Sociology Set A
George Herbert Mead
-He thought through language that we are about to become self-aware creatures. -Through interactions with others, children learn to see themselves as others see them--as in individual separate from anything else
Anomie
A state of lawlessness in which social rules lose their authority over people.
Criteria for a Sound Theory
1) They must be evidence based 2) Must explain something 3) Must be testable/fasifiable (most important) ex. steady state vs. Big Bang theory(good) Freud's model of the psyche (bad) 4) Produces predictions or expectations
Occupational ranking scale
1-100 scale assigning rank to occupations based on prestige
Gemeinschaft
An intimate community
Popular Culture
Beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday life
Reliability
Consistent Measurement, or repeated measurement of the same case gives the same answer
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Division of Labor. Labor hierarchy. Has written rules for how jobs are to be performed. Official communication is written to minimize confusion and streamline task completion. Employees have impersonal relationship with the organization.
Hull House
Jane Addams' house in Chicago that worked to help new immigrants get acclimated to the US
Development of self
ID- basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy. EGO- is the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the ID. SUPER EGO- has two components, and represents the internalized demands of society. -Freud
Cultural Relativism
Idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears
Goffman Constructing Performances
Idealization • Mystification • Information control
Seculaization Theory
Modernity inevitably produces a decline in religion
What are most common world governments?
Monarchy, Democracy, Authoritarianism,
Christianity
Most widespread world religion. Derived from Judaism. Based on belief that Jesus Christ was the son of God and the redeemer of mankind.
Case of Isabelle
Ohio, 1930s; Banished with deaf-mute mother to attic by grandfather.
Primary Deviance
Provokes little reaction/punishment. The Deviant does not change their behavior as a result of any reaction.
When the Hutus began attacking the Tutsis during the Rwandan Genocide, a radio station began broadcasting racist propaganda, which described the Tutsis as cockroaches and calling for their extermination. What is the term used by Erik Erikson to describe this characterization of the Tutsis?
Pseudospeciation
Diploma
Qualification for 14-19-year-olds introduced as a pilot in 2008 with up to 10 subjects to choose from.
SATs (standard assessment tests)
Assessment method used at the end of each key stage of schooling.
Founders of Sociology
Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber
Michael Harrington
Author who wrote The Other America. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.
Social Interaction
Behavior between two or more people that is given meaning
Roles
Behavior others expect from a person associated with a particular status
Taboo
Behavior that bring the most serious sanctions
Patterns of behavior
Behavior that can be predicted or expected.
Conflict Theory
Theoretical perspective that emphasized the role of power and coercion in producing social order
Functionalism
Theoretical perspective that interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole society
Social Construction of Reality
Theory - Our perceptions are colored by our beliefs and experiences.
Disengagement Theory
Theory predicting that as people age, they gradually withdraw from participation in society and are simulaneously relieved of their responsibilities
Marosociology
Viewing society in large groups or entire civilizations
Sociology
a behavioral science that studies people's actions in groups
culture
a learned way of life
Socioeconomic Status
SES; A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors.
Networks
Set of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other.
Collective Behavior
Spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations
Rumors and Urban Legend Characteristics
Stories that are passed through a society about an event that may or may not be true, "life lesson" "encourage- discourage behavior" Arise out of uncertain situations, Happens to someone distantly known, Many versions to the same story
Mores
Strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
Group Dynamics
The implication that one's thoughts and behaviors are influenced by their peers.
Sociology
The study of "people doing things together" -Becker's definition
Role Set
all roles occupied by a person at a given time.
Holistic Medicine
an approach to medicine that focuses on a persons environment, mental health, and general health.
Culture Complexes
cluster of interrelated traits
Multiculturalism
different culture groups coexist within the same broader culture
historical method
examining any materials from the past that contain information of sociological interests
Primary Group
example is a family
norms
expected behavior
Narcissism
extreme self centeredness
Patriarchy
father holds authority
Cultural Universal
features common to all cultures
Isolation refers to the
state of being separated from other people.
Theory of Different Association
states that deviance is a learned behavior
Wage Gap
statistics that show women on average are paid less for doing the same job as a man
Ascribed Status
status position assigned based on qualities automatically given; not based on abilities
Socioeconomic
status refers to a measure of one's economic and social position in society.
Achieved Status
status that is acquired by an individual based on earning it through efforts or skills
Achieved Status
statuses attained by effort.
Achieved Statuses
statuses attained by effort.
Achieved Status
statuses that we either earn or choose
You have a next door neighbor you are just getting to know. He is African-American. You discover he is an avid polo player. You respond with, "Wow. You're not a typical black guy." Which of these terms describe the paradigm from which you're operating?
stereotype
Secondary Group
impersonal, members pursue a specific interest or activity (classmates)
Merton
strain theory
Concentric Zone Model
industrial cities spread outward from the center forming a series of circles or zones (which differ in land use - business,housing, industrial etc.), wealthier live farther out
Institution of Economics
industries and businesses
Individual discrimination
is when one person discriminates against another.
Polytheistic
multiple deities
Sociologists
personality traits are socially determined
The feminist
perspective is concerned with the ways in which gender expectations are reproduced. ---refers to the view that marketing of toys to children reinforces gender stereotypes and gendered expectations, and is a tool of gendered socialization ----view that women's voices and experiences are an important source of knowledge
The functionalist
perspective sees gender socialization as serving an import function in society: socialization, social order, and social cohesion. ----refer to the view that the role of education is to sort people into their proper occupations
Role exit
refers to the process of becoming an "ex."
Cultural diffusion
refers to the spreading out of a culture from one central point.
Monotheistic
single deity
Variable
something that can have more than one value or score
Poverty
standard of living that is below the minimum level considered adequate by society; standard in U.S. developed more than 40 years ago; based upon families spending 1/3 of their income on food
Karl Marx (Philosopher) CONFLICT/ECONOMY
"All human history, is the history of class struggle" there were only so many resources causing economic class struggle which then led to economic fights. Marx believed in a classless society.
