Sociology of Del. Youth - Exam 2

Akers argued that learning, at its most basic, must come from social interaction. True False

False

Control theorists assert that human beings are basically social creatures. True False

False

Homogeneity refers to the difference and diversity; in a neighborhood context and often reduces informal social control. True False

False

If juveniles are caught bullying, they may be expelled from school, or might be told they can no longer participate in football, cheerleading, or marching band. This is an example of positive punishment. True False

False

In general strain theory (Robert Agnew), the only source of strain is limited access to the goal of material success. True False

False

Most individuals respond to strain with crime and delinquency. True False

False

Policies that take anomie theory insights into account would focus upon reentry as a means of addressing the potential for delinquency. True False

False

certainty of punishment

The most important element of deterrence. The assumption that if individuals perceive a high likelihood of being caught and punished for a crime, they will not engage in it

celerity of punishment

the element of deterrence that assumes that the faster a punishment occurs, the more likely an individual will not engage in that behavior in the future

micro-level theories

theories of delinquency that focus on the individual

Which theory concentrates on indirect controls of behavior? a. Social control b. Life course and Developmental c. General Strain d. Differential Association

a. Social control

The criminologist who developed Differential Association Theory is: a. Sutherland. b. Hirschi. c. Shaw. d. Burgess.

a. Sutherland

Which of the following would NOT be considered one of the three types of strain? a. The anticipated or actual acquisition of a status or material object. b. The anticipated or actual failure to achieve a goal. c. The anticipated or actual loss of a positive stimulus. d. The anticipated or actual presentation of a negative stimulus.

a. The anticipated or actual acquisition of a status or material object.

The component of the social bond that suggests the stronger one's awareness of, understanding of, and agreement with the rules and norms of society, the less likely one will be to deviate is called ____. a. belief b. commitment c. involvement d. attachment

a. belief

Shaw and McKay noted that the ethnicity or race of people living in the central business district and the zone of transition did not matter; rates of delinquency were _____ than in the rest of the city there, and this was consistent over time. a. higher b. extremely lower c. lower d. about the same

a. higher

A punishment that is introduced or added to decrease a behavior is called ____. a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. negative punishment

a. positive punishment

_____ is a state of interdependence that social disorganization theorists state characterizes the social world. a. symbiosis b. separation c. disunity d. antagonism

a. symbiosis

According to Life Course Criminology, a child who begins very early displaying antisocial tendencies and continues into late adolescence and possibly beyond is said to be on a(n) ____ toward delinquency. a. trajectory b. transition c. commitment d. attachment

a. trajectory

Extracurricular activities such as band or sports often prevent juveniles from engaging in delinquency. Which of the following bonds best exemplifies extracurricular activities? a. Involvement b. Commitment c. Attachment d. Belief

b. Commitment

The learning of behaviors and norms from the groups with which we have contact is the definition of which theory? a. Differential Association b. Life course and Developmental c. Social control d. General Strain

b. Differential Association

Which theory suggests that delinquency might vary by area? a. Life Course and Developmental b. Differential Association c. Social Control d. General Strain

b. Differential Association

What type of theories of delinquency focus on the social structure or the big picture of society? a. Choice b. Macro-level c. Micro-level d. Biosocial

b. Macro-level

Drivers of color may experience significant strain during what type of traffic stop? a. Dui b. Pretextual c. Speeding d. Felony

b. Pretextual

Which zone in the concentric zone model is the area immediately on the outskirts of the downtown area where Park and Burgess stated that the most physical deterioration could be seen and where the social problems of the city were most abundant? a. Zone 5: Commuter zone b. Zone 2: Zone of transition c. Zone 1: CBD d. Zone 3: Multi-family housing

b. Zone 2: Zone of transition

Akers argued that ______, at its most basic, did not have to come from social interaction, but could come from rewards and punishments that evolved from the individual behavior itself. a. rewards b. learning c. differential association d. punishment

b. learning

A deterministic or positivist position claims that factors mostly _________ social organization of society and/or environmental influences determine delinquency. a. within the realm of choice of the individual's b. outside the conscious control of individual's c. within individual members of a community's d. inside the conscious control of individual's

b. outside the conscious control of individual's

Which type of coping strategy involves trying to reinterpret the strain to lessen the impact of that strain? a. Emotional b. Behavioral c. Cognitive d. Physical

c. Cognitive

Which of the following is NOT a proposition of Differential Association Theory? a. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. b. Criminal behavior is learned. c. Differential associations do not vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. d. Although criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, because noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.

