Sociology mid-term CH. 4, 6, 8
What term describes the narrow focus that develops in some groups, a focus that inhibits new ideas from forming?
groupthink
Which of the following identifies the relationship between society and deviance?
Because we rely on the stability of social arrangements, deviance is penalized and resisted.
Sociologists would agree with which of the following statements?
By belonging to a group, we assume an obligation to affirm the group's values, interests, and norms.
Emile Durkheim said that deviance contributes to social order in which way?
Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.
__________ is the study of how people use commonsense understandings to make sense of life.
Ethnomethodology
__________ refers to how we influence groups and how groups influence us.
Group dynamics
What is one theory as to why the status of women became lower in agricultural societies?
Men took over plowing and the care of cattle, leaving secondary tasks to women.
Why do members of hunting and gathering societies have few personal belongings?
Most of what is hunted and gathered is perishable.
Sociobiologists would agree with which of the following statements?
People with certain characteristics have been more likely to survive than people with different characteristics.
__________ divides people according to income, education, and occupation.
Social class
What do conflict theorists conclude about the criminal justice system?
The criminal justice system sets harsh penalties for crimes committed by the poor and underclass so that the elite can stay in power.
What was one major effect of the invention of the steam engine on society?
The inequality in the possession of material goods between the social classes increased.
__________ is an example of status inconsistency.
__________ is an example of status inconsistency.
Joe uses a plow to farm land and is required to pay a tribute to a ruling power. What type of society is he a member of?
agricultural
Which of the following is an example of a small group?
an individual and her immediate family
The status inherited by a baby born into a royal family is considered a(n) __________.
ascribed status
Which of the following is an example of a stigma?
being confined to a wheelchair
Microsociology focuses on social interaction while macrosociology focuses on __________.
broad features of society
Several members of a social network who form a bond are called a ____________.
clique
Some status symbols are used to __________.
communicate group membership to others
In Solomon Asch's study of group dynamics, he found __________.
conformity and peer pressure are strong enough forces to get most people to say things they know are false
In the United States, taking something that does not belong to you is considered __________ behavior.
deviant
What is considered deviant in one culture may not be considered deviant in another culture because __________.
different cultures have different norms
According to __________ theory, people base their behaviors in regard to deviance and conformity on the groups they interact with.
differential association
What is considered the first social revolution?
domestication
What is one group that has a large impact on people, according to differential association theory?
family
Which of the following groups is most likely to develop groupthink?
high-ranking government officials
Stanley Milgram, who did research on authority, found that __________.
his research participants were willing to obey a person with authority
What term is used to describe the idea that people try to control what others think about them?
impression management
What are the two control systems that work against our motivations to deviance, according to control theory?
inner controls and outer controls
After being released from prison, individuals often have a hard time finding __________, and return to a life of crime.
institutionalized means to success
A company in which leaders give few instructions and employees are free to do work as they wish is an example of what type of leadership?
laissez-faire
In postindustrial societies, __________ has given way to the processing and sale of information.
manufacturing
According to psychologists, deviant behaviors are a result of __________.
mental problems
A sociologist analyzing the interactions among individuals during their everyday lives is using what level of analysis?
microsociology
Larger groups are __________ than smaller groups.
more stable
An individual in a(n) __________ will be perceived by nonmembers as bad or evil regardless of his or her behavior and personality.
out-group
A group that bases its livelihood on the domestication and breeding of animals is called a(n) _____ society.
pastoral
Which of the following is a functional requisite of each society?
preserving order
Which of the following is an example of a value that is transmitted through the social institution of the economy?
producing efficiently
The name for the type of group we consider when evaluating ourselves is_________
reference group
Occasionally, what is expected of us in one status (our role) is incompatible with what is expected of us in another status. This problem is known as __________.
role conflict
__________ are the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status.
roles
Sabrina has met a few students in her sociology class, but the entire class is part of a(n) __________ group.
secondary
In order to remain in a group, people must do what?
show that they agree to share the group's values and interests
__________ are a part of a person's primary group.
siblings
A group's system of formal and informal means of enforcing norms is called __________.
social control
Conflict theorists believe the primary purpose of __________ is to preserve the social order.
social institutions
Macrosociology focuses on broad features of society while microsociology focuses on __________.
social interaction
Individuals who are linked to one another are called a(n) __________.
social network
What is the term used to describe a group's customary social arrangements?
social order
Rogan believes that people have a predetermined disposition for violence. He most likely favors which type of explanation for deviance?
sociobiological
Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to all the statuses or positions that you occupy.
status set
A wedding ring or a uniform is an example of a __________.
status symbol
Assumptions about a person based on their physical characteristics are usually a product of __________.
stereotypes
Regardless of our feelings at any particular moment, social __________ guides our actions and behaviors.
structure
According to conflict theorists, __________ is a tool used by the powerful members of society to preserve their power and privilege.
the criminal justice system
The level of a negative sanction you might give to someone will depend on ___________.
the norm being broken and your perspective