A case for altruism having a genetic basis could be made from which of the following choices?
"Experiment with chimpanzees sharing food", One of the ideas that has been tested to link altruism to genetics is kinship selection. Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behavior whose evolution is driven by kin selection.
Cultural Capital
(social Capital) cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital
Karl Marx
-Materialist concept of history, economic conditions lead to beliefs, not the reverse. -That the driving force of social change is class conflict- the apposed desires of the wealthy versus the poor.
Durkheim
-Society is like an organism made up of specialized parts working together -Society is based on cooperation
Oscar Lewis
-The Culture of Poverty Theory
Religion and Socialization
65% of people in the US claim membership to some kind of religion
least industrialized nations
70 percent of the world's people
Feminist theory
A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and in particular the uniqueness of the experience for women. There are many strands of feminist history, but they all share the desire to explain gender inequalities in society and to work to overcome them.
Which of these describes a case of individual discrimination?
A female executive believes that women are superior negotiators because they are better at finding compromise. When a position opened up for a negotiator, she only interviewed women.
Three major characteristics of a postindustrial economy...
A focus on ideas, with goods no longer driving the economy. As factory work did not require training, and there was a new focus on information and technology, the pursuit of higher education became prevalent. A shift from workplaces in cities, to the home, made possible because of the newly advanced communication technologies.
Polygyny
A form of marriage in which men have more than one wife.
Polyandry
A form of marriage in which women have more than one husband.
Which of these groups would be considered an age cohort?
A group of children, all of who are being breastfed until age 2.
Society
A group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to common system of political authority, and aware of having distinct identity from other groups.
subculture
A group of people who share complexes not shared by the rest of society
Formal Organization
A group that is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures.
Voluntary Association
A group that people choose to join usually in pursuit of a common goal.
Subculture
A group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms and lifestyle. A smaller culture existing peacefully within the main culture. e.g. skateboarders or surfers and such.
Counterculture
A group within society that openly rejects and, or actively opposes society's values and norms.Does not exist peacefully within the main culture. e.g. gangs, cults, etc.
Organization
A large group of individuals with a definite set of authority relations. Many types of organization exist in industrialized societies, influencing most aspect of our lives.
Scientific Method
A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a problem that entails a series of steps, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Folkway
A loosely enforced norm involving common customs practices or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction and acceptance. e.g. weird clothing, farting in public, etc.
Socialized gender role
A man, who doesn't want to show emotions in public, at home, or in private. A mother that divides household chores, giving strength related chores to her sons and cleanliness related chores to her daughters. A teacher, who reinforces competition in academic situations.
Nuclear Family
A married couple and their unmarried children living together.
Hunter-Gatherer Societies
A nomadic people who live chiefly by hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild food. Fell out of style 12,000 years ago; before then most societies were H-G.
Folkway
A norm followed for the sake of tradition or convenience. Usually does not have serious consequences. Holding a door for someone.
Taboo
A norm ingrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror, or revulsion.
Mores
A norm that carries great moral significance, is closely related to the core values of a cultural group and often involves severe repercussions for violators.
Achieved Status
A person has done
Self-Concept
A person's image and evaluation of important aspects of oneself
Internalization
A process by which a part of culture becomes incorporated into the personality
Stockholm Syndrome
A process whereby a capture person identifies with the captor as a result of becoming inadvertently dependent upon the captor
Degradation Ceremony
A ritual designed to expel a person from a group, thereby stripping their identity and sense of belonging.
Formal Organization
A secondary group organized specifically to achieve a certain goal or goals.
Culture Shock
A sense of disorientation that occurs when you enter a radically new social or cultural environment.
Network
A series of social ties that can be important sources of information, contacts, or assistance.
Institution
A set of norms necessary for survival of a society.
Social Aggregate
A simple collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another.
Marriage
A socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals. Marriage normally forms the basis of family procreation.
Horticultural Society
A society based on the cultivation of plants with hand tools. Horticultural societies stayed longer in areas, as opposed to H-G or Pastoral. Emerged 10-12,000 years ago.
Pastoral Society
A society that relies on domesticated animals as the main source of food. Pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location.
Pluralistic Society
A society which consists of several distinct cultures and groups
Norm
A specific guideline or action; can be made explicit, but often they are unspoken customs that people implicitly know and follow.
Positivism
A system of thought that regards scientific observation to be the highest form of knowledge
Iron Law of Oligarchy
A term coined by Weber's student Robert Michels meaning that large organizations tend toward centralization of power, making democracy difficult.
Symbolic Interactionism
A theoretical approach in sociology developed by George Herbert Mead that emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction.
Functionalism
A theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of functions they perform- that is, the contributions they make to the continuity of society. Pioneered by Comte. i.e. society need certain institutions to survive, religion, school ,medicine, etc...
Social Learning Theory
A theory of socialization positing that the formation of identity is a learned response to social stimuli
Psychoanalytic Theory
A theory of socialization positing that the unconscious mind shapes behavior
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
A theory that language determines other aspects of culture because language provides the categories through which social reality is defined and perceived
Beureaucracy
A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials.
Dependent Variable
A variable that changes due to the influence of another variable
Deviant Subculture
A way of living differing from the dominant culture and is based on a shared deviance.
How does stereotype threat become a self-fulfilling prophecy? Please choose from one of the following options.
A young man is told that because he is poor, he is stupid on his way to the SATs. He does very poorly on the test.
Social facts
According to Emile Durkheim the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals. Durkheim believed that social facts could be studied scientifically.
Organic Solidarity
According to Emile Durkheim, the social cohesion that result from various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole.
Biosocial theory
According to this perspective, explanations of human behavior, just like animal behavior, must be consistent with evolutionary theory; that is people will tend to act in ways to ensure their survival and that of their relatives
Spurious Correlation
Assuming a casual relation between two variables when none exists because a third hidden variable causes both
psychology
studies behavior and mental processes
macrosociology
study of large scale systems or society as a whole
Most of the poverty in the US
the South
Latent Functions
the consequences that are unintended and often unrecognized
political science
the examination of the principles, organization, and operation of government
Cultural Universals
the general things that cultures need to survive
Diffusion of Responsibility
the more people that are present the less likely they are to react/respond (someone else will do it)
Scapegoat is
the practice of singling out a group to take the blame for a social ill.
