Sociology Final

How to sociologists define a minority group?

A social group that is systematically denied the same axis to power and resources available to societies dominant groups though they are not necessarily if you were in number than the dominant groups.

How to sociologists define race?

A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.

When children are working class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field, it is an example of what kind of mobility?

Intergenerational mobility

Social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's life time is called what kind of mobility?

Intragenerational mobility

What exclamation dysfunctional isn't half or prejudice and discrimination today?

It creates social solidarity and group cohesion.

How does colorblind racism a tribute to racial inequalities?

It makes more subtle forms of racism difficult to aknowledge.

Why are poor women less likely to marry?

Low income women seem marriage is having very few benefits. They feel that men they likely to encounter as possible husbands will not offer the advantages that make the rewards of marriage worth the risk.

What is white privilege?

On earned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups.

What is racial passing?

Passing yourself off something you're not

White-collar workers typically belong to what class?

The middle class

What is segregation?

The physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity.

What is racial assimilation?

The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the Dominic group through intermarriage.

How was Max webers idea of social class different from Karl Marx's?

Unlike Karl Marx, Max Weber noted that owning the means of production was not the only way of achieving upper class status; a person can also accumulate wealth consisting of income and property.

What sort of mobility often results from losing a job?

Vertical social mobility

With what issue is the first wave of feminism most strongly associated?

Women's suffrage

How many babies out of every thousand or born intersex?

17

I society were social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules, like the caste system is called:

A closed system

What is relative poverty?

A lack of resources based on the standard of living in a particular society.

What is absolute poverty?

A lack of resources defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or healthcare.

What is patriarchy?

A male dominated society.

What criteria does the social class system used to stratify its members?

Access to wealth, property, power, and prestige.

What is situational ethnicity?

And ethnic identity that can either be displayed or concealed depending on the usefulness in a given situation.

What is symbolic ethnicity?

And ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly affect every day life.

What is prejudiced?

And idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it..

What racial group has the highest median income?

Asian Americans

What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group?

Assimilation

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. Why were his findings noteworthy?

Because he suggested that human sexuality is far more diverse and commonly assumed. He believed that people are not exclusively heterosexual or homosexual but can fall along a wide spectrum.

In the USA, why are doctors and parents so quick to seek a surgical fix for babies who are born intersex?

Because the prospect of an ambiguously sext person seems threatening an unacceptable.

Homogamy, A term sociologist used to mean the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background in group memberships, is very common. Why?

Because we tend to marry those who share the same economic and educational backgrounds.

When does gender role socialization begin?

Before birth.

What are some examples from The text of her teachers three boys and girls differently in a classroom setting?

Boys receive more attention and instructional time and are more likely to be called on in class. They're also pose with more challenging questions or tasks and are given more praise for the quality of their work. Girls however 10 to earn higher grades. But their academic achievements are often discounted.

What theory would say that women's contributions to the family or devalued because as a social group, men benefit for maintaining their dominant status.

Conflict theory

Most sociologists argue that the gender is a social construction, and they acknowledge the possibility that binary male female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals. Which view is this?

Constructionism

What is individual discrimination?

Discrimination carried out by one person against another.

What is institutional discrimination?

Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it.

According to conflict theory, what is the real source of racism?

Economic competition and struggle over scarce resources; split labor market in which one group of workers is routinely paid less than those in other groups, keeps wages low for racial and ethnic minorities, compounding the effects of racism with those of poverty.

What do sociologists call awareness of our own and others' class statuses?

Every day class consciousness

What is micro aggression?

Every day uses of ordinary language that may send denigrating messages to members of social groups.

Women are more likely to live in poverty, a situation often referred to as what?

Feminization of poverty

What theory supports the notion that some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other?

Functionalism

A persons self conception of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as what?

Gender identity

What do sociologists call it when an individual changes his or her career but remains within the same social class?

Horizontal social mobility

In the early 1900s, native born Americans, usually Protestants, did not consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

How race and ethnic city are socially constructed.

What are the two complementary rules functionalist Talcott parsons identified with in the family?

Instrumental and expressive roles

What perspective in sociology is concerned with how gender is constructed and maintained in our every day lives?

Interactionism

How did the incomes of single fathers compare with those of single mothers?

Single fathers make more money.

In terms of health and life expectancy between men and women what is the great equalizer?

Men take more care with her health, but women have increased risk factors for disease.

Which of the following groups argues that men suffered discrimination as a result of feminism?

Men's rights movement

What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty?

Meritocracy

Which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit?

Meritocracy

A same-sex couple holding hands or kissing in public may receive disapproving looks or even abusive comments from other people. This is an example of what?

Micro aggression

Is there mobility within the caste system?

No, there is little or no chance of a person changing her position within the hierarchy no matter what he or she may achieve individually.

Side is that encourage racial ethnic diversity have embraced the value of what?

Pluralism

Pierre Bourdieu's Term used to describe the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain stable overtime was called?

Social reproduction

How do sociologists define ethnicity?

Socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some cultural factor.

Mother Teresa Was a person with tremendous power and pre-Stege, yet she was very poor. Mother Teresa is an example of what?

Status inconsistency

What does sociologist call it one large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder is a result of changes just society as a whole?

Structural mobility

Blue-collar workers typically belong to what class?

The lower middle-class otherwise known as the working class

Where the positive consequences of racial and ethnic categories?

Symbolic and situational Ethnicity

What social theory insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, or built out of every day interactions?

Symbolic interactionism

What do most Americans claim about their social class?

That they belong somewhere in the middle class.

What is cultural appropriation?

The adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without the permission often for the dominant groups gain.

Apartheid is an example of what type of social stratification?

The caste system

What system of stratification is used in capitalist society's?

The class system

What is ethnic cleansing?

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group.

What are the basic principles of social stratification?

The division of Society into groups arranged into a social hierarchy. Members may be grouped according to their gender, race, class, age, or other characteristics, depending on whatever criteria are important that society. Systems of stratification include slavery, the cast system, and social classes.

What is population transfer?

The forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied

A majority of Americans believe that poverty is a big problem, but addressing it is not a priority for most. Why not?

The just world hypothesis which argues that people have a deep need to see the world is orderly, predictable, and fair, which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice is deserving their fates.

What does Paul fossils living room scale attempt to measure?

The statuses of others based on what they have in their living rooms.

Why do men usually make more money than women?

The values and norms of contemporary society encourage men to make more money.

What is modern science determined about racial categories?

There are only three racial categories: black, Asian, white

What are some characteristics of the upper class in the United States?

They make around $2 million per year, they are often highly educated and influential, they tend to attend private schools in for Stege us universities and display a distinctive lifestyle, some seek positions of power in government or philanthropy, and they are largely self-sustaining.

How to most sociologists differentiate between sex and gender?

They view sex as biological, but they view gender as social or cultural.

What is the goal of affirmative action?

To level the playing field for minorities.

What is discrimination?

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice.

If we are to have a truly egalitarian Society, citizens must recognize

the racist history of the racism and social conditions that perpetuate contemporary inequalities.