c. Differential associations do not vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

Removing obstacles to success and opening up opportunities (e.g., giving scholarships to college) would be one logical implication of which delinquency theory? a. Differential Association b. Life Course and Developmental c. General Strain d. Social Control

c. General Strain

A theoretical perspective that considers the entire course of human life (from childhood, adolescence, and adulthood to old age) as social constructions that reflect the broader structural conditions of society refers to which theory? a. Social Control b. General Strain c. Life Course and Developmental d. Differential Association

c. Life Course and Developmental

Durkheim was a _______ theorist who assumed that we all share a basic sense of right or wrong and that laws and other rules reflect the values that we share. a. critical b. conflict c. consensus d. micro-level

c. consensus

Merton claimed that social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in ______conduct, rather than _____conduct. a. illegal, lawful b. ethical, unethical c. non-conformist, conformist d. conformist, non-conformist

c. non-conformist, conformist

A reward for behavior, for example the pleasurable feeling that people might feel they get from doing drugs is called ____. a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

c. positive reinforcement

Social Contract

citizens agree to follow the rules or laws set forth by society in return for protection from harm

Which type of coping strategy is an attempt to lessen the negative emotions that might arise from the strain? a. Physical b. Behavioral c. Cognitive d. Emotional

d. Emotional

Which of the following are NOT one of the five ways Merton stated that people can adapt to strain? a. Ritualism b. Innovation c. Conformity d. Non-conformity

d. Non-conformity

A person who is interested in using policies and programs for change will want to focus on making neighborhoods more organized would be cited under which theory? a. Anomie b. Choice c. Collective efficacy d. Social disorganization

d. Social disorganization

Durkheim's theory that proposes that rapid social change often results in a state of normlessness that results in the deregulation of people and their behavior is called ______. a. positivism b. social disorganization c. choice d. anomie

d. anomie

An event that strengthens behavior because the behavior stops a negative event that an individual wants to stop is called ____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative punishment c. positive punishment d. negative reinforcement

d. negative reinforcement

The premise of anomie is that society is based on _____________ and that most community members share these. a. laws b. folkways c. mores d. norms

d. norms

Hagan, Gillis, and Simpson blended Marxist theories with control theories and created a ____________ theory. a. general strain b. life course and development c. differential association d. power-control

d. power-control

To reduce strain among youth who have been institutionalized and released, ____ programs that teach formerly incarcerated youth skills are needed. a. prevention b. incarceration c. life skills d. reentry

d. reentry

A juvenile who abandons his or her goals as a result of strain but continues to go through the process of what society expects him or her to do is said to be in _____. a. retreatism b. innovation c. rebellion d. ritualism

d. ritualism

The developmental perspective argues that "the development of problem behaviors tends to occur in an 'orderly, progressive fashion' that is highly age-determined." True False

True

The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. True False

True

Which type of coping strategy focuses on actions that might help to reduce the strain itself? a. Behavioral b. Cognitive c. Physical d. Emotional

a. Behavioral

normative theory

Assumes that consensus is a basic fact of organized social life, therefore delinquency is a violation of norms, rules, or the law, caused by any number of individual or societal factors.

Merton's idea of what happens when social norms of conventional success (i.e., the American Dream) are not accompanied by equally strong or available legitimate means of achieving that success is called Strain Theory. True False

True

Policymaking based upon social disorganization and focused upon delinquency prevention would provide youth with mentorship and activities outside their immediate neighborhoods to expose them to the possibilities available in other areas in the future. True False

True

The concentric zone model is a model used by social disorganization theorists in which they map an urban area and measure the degree of social disorganization in each. True False

True

According to Agnew, delinquency is seen as a coping strategy, albeit a bad one. True False

True

According to Hagan, Simpson, and Gillis (1987), boys have more freedom than girls to act as they wish in society, and both boys and girls in the highest socioeconomic classes have the most freedom to do what they please. True False

True

According to Social Control Theory, the reason we do not engage in delinquency or crime is because we have social bonds to conformity that keep us from engaging in socially unacceptable activities. True False

True

According to the text, objective poverty and perceptions on the part of youth that their life chances were negatively affected by living in their neighborhood most strongly predicted rates of juvenile delinquency. True False

True

Control theorists assert that human beings are basically antisocial, assuming that delinquency is part of the natural order in society. True False

True

Differential association theory emphasizes learning as an important part of becoming criminal or delinquent. True False

True