Sex refers to
the presence of physical characteristics denoting female or male. ---presence of reproductive organs denoting male or female
cultural transmission is
the process by which culture is passed from one generation to the next
Social Statics
things remain stable or unchanged
Material culture refers
to physical objects we use to define our culture. =Mount Rushmore, churches, computers and cities in the U.S
Pull factors refer
to positive traits of a place that draw immigrants to it. -----refers to a good economy and political stability, drawing a person to move to a new country
The blended family refers
to step-families.
Role conflict refers
to the conflict which can occur when we occupy multiple statuses, and the expectations conflict with one another.
Introvert
turn inward mentally; shy
Social Groups
two or more peoplewho interact with one another.
Competition
two or more person or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal only one can attain
Role Conflict
two or more roles associated with contradictory expectations.
Bureaucracy
type of formal organization in which a rational approach used to handle large tasks.
Postindustrial Societies
type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and providing of services
Social Institution
unchanging way of social survival
Status Symbol
visible rewards to show status
Characteristics of Class Systems
Based on inequalities in control of material resources access to opportunities classes are not natural but are created through human decisions all feature some degree of inequality but varies due to economic system, policy choices, and cultural values
ID
Basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy.(to meet basic needs; the child)
Max Weber- Religion as Key to Origin of Capitalism
Before wealth is seen as a sin- leads to wealth being holy, good, and proper
Racism
Belief of superiority of one race over another
Culture
Believe idea behavior object knowledge values customs----socially transmitted.
Karl Marx Communism instead of Capitalism
Believed that everyone should personally own their belongings in a sense have no classes everyone is equal- redistribution of stuff vs. Capitolism-economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Anomy
Berger Anomy = being without a nomos
Nomos Berger
Berger Nomos = the sum total of all the patterns that a society "objectivates" Inherently precarious/uncertain
Which of the following would be most likely to occur according to the optimal foraging theory?
Bigger birds eat more because they likely produce more offspring.
Biological altruism is when an organism behaves in a way that benefits other organisms, at a cost to itself. Which of the following is false about altruistic behavior in the biological sense? A
Biological altruism is an individual's conscious intention to help group members. Biological altruism is counterintuitive to the "survival of the fittest" standpoint. Biological altruism can be observed in kinship groups and also in wider social groups. Biological altruism allows the individual to increase the success of its genes by helping relatives that share those genes.
Blase attitude
Blasé attitude serves as a protective organ Overstimulation of urban life Blunting of discrimination associated with money economy
habitus
Bourdieu's term to describe the self-perceptions and beliefs that develop as part of one's social identity and shape one's conceptions of the world and where one fits in it.
Institutions
Criminal Justice, Recreation/Sports, Education, Science, Religion, Medicine, Politics, Military, Environment, Media, Economic Order, and Family
American English commonly uses words that originate from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of:
Cultural Diffusion
Sushi and other culturally Japanese foods have become widely accepted outside of Japan. There are now Japanese restaurants everywhere in the US. There are even American versions of Japanese food, such as the "California roll". This is an example of:
Cultural Diffusion
The opposite of ethnocentrism is...
Cultural Relativism
When electronic mail was first introduced into corporate culture, it took a while for it to be accepted. Many individuals refused to use the new technology and continued to spread messages through the familiar postal service system. Eventually, the employees realized how much more efficient electronic mail was compared to traditional communication methods. The above scenario is best described by which sociological concept?
Culture Lag
When we get sick, we can type out our symptoms on the computer and search for them. We can even get instantaneous diagnoses and treatment recommendations. According to some new studies, computer diagnostics have been shown to outperform physician judgement in some contexts. However, the majority of the population still prefer paying personal visits to the doctor's office. This is an example of:
Culture Lag
John travels to a new country. While in line at the train station, other people stand very close to him--way closer than he is used to back home. John immediately feels anxious and uncomfortable. The disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life changes in social environments is referred to as:
Culture Shock
Subcultures
Culture of groups whose values and norms of behavior are somewhat different from those of the dominant culture
Ego
The final development, usually a balance of ID and Superego.
According to Robert Merton's Strain Theory, which of the following social types replace conventional means with alternate means?
The innovator is the social type identified by Merton as the person who would embrace the social goals of success, but reach them through alternate pathways.
Ageism
The institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination
Robert Michels
The iron law of oligarchy was developed by German sociologist _____ _____:
Goal displacement
The juggling or displacing of a goal with another in order to survive.
A legislator in the United States believes that all illegal aliens are from Mexico, criminals, and social pariahs. Which term correctly identifies the beliefs of the legislator?
The legislator is prejudiced against illegal aliens.
Latent Functions
The less obvious, perhaps Unintended functions of a social structure.-Merton
Our feelings about who we believe we are is based largely on how we perceive other's opinions of us. This statement describes which of these terms?
The looking-glass self is Cooley's theory that our sense of self grows out of our social interactions and perceptions of others' view of us.
Japan's population is aging. In 2014, more than 25% of Japan's population was 65 years or older. As the dependency ratio increases, how could age stratification theory describe the conflict between age cohorts for social resources?
The loss of access and control over social resources as one ages regulates conflict between age cohorts.
How are the medicalization of deviance and demedicalization related?
The medicalization of deviance is the process of changing a 'bad' behavior into a 'sick' behavior. Demedicalization is the normalization of a 'sick' behavior.
Involvement in the Expanded Control Theory
The more involved people are with legitimate activities, the less likely they are to be deviant.
Theory
The motive of all science - Humans inherently seek explanations - cause and effect patterns (correlation) are its basis - they are tentative explanations for a set of observations
Nonmaterial Culture
The norms, laws, customs, ideas, and beliefs of a group of people
Looking Glass
The notion that the self develops through our perception of other's evaluations and appraisals of us.
