Sociology mid-term CH. 4, 6, 8

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What term describes the narrow focus that develops in some groups, a focus that inhibits new ideas from forming?

groupthink

Which of the following identifies the relationship between society and deviance?

Because we rely on the stability of social arrangements, deviance is penalized and resisted.

Sociologists would agree with which of the following statements?

By belonging to a group, we assume an obligation to affirm the group's values, interests, and norms.

Emile Durkheim said that deviance contributes to social order in which way?

Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

__________ is the study of how people use commonsense understandings to make sense of life.

Ethnomethodology

__________ refers to how we influence groups and how groups influence us.

Group dynamics

What is one theory as to why the status of women became lower in agricultural societies?

Men took over plowing and the care of cattle, leaving secondary tasks to women.

Why do members of hunting and gathering societies have few personal belongings?

Most of what is hunted and gathered is perishable.

Sociobiologists would agree with which of the following statements?

People with certain characteristics have been more likely to survive than people with different characteristics.

__________ divides people according to income, education, and occupation.

Social class

What do conflict theorists conclude about the criminal justice system?

The criminal justice system sets harsh penalties for crimes committed by the poor and underclass so that the elite can stay in power.

What was one major effect of the invention of the steam engine on society?

The inequality in the possession of material goods between the social classes increased.

__________ is an example of status inconsistency.

__________ is an example of status inconsistency.

Joe uses a plow to farm land and is required to pay a tribute to a ruling power. What type of society is he a member of?

agricultural

Which of the following is an example of a small group?

an individual and her immediate family

The status inherited by a baby born into a royal family is considered a(n) __________.

ascribed status

Which of the following is an example of a stigma?

being confined to a wheelchair

Microsociology focuses on social interaction while macrosociology focuses on __________.

broad features of society

Several members of a social network who form a bond are called a ____________.

clique

Some status symbols are used to __________.

communicate group membership to others

In Solomon Asch's study of group dynamics, he found __________.

conformity and peer pressure are strong enough forces to get most people to say things they know are false

In the United States, taking something that does not belong to you is considered __________ behavior.

deviant

What is considered deviant in one culture may not be considered deviant in another culture because __________.

different cultures have different norms

According to __________ theory, people base their behaviors in regard to deviance and conformity on the groups they interact with.

differential association

What is considered the first social revolution?

domestication

What is one group that has a large impact on people, according to differential association theory?

family

Which of the following groups is most likely to develop groupthink?

high-ranking government officials

Stanley Milgram, who did research on authority, found that __________.

his research participants were willing to obey a person with authority

What term is used to describe the idea that people try to control what others think about them?

impression management

What are the two control systems that work against our motivations to deviance, according to control theory?

inner controls and outer controls

After being released from prison, individuals often have a hard time finding __________, and return to a life of crime.

institutionalized means to success

A company in which leaders give few instructions and employees are free to do work as they wish is an example of what type of leadership?

laissez-faire

In postindustrial societies, __________ has given way to the processing and sale of information.

manufacturing

According to psychologists, deviant behaviors are a result of __________.

mental problems

A sociologist analyzing the interactions among individuals during their everyday lives is using what level of analysis?

microsociology

Larger groups are __________ than smaller groups.

more stable

An individual in a(n) __________ will be perceived by nonmembers as bad or evil regardless of his or her behavior and personality.

out-group

A group that bases its livelihood on the domestication and breeding of animals is called a(n) _____ society.

pastoral

Which of the following is a functional requisite of each society?

preserving order

Which of the following is an example of a value that is transmitted through the social institution of the economy?

producing efficiently

The name for the type of group we consider when evaluating ourselves is_________

reference group

Occasionally, what is expected of us in one status (our role) is incompatible with what is expected of us in another status. This problem is known as __________.

role conflict

__________ are the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status.

roles

Sabrina has met a few students in her sociology class, but the entire class is part of a(n) __________ group.

secondary

In order to remain in a group, people must do what?

show that they agree to share the group's values and interests

__________ are a part of a person's primary group.

siblings

A group's system of formal and informal means of enforcing norms is called __________.

social control

Conflict theorists believe the primary purpose of __________ is to preserve the social order.

social institutions

Macrosociology focuses on broad features of society while microsociology focuses on __________.

social interaction

Individuals who are linked to one another are called a(n) __________.

social network

What is the term used to describe a group's customary social arrangements?

social order

Rogan believes that people have a predetermined disposition for violence. He most likely favors which type of explanation for deviance?

sociobiological

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to all the statuses or positions that you occupy.

status set

A wedding ring or a uniform is an example of a __________.

status symbol

Assumptions about a person based on their physical characteristics are usually a product of __________.

stereotypes

Regardless of our feelings at any particular moment, social __________ guides our actions and behaviors.

structure

According to conflict theorists, __________ is a tool used by the powerful members of society to preserve their power and privilege.

the criminal justice system

The level of a negative sanction you might give to someone will depend on ___________.

the norm being broken and your perspective


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