. how stigma leads to increased self-esteem
c
It is always important to ask clear and unambiguous questions regardless of the method you use. Why is it especially important to avoid confusion when conducting surveys? a. Survey researchers tend to look at large-scale social patterns. b. Survey researchers talk to many people. c. Survey researchers are usually not present to clarify any misunderstandings. d. Survey research methods commonly use statistics.
c
Many health inequities that people of lower socioeconomic status experience are further exacerbated in ________ groups. a. older b. family c. minority d. majority
c
Modern economies require constant growth and with that growth comes an ever-increasing need for resources called a. economic modernization. b. edge cities. c. the treadmill of production. d. the new ecological paradigm.
c
Plantation owners in America often argued that enslaved Africans were better off because they did not have the mental capacity to run their own lives. Today, this seems both racist and idiotic. How could such racist beliefs flourish? a. People knew much less about world history then, so it seemed more plausible. b. People are, by nature, hostile and look to blame their problems on others. c. Such beliefs justify social arrangements between dominant and minority groups that benefit those who accept them. d. Nineteenth-century science was not well developed, so no authority figures could debunk racist beliefs.
c
Systems and structures that persist over time and help organize group life are called a. pluralistic situations. b. social controls. c. social institutions. d. social norms.
c
The concept of the looking-glass self explains a. why it is so difficult to see ourselves as others do. b. how young children come to realize that they have an identity separate from others. c. how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us. d. why we respond to the generalized other.
c
The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called a. shallow integration. b. commodity stops. c. globalization. d. runaway shops.
c
The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called a. cultural leveling. b. minority culture. c. dominant culture. d. symbolic culture.
c
What has a child learned to do when he or she can internalize the expectations of other specific people? a. follow the rules of games b. overcome the looking-glass self c. take the role of the particular or significant other d. take the role of the generalized other
c
What is the process called when students are tested and the test results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.)? a. socialization b. charter schooling c. tracking d. the hidden curriculum
c
Which of the following statements helps describe how Jack Katz's book Seductions of Crime explained deviance in a new way? a. Conflict theorists have frequently argued that differences in economic resources give elites the ability to control the coercive apparatus of the state. Pronounced economic differences also provide elites with a need to maintain order. b. Society should be considered as a cross between the cultural "goals" for which it believes its members should strive and the "means" that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways in which individuals should attain these goals. c. The social science literature contains only scattered evidence of what it means, feels, sounds, tastes, or looks like to commit a particular crime. d. Three decades ago, criminologists widely decried the failure of rehabilitative efforts to reduce recidivism. This "nothing works" attitude permeated the field of criminal justice, and a period of punitive justice was ushered in.
c
what do sociologists call informal rules and guidelines for behavior that are considered acceptable within a group? a. taboos b. laws c. folkways d. mores
c
"Welfare queen" is an insulting term for a woman who is accused of cheating the government by collecting welfare payments. There is no "welfare king" insult. What nugget of sociological truth is contained in the phrase "welfare queen"? a. People who use welfare to its fullest extent tend to live very well as indicated by the word "queen." b. Women are far more likely to cheat and steal than men. c. The use of the word "queen" accurately describes the population that is on welfare, which includes many gay men and transgender people. d. The use of the word "queen" reminds us that women are more likely than men to live in poverty.
d
A black woman is followed around the store by a white sales associate while shopping for clothes. Frustrated, she leaves the store and decides to go home. Her husband, on seeing her enter the house, asks, "What's for dinner?" What concept could we as sociologists use to understand her experiences, both in the store and at home? a. second-wave feminism b. feminization of poverty c. gender inequality d. intersectionality
d
A closed-ended question is one that a. can only be answered orally. b. encourages respondents to answer creatively. c. allows for a wide variety of responses. d. limits the possible responses.
d
A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a a. counterculture. b. subdominant culture. c. cultural spin-off. d. subculture.
d
A man has no sexual attraction of any kind and, though he is romantically interested in other people, he has never felt an interest in or desire for sex. How would this man MOST likely identify? a. bisexual b. gender nonconforming c. homosexual d. asexual
d
A neighborhood that has no grocery store, but more liquor, convenience, and fast food outlets than most other locations is referred to as a(n) a. pandemic. b. social institution. c. epidemic. d. food desert.