Manifest Functions
The obvious, Intended functions of a social structure for the social system.-Merton
Social Structure
The pattern of social relationships and social institutions that make up society
Social Structure
The patterns of how people behave with respect to each other and their relationships.
Front-stage
The performance you give to people in every day life. the role you play to the public.
Enlightenment
The period in eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe characterized by faith in the ability of human reason to solve society's problems
Digital Divide
The persistence of inequality in people's access to electronic information
Significant Other
The perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes.
Cultural Hegemony
The pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society
Material culture
The physical objects that society creates that influence the way in which people live.
Personal Space
The physical space individuals maintain between themselves and others.
Status
The position a person occupies.
Division of Labor
The practice of dividing up work into specialized tasks
Cultural Relatism
The practice of judging a society by its own standards.
Language
The primary vehicle in meaning and communication within a society, language is a system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts
Colonialism
The process by where western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home.
Resocialization
The process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced
Social Control
The process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations
Social interaction
The process by which we act and react to those around us.
Taking the role of the Other
The process of imagining oneself from the point of view of another
Socialization
The process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs and norms of a social group by which we become functioning members of society.
Anticipatory Socialization
The process of learning expectations associated with a role one expects in the future
Resocialization
The process of learning new norms when integrating into a new group, or when life circumstances change. new workplace, old age, jail, loss.
Resocialization
The process of replacing previously learned Norms, and Values with new ones as a part of a transition in life./ dramatic identity change.
Assimilation
The process of shedding one's original traditions in order to fit into a new society.
How would the hyperglobalist perspective describe the impact of globalization?
The process that drives globalization is legitimate.
Socialization
The process through which people learn the expectations of society
Civil Inattention
The process where thereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to one another that they are aware of each others presence.
Sociology
The systematic and objective study of human society and social interaction, part of the social science.
Data
The systematic information that sociologists use to investigate research questions
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own. Usually entails the notion that one's own culture is superior to others.
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent them.
Dramaturgical Approach
Erving Goffman "We are the actors our lives are the theatre" how we 'act' out our life (our life is the theatre)
Total Institution
Erving Goffman's term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.
A person who grew up in American culture hears many jokes about the Korean practice of eating dogs and how it is considered a "bizarre" action in the States. This is an example of:
Ethnocentrism
Gus, Toula's father in "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" has a tendency to insist that all words can be traced back to the Greeks. What is a term to refer to this tendency/outlook?
Ethnocentrism
Harold Garfinkel
Ethnomethodology & degradation ceremony
Emile Durkheim suicide study
Even individual acts are socially influenced and can be studied.
Exploitation of Capitalism
Every exchange between capitol and people is unequal ex. the pizza idea in which the owner made a lot more than the worker CAPITALISM IS NATURALLY EXPLOITED/NATURALLY UNJUST
Qualitative
Examination, analysis and interpretation of observations for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships,including classifications of types of phenomena and entities, in the manner that does not involve mathematical models. Interviews, Narratives, Immersion, experience.
Mechanical Solidarity
Experienced by people in simple, agricultural societies, bound together on the basis of shared traditions, beliefs and experiences (Strong collective conscience) - Durkheim
Quantitative
Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods. Statistics,Precise,reliable,surveys
Genocide
Extermination -intentional destruction of a population and Ethnic Cleansing - removing through terror, expulsion and murder
Symbolic Interactionism Blumer
Human action guided by process of interpretation between stimulus and response • Our responses to others are based on the meanings we attribute to their actions • We are continually engaged in self-indication •We construct objects, give them meaning, and decide how to act on the basis of that meaning
Cooley's Theory of the Looking Glass Self
Focused on how society's, particularly our partner's, perceptions shape us. We imagine their perception and form a self-image based on that perception.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Focused on moral reasoning. Pre Conventional Child ascribes importance to authority of adults. Conventional Child follows rules to get approval. Post Conventional Person focuses on what is personally important to them. Few reach this stage.
Functionalism
Focuses on moral consensus as being necessary to maintaining order and stability in society
Overt Participant Observation
Form of participant observation wherein the observed individuals are told that they are being studied
Georg Simmel
Formal Sociology - a form of sociology which brings attention to the recurring forms of social interaction in the seemingly diverse range Particularly interested in how the size of a group affects its members. Believed that larger groups were more stable, but smaller groups were more loyal and intimate.
Informed Consent
Formal acknowledgement by research subjects that they understand the purpose of the research and agree to be studied
Emerging Economies
Formerly impoverished countries that over the past two or three decades have begun to develop a strong industrial base, such as India or Singapore.
Information and Communication Technology
Forms of technology based on information processing and requiring microelectronic circuitry.
Durkheim's Study of Suicide
Found males, protestants, and single people have higher rates of suicide.
Emile Durkheim
Found the trends underlying suicide, less social integration=the higher the rate, protestant, male, and unmarried have higher rates
Origins of Stratification in Society
H-G had little to no stratification Horti/ Agri/Pastoral led to stratification Industrial increased stratification Post-Indust strengthened stratification
SUPEREGO
Has two components and represents the internalized demands of society. (adding morals;guilty conscious if you do wrong thing.)
Ascribed Status
Have no control. Born with it.
For the social psychologist, which factor best defines a behavior as altruistic?
Having a fairly clear understanding of the person's motive as unselfish. ---The benefits accrued by the individual engaging in the altruistic behavior are not considered, rather the motives regarding why the individual engaged in the behavior in the first place.
pantagamy.
Having everyone married to everyone is
Polygamy
Having more than one spouse at a time.
polyandry.
Having multiple husbands to one wife is
polygyny.
Having multiple wives to one husband is
Identity
How one defines oneself
Social Interaction
How people relate to one another and influence each others behavior
Props
How we decorate ourselves and our surroundings, such as clothing, jewelry, pictures, material things, etc.
What is a key difference between dyads and triads?
