Sociology Quiz #1: Colonialism

Second wave: Africa

1885 Europe began carving up Africa Establishing trade, obtaining resources "Humanitarian" mission Increased political prestige Everyone else is doing it Arbitrary straight lines on the map - Cultural groups divided - Minorities preferred as collaborators British adjusted their governance by place French tried to import French culture

Multiculturalism

A condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.

Counterculture

Cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority.

Emerging Economies

Developing countries, such as India or Singapore, that over the past two or three decades have begun to develop a strong industrial base

Spanish colonialism

Different historical and political context - Coming out of Reconquista - More interested in settlement Different physical context - Europeans brought diseases - Settlers brought plants, animals - Slaves imported for plantations Distinctive urban landscapes More mixing of cultures Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal (1494) - Portugal got Africa and East Indies - Spain got the Americas (minus Brazil)

Portuguese colonialism

Earliest explorers in Africa Policy of trade, not settlement - Gold as part of mercantilism - Diseases harmful to Europeans Developed slavery system in late 1400s - Laborers as commodities to be used up - Linking status and humanity with color

Second Wave of Colonialism 1885-1900

From the 1850s to 1960s, when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the Industrial revolution. Europe needed new markets Surplus population from demographic transition Increased nationalism Geographical expeditions to Africa promised resources, markets Impact of WWII - Germany, Italy, Japan lost colonial blocs - U.S. exchanged aid for trade access - Start of Cold War From 134 colonies in 1950 to 58 in 1961

Motives for colonialism

Imperialism, Nationalism, economic, political, social or cultural "God, gold, and glory" - Missionaries spreading Christianity - Resources for European economies - More colonies = more powerful state

Colonialism Today

International Trade - Economic capitalism Immigration issues between former colonies and colonizers Territorial claims such as Puerto Rico Legal fights over colonialism, e.g. Mau Mau battle against British government How does it have an impact on sociology as a discipline?

French colonialism

More gradual approach to Americas Settlement/trade major motivations - Catholic/Protestant conflicts at home - Traded beaver; no gold or silver A little bit more exchange with Natives (the colonized) - Fewer settlers - Less penetration inland

First Wave: Independence

Number of colonies began to decrease in 1776 Led to French Revolution and European unrest Led to wars of revolution in Latin America (from 1801 in Haiti to 1825 in Bolivia) Abolition of slave trade, then slavery (from 1807/1833 in Britain to 1819/1863 in U.S.)

First wave: Impacts at metropoles

Portugal and Spain - Colonies as resource-based economies France - Battles with England shifted to colonies - Less settlement, less impact Great Britain - Learned from others, rose to greatest prominence

English colonialism

Still different political situation - Slower rise as maritime power - Colonial experience gained in Ireland Focus on settlement More hostile towards natives

First wave of colonialism: 1492 to 1825

The Americas: - Location, location, location - European trading cities oriented to the sea - West African trading cities oriented inland - East Africa, China and India farther away from Americas - Trade winds favored Europe

What was a milestone of Colonialism?

The Berlin Conference

Assimiliation

The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.

Cultural Capital

The accumulated cultural knowledge within a society that confers power and status

Cultural Relativism

The practice of judging a society by its own standards.

Colonialism

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories. A state imposes political, economic, social, and cultural systems on another territory.

Ethonocentrism

The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent them

Subculture

Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society

Cultural Appropriation

When members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group's culture.

Colony

territory tied to a sovereign state. No foreign policy, military. Sometimes internal affairs, too