d
A social research methods class wants to study smoking. First, the professor asks how many people in the class are smokers. Two people indicate that they are. Then she asks how many people have smoked a cigarette in the past week and ten people indicate that they had. From this, the class decides, for the purposes of the survey, a smoker will be anyone who has smoked a cigarette in the past week and currently owns a pack of cigarettes. This is a(n) a. hypothesis. b. spurious correlation. c. ethical challenge. d. operational definition.
d
A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students including how to follow rules, remain in their seats, and other skills that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these other things that are taught in kindergarten called? a. expressions of behavior b. the ego c. theories of the self d. the hidden curriculum
d
A sociologist performs an experiment designed to investigate the effect of marriage counseling on divorce. He or she divides research participants into two similar groups of troubled couples, provides only one group with counseling, and observes whether, over time, the two groups eventually divorce at different rates. What is the independent variable in this experiment? a. troubled couples b. the overall divorce rate c. divorce d. marriage counseling
d
A space shuttle, graffiti, a new coding language, and a new instrument are all examples of a. counterculture. b. sanctions. c. cultural imperialism. d. technology.
d
A twenty-eight-year-old woman is on the verge of a big promotion at work. She didn't finish college until she was twenty-five and the entry-level job she currently has is not impressive. She decides to attend her ten-year high school reunion only if she is promoted. What do sociologists say her high school classmates represent if they can have this much influence on her decision to attend the reunion? a. a primary group b. an out-group c. a virtual community d. a reference group
d
A young person from Southern California has four German grandparents. She lived in Los Angeles all her life before accepting a job in Milwaukee. She has never really thought about her German heritage. In Milwaukee, she discovers many other people with similar ancestries and begins using her ethnicity as a way to develop social and professional relationships. Of what is this an example? a. the disparities in racial consequences b. symbolic ethnicity c. passing d. situational ethnicity
d
According to C. Wright Mills, what one quality of mind do all great sociologists possess? a. open-mindedness b. attention to detail c. praxis d. sociological imagination
d
According to Karl Marx, where does surplus value come from? a. selling goods to overseas markets where demand is higher b. the added value owners bring to a manufactured product c. finding ever-cheaper ways of processing raw materials d. paying workers less than the value of what they create
d
According to the lowest United Nations estimates, the globe will have two billion more people living on it by the year 2050. At that point, the population may actually shrink because, though life expectancy may continue to rise, the average number of children each person gives birth to is poised to drop below 2.1. What demographic variable might make the global population drop? a. immigration b. race c. a return to agrarianism d. fertility
d
According to Émile Durkheim, industrialized societies function via organic solidarity. What is the basis for organic solidarity? a. shared experiences and similar beliefs b. globalization, mass communications, and technology c. religion and tradition d. difference, interdependence, and individual rights
d
An estimate of the land and water area that is required to produce all of the goods that an individual consumes and to assimilate all of the waste that he or she produces is called a. demographics. b. biodiversity. c. smart growth. d. an ecological footprint.
d
Authors often use the word "man" to refer to large groups that include both male and female members such as "all mankind." Sociologists and feminists argue that this is an example of the use of sexist language. What does this tell us about the relationship between language and culture? a. Language is shaped by culture, and the use of nonsexist words is a signal of social change. b. Language can change culture, but only in negative ways that increase sexism and discrimination. c. Culture can only be transformed through material and economic change, not through any connection to language. d. Language shapes culture, so using gender-neutral language facilitates social change.
d
C. Wright Mills identifies the small and unified group of people who occupy the highest positions of the major economic, political, and military institutions and exercise tremendous influence in American social life as a. the media. b. political action committees that raise money and advocate on behalf of their donors. c. a variety of organizations and institutions that represent different interest groups. d. the power elite.
d
Damage to tropical rain forests is causing the extinction of many rain forest species, but it is also detrimental to human life. Why? a. Rain forests provide vast amounts of food for the Western world. b. Rain forests are home to much of the world's population. c. Rain forests provide much-needed water for people. d. Rain forests absorb carbon dioxide and provide valuable plants.