In a dyad, if one person withdraws from the group, the group ends. In a triad, a two versus one dynamic often occurs.
Techniques of Neutralization
In an effort to resist the label of "deviant" most people will develop rationales to justify their deviant acts
Informant
In covert participant observation, a single group member who provides "inside: information about the group being studied"
Organic Solidarity
In industrial societies, where factory work was becoming increasingly specialized, people's bonds were based on difference(weak collective conscience), interdependence and individual rights -Durkheim
Altruism among organisms that are genetically similar allow these genes to be passed on to the next generation. Altruistically, organism behavior supports the survival of a relative or other individual organism, and enhances the genetic fitness of both the recipient of the act and the altruistic organism. This is an example of:
Inclusive fitness
Division of Labor in Society
Increasing differentiation Different mode of integration Eventually, came to believe modern society was characterized by high levels of anomie
Symbols
Interactionist perspective; symbols have meanings also: way we communicate to group members and future communications
Max Weber
Interested in groups within a society; Verstehen (meanings in actions)
Sociologist
Interested in why societies change in important ways
Generalized Others
Internalized attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society - how we are influenced by what society expects of us
Inner Controls
Internalized thoughts and beliefs, such as morality, that encourage us not to deviate.
Conflict Theory
Interprets society as a struggle between groups for limited resources. Posits that there are two general categories in industrialized society: Capitalists and Working Class
Which of these accurately describes the perspective of strong social constructionism?
Knowledge and language both depend on socially constructed understanding.
W.I. Thomas
Labeling theory, definitions of the situation, self-fulfilling prophecy
Which is the best example of a secondary group?
Large School Class
Mass Society
Large, impersonal societies. Individual achievement is valued over kinship ties, people often feel isolated, and great diversity is common.
Examples of Sociological Facts
Laws + moral maxims + social currents
Anticipatory Socialization
Learning new norms and values in anticipation of a role we may occupy in the future.
Internalization
Norm becomes part of individual allowing them to conform to society
Law
Norm that is written and enforced, with a specific relative punishment. DUI, murder.
Anomie
Norm-less-ness; A sense of disconnection brought about by the changing conditions of modern life. -Durkheim
Social Fact: Anomic Suicide
Not enough regulation
Durkheim's importance of Order and Solidarity
Not focused on the society as an individual being a problem but as a whole believes that all societies divide into sacred and profane a type of us/them this then forms the basis of law, identity, religion,and social order ex. We are the people of _____ and you are not Believed that order helped created stability and helped create less anomie or normlessness Social order is created by Ritual
Global Stratification
Not only is each society stratified, but in a global perspective, societies are stratified in relation to one another.
Hinduism
Oldest major world religion. Guided by set of ancient cultural beliefs, such as: Karma, which is strengthened with good acts and harmed by bad acts. The state of a person's karma dictates what form they will take when reincarnated.
Commitment in the Expanded Control Theory
People who are committed to their goals are less likely to be deviant.
Teams
People who help you make a good impression, to save face. To avoid humiliation and embarrassment.
Category
People who share a particular characteristic.
Belief in the Expanded Control Theory
People who share values with the dominant society are less likely to be deviant.
Agents of Socialization
People, groups, or experiences that influence our behavior and self-image. Family (most impact), school, peers, media.
Linguistic Relativity hypothesis
Perceptions are relative to language. Based on theories of Sapir and Whorf. Depending on how you use the language the more informative it can be to better understand the world around you.
Relativism and Deviance
Perceptions of deviance change by location, age, social status, and individual society.
Henry and Margaret Harlow
Performed sociological experiments on monkeys in the 1960s. Food is not what develops bonds, contact is. Isolation caused monkeys to not function normally.
What is the difference between periphery and semi-periphery countries?
Periphery countries have a weak central government with little industrialization, while semi-periphery countries often have a stable government and an expanding middle class.
Objectivity
Personal neutrality in conducting research
Material Culture
Physical objects that people create and use
Monarchy
Political system in which a representative from the reigning family controls the government.
Authoritarianism
Political system in which citizens are not permitted to participate in government.
Democracy
Political system in which citizens choose officials to run their government.
Totalitarianism
Political system in which government maintains control over all aspects of citizen's lives.
Absolute Monarchy
Political system in which the King had complete control of the government.
Constitutional Monarchy
Political system in which the royal family is the symbolic leader, but elected officials do the governing.
Culture of Poverty
Poor people do not learn the norms and values that can help them improve their circumstances; hence, they become trapped in a repeated pattern of poverty.
Troubles
Privately felt problems that come from events or feelings in one individual's life
Which term refers to the public recognition and support of your romantic heterosexual relationship?
Privilege refers to rights or benefits granted to you as a result of your social position.
Issues
Problems that affect large numbers of people and have their origins in the institutional arrangements and history of society
Debriefing
Process whereby a researcher explains the true purpose if a research study to a subject; usually done after the completion of the study
Characteristics of a Total Institution
Residents cannot leave. Actions are determined and enforced by authority figures. Contact with outsiders is monitored or disallowed. Environment is standardized. Rules, Rules, Rules. Individuality is discouraged. Prisons, institutions, military, cults.
Social stratification
Social stratification: systems of superordination and subordination; ranking systems
Strong ties
Social ties that include friendship and familial relationships
Primary Socialization
Socialization facilitated by those who raise us.
feral children with regards to socialization
Socialization is crucial to developing survival and social skills
Socialization
Socialization: the process by which a child learns to be a participant member of society
Folkways
Socially acceptable behaviors without great moral significance
Positive Sanction
Socially constructed expression of approval.
Negative Sanction
Socially constructed expression of disapproval.
Agrarian societies
Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants.
Pastoral societies
Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals.
closed societies
Societies with little or no mobility
Gesellschaft
Society Associational People come together only on the basis of self-interest Relationships governed by "rational will" Rational self-interest and calculating conduct weaken traditional bonds Associated with impersonality of life in cities
Structural Functional Theory
Society is a complex unit, made up of interrelated parts.
Socialism
Shit is owned by society, rights limited, good of society valued over individuals, government controls economy. China
State Capitalism
Shit is owned privately but monitored and regulated by government. South Korea
Capitalism
Shit is owned privately, citizens are encouraged to seek profit for themselves, and success is determined by free-market competition. USA
Sui Generis
Society is a reality "sui generis" of its own kind
Structural Functionalism
Society is a stable system made up of interrelated parts or structures; each structure has a function that contributes to the continued stability of the whole. to sustain equilibrium. ex. organic analogy -Durkheim
Functionalism
Society is a system composed of interdependent parts
Positive Philosophy
Sociology must be studied in the same scientific manner as the natural sciences are studied Comte's idea that the social world works under certain rules just like the physical world and should be studied in the same way
Cultural turn
Sociology's recent emphasis of the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life.
Indicators
Something that points to or reflects an abstract concept
Industrializing nations
Soviet Union
Norms
Specific cultural expectations for how to act in a given expectation
Beliefs
Specific ideas that people feel to be true.
Inductive Reasoning
Specific to general
Operationalizing a Variable
Specifying exactly what is to be measured in assigning a value to a variable
To conduct a cross-country study of workplace culture for women in the US and Mexico, a researcher interviews 100 women ages of 25 to 50 in an American city, and 100 women in the same age group in a Mexican city. This study would be classified as:
Survey
At first Toni wasn't sure if she liked her new co-worker. After working with him every day, she learned more about him, even coming to depend on him. Eventually she realized what a wonderful man he was and accepted his request for a date. Her behavior is best explained by the
The Propinquity effect:
Assimilation
The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.
Global Culture
The diffusion of a single culture throughout the world
Culture Shock
The disorientation one experiences when they encounter a new culture.
Stratification
The division of society into layers
First Social Revolution
The domestication of plants and animals. Led to the birth of horticultural and pastoral societies.
Capitalist Class
The elite class in positions of wealth and power.
Conversation Analysis
The empirical study of conversations, employing techniques drawn from ethnomethodology. Study of conversations and meanings in them.
Cultural Relativism
The examination of a cultural trait within the context of that culture.
Roles
The expected behaviors of people occupying particular social positions.In every society, individuals play a number of social roles.
Reliability
The extent to which a measure provides consistent results
Culture Shock
The feeling of disorientation that can come when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation
Mass Media Statistics
Violent acts, Hours of television viewed
Webers disagreements with Marx
Weber believed things could be monocausal Weber also believed that values were just as important as economic forces
Iron Cage
Weber's Pessimistic description of modern life, in which we are caught in Bureaucratic structures that control our lives through rigid rules and rationalization. The dehumanizing features of bureaucracies that dominate the modern social landscape.
Ideal types
Weber: analytical constructs; heuristic devices or "measuring rods" EX: Beurocracy Sociologist
Value Free Society
Weber: values guide choice of topics, but not process of research Berger: there is a guiding value for sociological research - scientific integrity
In terms of what we consider physically attractive, a social psychologist would agree with which one of the following statements?
What an individual considers attractive is based on his/her culture's standards of beauty. -----Different cultures have different expectations for what constitutes beauty.
Ethnomethodology
What background assumptions are, How we arrive at them, How they influence our perceptions. Students of ethnomethodology often violate or challenge assumptions.
Which of these would describe a research question viewed from a microsociology perspective?
What role do people who self-identify as locavores play in their community?
Spoiled Identity
When a stigma is permanent or severe, others permanently cast them in a negative light.
Time-Space
When and where events occur.
Exchange theory
When dealing with people is by negotiation, equal take.
Job Specialization
When everyone was no longer needed to produce food, they were free to take up other roles in the society.
Culture Log
When material things changes at high speed compared to none material things due to material changing fast---there has to be role, now Afghanistan disorder happening because no role but new materials.
Hawthorne Effect
When people know they are getting studied they change how they act in order to be right, skewing the actual results
Control theory
When the inner control do not have a strong bond with society a person is more likely to commit deviance
Dysfunction
When the social system does not work smoothly (IE civil war)
Forced Socialization
When you are taught skills to live in the larger society: schools: cultural values, patriotism
Cultural Lag
When you have technological advances that change things in a big way (such as surrogacy) but culturally we don't know what or how to think of it.
status inconsistancy
When your wealth and your prestige do not match up.
Social Media
The term used to refer to the vast networks of social interaction that new media have created
Cinderella effect.
Thirty years of data show a direct relationship between step-relationships and abuse. Step-children are automatically at a greater risk of death. This is referred to as the Cinderella effect.
values
Those ideas and things considered important by a given group of people
Peers
Those of similar status
Socialization Agents
Those who pass on social expectations
Significant Others
Those whom we have a close affiliation
Clock Time
Time as measured by the clock, in terms of hours, minutes, and seconds. Before the invention of clocks, time reckoning was based on events in the natural world, such as the rising and setting of the sun.
Cultural Relativism
To Try to be non-judgmental about different cultures, to find common ground, willingness to understand; allows to see big picture, to help make changes.
Organic Analogy
To compare society to the human body. -if one body part stops functioning correctly, then the rest of the body will be affected.-Durkheim
Degradation Ceremonies
To tear down old identity to remake the self, e.g. the marines, shaving heads, uniforms.
GemeinSchaft
Tonnies: Communal People bound together by kinship and tradition. Relationships governed by "natural will" . Natural, spontaneously arising emotions/expressions of sentiment Associated with intimacy of life in small villages
Apartheid
Total separation of races. Refers specifically to the South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites. The work of Nelson Mandela and others have made apartheid illegal in South Africa, but prejudice remains.
most industrialized nation
United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, France, and the other industrialized countries of Western Europe, all of which are capitalistic.
Sociology was first taught...
University of Kansas in 1890. University of Chicago in 1892. Atlanta University in 1897.
Social Classes in the United States
Upper Class or inherited wealth New Money or recent wealth Middle Class Working Class Working Poor Poverty
Subcultures
Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group withing a wider society. Multicultural.