d
Death and illness in a population are bad for the productivity of the system and are destabilizing forces. Which theory takes this approach to medicine? a. conflict theory b. the sick role c. symbolic interactionism d. structural functionalism
d
Genetic testing in utero can inform parents of possible genetic mutations in the embryo. There are ethical concerns regarding this type of genetic testing because some assert that the selection of only healthy babies is a form of a. genocide. b. bioethics. c. epidemic. d. eugenics.
d
How are children of divorced parents today different from children of divorced parents in the 1970s? a. Children of divorced parents today are considerably less likely to divorce than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. b. Children of divorced parents today are more likely to be divorced multiple times than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. c. Children of divorced parents today are more likely to get married than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. d. Children of divorced parents today are more likely to get divorced themselves than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s.
d
How did the Industrial Revolution change the common meaning of family? a. It shifted the meaning from nuclear family to extended family. b. Family no longer exclusively referred to people who shared a household. c. It stopped mattering whether children were present. d. It shifted the meaning from extended family to nuclear family.
d
How has the Information Revolution changed the nature of work and the economy? a. It has made it less likely that individuals will be able to work from home. b. It has made companies more likely to manufacture and sell goods within a single nation. c. It has slowed down the process of globalization. d. It has shifted the economy toward the production of knowledge and services.
d
How have Americans' attitudes changed, if they have it all, regarding whether marrying someone of a different race is good for society? a. Americans are about as accepting of interracial marriage as they were in the past. b. Americans are a little more accepting of interracial marriage than they were in the past. c. Americans are less accepting of interracial marriage than they were in the past. d. Americans are much more accepting of interracial marriage than they were in the past.
d
How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination? a. Institutional discrimination can be either positive or negative. b. Institutional discrimination involves attitudes or opinions. c. Institutional discrimination is less harmful. d. Institutional discrimination is more systematic and widespread.
d
In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons. a. uniform crime report (UCR) b. positive deviance c. full state system d. criminal justice system
d
Jordan has been suffering from sinus pain for several months and his physician prescribes over-the-counter decongestants and acupuncture. This is an example of ________ medicine. a. conventional Western b. alternative c. curative d. integrative
d
Many immigrants to the United States have gotten in trouble for keeping livestock in urban areas, especially chickens, goats, and pigs. Their neighbors feel it is okay to own a 150-pound mastiff, but "unsanitary" to have a 50-pound goat that gives milk. In this case, what is driving racism? a. the assumption that differences between groups are innate or biologically based b. the linguistic barriers that prevent communication c. the need to generate finance capital d. a negative view of a group's cultural characteristics
d
The economy is not only about money but also about a. encouraging cooperation over competition. b. the people who are most important to an individual's sense of self. c. rituals and beliefs that divide the world into the sacred and the profane. d. the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
d
The folk-pop singer Jewel is famous for having lived in her van when she first moved to San Diego and started performing in a coffee shop. Soon after Atlantic Records signed her, her advance allowed her to rent a house and buy a new car. Of what class-based phenomenon is this an example? a. apartheid b. socioeconomic status and life chances c. the culture of poverty d. social mobility
d
The slogan "what happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas" is an example of a. mores. b. a sanction. c. a moral escape. d. a moral holiday.
d
What do schools, churches, and governments all have in common? a. They are all less important today than in the past. b. They are all secular institutions. c. They function only at the macro level. d. They are all social institutions.
d
What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder? a. charismatic authority b. influential power c. bureaucratic power d. coercive power
d
Which type of group is characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships? a. in-group b. secondary c. reference d. primary
d
symbolic interactionists stress the way we make "snap judgments" about other people's class statuses. We often pay close attention to what cues we display since we are aware that other people are judging us. Given this, why did Paul Fussell decide to measure class status with a "living room scale" rather than assessing some other part of the house? a. The living room is where the most expensive furniture goes. b. The living room is a part of the house the whole family uses. c. The living room is where the television is usually found. d. The living room is where we receive guests.
d
Émile Durkheim suggested that in traditional societies, people were bound through mechanical solidarity. What was the basis of these sorts of bonds? a. anomie b. a strong ruler who exercised absolute control over the population c. interdependence and the division of labor d. shared traditions and similar experiences
d