Culture Universal
Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures.
Positivism
View that you can take the scientific method and apply it to people, use it to improve society
Social Classes in America
Upper Class, Upper-middle, Lower-middle, Working, Working Poor and Under Class; understand occupations, percentage of American population and characteristics of each level
Symbolic Interaction Perspective
Views society as a product of everyday social interaction of individuals. Studies how people in everyday situations define deviance, which differs between culture and setting. Studies how people use symbols to create meaning.
Group
a collection of individuals who interact and communicate, share goals and norms, and who have a subjective awareness as "we."
Folkways
a custom; a less serious norm than mores
Spurious Corrleation
a false correlation between X and Y, produced by their relationship to some third variable (Z) rather than by a true causal relationship to each other.
An in group is
a group to which you belong and feel loyal. ---While out shopping, you see another person wearing the jersey of the sports team to which you are completely loyal. You feel an immediate sense of that person as being "one of us." What term refers to this phenomenon
An out group is
a group to which you do not feel you belong.
A reference group is
a group you may use as a standard by which to measure your own behavior.
Scientific method
a method of procedure that has characterized natural science
Participant Observation
a method whereby the sociologist becomes both a participant in the group being studied and a scientific observer of the group.
Scientific Medicine
a new approach to medicine that focuses on treating symptoms of particular illnesses.
Neolocality
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives apart from both sets of parents
Matrilocality
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife's family
Gender Role
a set of behaviors and personality characteristics expected and encouraged of a person based on their sex and gender.
ideology
a set of values that people devise to rationalize a particular social custom.
Status
a socially defined position in a group or in a society; each individual occupies several statuses; each status has attached to it one or more roles
Melting Pot
a society consisting of peoples from different societies who blend together into a single mass society.
Postindustrial Society
a society economically dependent upon the production and distribution of services, information, and knowledge.
Gesellschaft
a type of society in which increasing importance is placed on the secondary relationships that are less intimate and more instrumental.
Religion
a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them."
Independent Variable
a variable that is the presumed cause of a particular result
Class System
an individual's place in the social system is based on achieved statuses
Status Symbols
an object that is representative of a status
Extrovert
an outgoing, overtly expressive person
Microanalysis
analysis of the smallest, most immediately visible parts of social life, such as people interacting.
Macroanalysis
analysis of the whole of society, how it is organized and how it changes.
statistical analysis
analyzing data that has already been collected to determine the strength of a relationship
Migration Rate (Push and Pull)
annual difference between in-migration and out-migration Push Factors: encourages people to move out of a certain area (religious or political persecution) Pull Factors: something that encourages people to move into a certain area
Infant Mortality Rate
annual number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a population
Birthrate (Crude)
annual number of live births per 1,000 members of the population (crude because it is based on total population)
Emile Durkheim
anomie, father of sociology
Role-taking
anticipating what others expect of ourselves - and then attempting to act in that manner
symbol
anything that represents something else
Consanguines
are biological or blood relatives.
Subcultures
are cultures that exist within larger cultures, despite their interests being at odds with the dominant culture. ---refers to our concept of right and wrong, good and evil in the U.S ------refers to the existence of BDSM (Bondage, Domination, Sadomaschism) within the larger more normative expectations of "typical romantic and sexual relationships," which are "power-neutral" or "vanilla? ---refers to the existence of polygamist communities in the U.S
Push factors
are negative traits that cause people to immigrate to a new place.
Social sanctions
are responses people employ to behavior to let the individual know their behavior is unacceptable.
Social structures
are social institutions, such as schools, government, etc.
Demography
area of sociology devoted to human population (i.e. measure/study population changes)
Role-taking refers to
assuming the perspective of another person to enable yourself to respond as they would.
Legitimate
authority does not require coercion or force.
Life Expectancy
average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live
Gender Identity
awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture
Values
belief about goodness or badness
Ageism
belief that one age category is superior to another; view of elderly through preindustrial and industrial; media's perspective
Institution of Religion
beliefs of God or spiritual matters
Nonmaterial Culture
beliefs, family patterns, ideas, language, political and economic systems, rules, skills, and work practices
Functionalists
believe that social reproduction is critical to the overall well-being of social relations. They see socialization as a means to train the individual to be a productive citizen.
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore
believed that stratification serves an important function in society. Those who perform the difficult tasks are entitled to more power, prestige, and money.
Erving Goffman
believed that the meaning was constructed through interaction (dramatology and impression management)
A ritualist rejects the goals
but embrace the pathways and obeys the rules.
Peer pressure may lead to conformity,
but the pressure itself does not maintain cohesion.
Graying of America
by 2050, 1 in every 5 Americans over the age of 65
variable
can differ from one individual, group or situation to another in a measured way
The resulting violence
can range from mild to severe and may be isolated. It is just as likely to be perpetrated by women as men.
socialogical imagination
capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote topics to the most intimate features of the human self
Stereotyping
is making overgeneralizing statements about groups of people.
Horizontal mobility
is moving from one position to another, but the move doesn't result in a change in socioeconomic status. 1) receptionist gets tired of her job and moves into a waitress position
Manipulation
is social influence aimed at changing the behavior of another person.
A status set
is the collection of social statuses an individual occupies.
Master status
is the core status of your identity. It's often tied to your occupation.
Cultural relativism
is the desire to understand another culture by its own terms rather than your own culture's.
Situational couple violence
is the most common form of intimate partner violence. It's violence that erupts when a disagreement turns angry. ---common form of intimate partner violence
Social mobility
is the movement of a person or family up or down in socioeconomic status.
Authority
is the power to enforce rules. Power is the ability to get your way even in the face of obstacles.
Resocialization " The military and prison"
is the process through which the individual's personality is radically changed by force. It requires a highly-controlled environment.
Groupthink
is the process where the individual's desire for consensus and harmony overrides the desire to make a good decision.
Groupthink
is the process where the individual's desire for consensus and harmony overrides the desire to make a good decision. conformity example
Resocialization
is the process whereby the individual is re-trained in terms of how to behave in a given social setting.
Rationality
is the replacement of values, emotions, and traditions with rational and calculated reasoning.
Kinship in sociology
is the socially recognized system of associations among people who are biologically related, adopted, married, or bound by other rituals. The relationships include both rights and responsibilities.
McDonaldization
is the standardization of businesses globally.
Multiculturalism
is the view that other cultures should be respected or even encouraged. ---refers to the practice of an automated voice call answering service asking a caller to press "1" for English and "2" for Spanish.
Impression management
is your attempt to influence other people's perceptions of you as an individual through controlling information communicated during social interactions.
Multinational Corporations
large corporations that do business in a number of different countries, can exploit weak or poor countries by scouring the globe for inexpensive labor and cheap raw materials.
Verstehen
meaning in actions - put oneself in the place of others & tries to see situations through their eyes Max Weber
Primary Group
members share personal, enduring relationships (family)
Objective
method of assigning Social Class based upon Sociologists determination; look at income, occupation and education
Subjective
method of assigning Social Class based upon individuals determining their own position; most identify with middle class
Reputational
method of assigning Social Class based upon rank of other community members
Population Transfer
minority group transferred to a new territory; Reservation system in U.S.
ethics
moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior.
integrity
moral uprightness
Obedience can be considered
moral, immoral, or amoral.
Overurbanization
more people live in a city that can be supported in terms of jobs & facilities
Neolocality
most industrialized societies - set up a household in a new location away from the parents
Egalitarian
mother and father share authority
Matriarchy
mother holds authority
Vertical Mobility
movement between multiple social classes or different occupational rank
Social Mobility
movement between or within social classes or status; upwards and downwards
Social Mobility
movement up or down the social hierarchy
Horizontal Mobility
movement within a social class or similar occupational rank
Polyamory
multiple consensual sexual relationships of trios, groups of couples, and intentionally created families that emphasize emotional commitment
Dysfunctional
negative consequence an element as for the stability of the social system
dysfunction
negative consequence an element has for the stablility of social media
Social Structure
network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction
Kinship
network of people who are related by marriage, birth or adoption - can be very large
Secondary Relatives
next level of relatives (grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, cousins, in-laws, nephews, nieces)
CASTE ( depends on your social background)
no social mobility because it was chosen for you. Long time ago. Your limited to the social group you were born. social structure doesn't change. Example: Hindu caste system
Jane Addams
nobel prize, Hull House which worked to solve society's problems, used political activism to get $
Institution
normative patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior
anomie
normlessness
Mores
norms carrying a serious moral judgment
Laws
norms enforced by government
Mores
norms that are NOT socially acceptable and DO have great moral significance
Folkways
norms that are NOT socially acceptable but do not have great moral significance
Mimicking is
not a sociological term at all, but it means to act like someone else.
Social Fact: Egoistic Suicide
not enough integration
scientific method
objective, logical, and systematic way of collecting empirical data and arriving at reasoned conclusions
social phenomenon
observable facts or events that involve human society
Social Phenomena
observable facts/events that involve human society
Secondary socialization
occurs as we learn what is acceptable and not, typically during adolescence and in small groups.
Gender socialization
occurs throughout the life course.
Role Strain
occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status--boss maintaining morale yet wanting overtime (1 status position involved)
Role Conflict
occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of another status--good parent vs. good employee (2 status positions)
Primary socialization
occurs when we are developing our personality, beliefs, and values. -----types of socialization agents refers to the institution of family
Iron law
of oligarchy states that in any democracy a small group of elites will end up ruling. -----Wealthy individuals making large contributions to political candidates of their choice are described by what term
Master Status
overrides all other statuses and becomes the one we are known for.
Master status
overrides all other statuses, It may come with prestige, or if seen undesirable status may be stigmatized maybe from breaking the law, disability or illness. People can also switch over from being stigmatized to prestige status and vise versa.(ethnicity,heritage,gender,religion,career)
Significant Others
parents, siblings, relatives and others who have a direct influence on us
Marriage
set of norms that are established between married individuals - how society sees them
Polygynandry
sexual sharing among two or more females and two or more males.
Values
shared beliefs of what is good and bad, right or wrong
Culture
shared products of human groups
Discovery
sharing the existence of an aspect of reality
Status Symbols
signs or symbols of a respective status
subjugation
process a minority group is denied the same benefits of society
Reformulation
process of adapting borrowed cultural traits
Socialization
process where we learn gender roles through society and our interactions Interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society - will continue your entire life
Negative Sanctions
punishments
An oligarchy
refers to a situation where a small number of the elite control the country.
False consciousness
refers to a state of mind that prevents you from perceiving the injustice of your own situation. -----Which term describes the situation where someone votes in such a way that actually benefits a wealthier class and is to their own—and those in their socioeconomic class—detriment?
Ascribed status
refers to a status you are born into. ---terms refer to a person regarded as African-American?
Class consciousness
refers to an awareness of your class standing. example: joining exclusive country club.
Cultural apathy
refers to an indifference or lack of empathy towards various cultures.
Discrimination
refers to behaviors toward people of another group. ----refers to Amy's practice of refusing to hire Hispanics
Front stage
refers to behaviors which are visible to the 'audience' or what you show the public. ---refers to behaviors which are visible to the 'audience' or what you show the public. While back stage refers to the activities we do in private to prepare for our performance of our roles. ----The barista at the coffee shop takes your order with interest, smiles broadly, and waves off your apologies for your needy requests. However, on her break, she tells her coworkers that you were obnoxious. Which term refers to this behavior that you, as the customer, witnessed
Popular culture
refers to cultural products, like music, art, used by the non-elite. -----refers to Madonna's "Like a Virgin" and television shows, such as "CSI" or "Law & Order: SVU"
Institutional discrimination
refers to discrimination against an individual by an institution. --refers to an individual being treated unjustly by a financial institution.
Polyamory
refers to having multiple lovers, where everyone consents and the relationships are meant to endure.
Mass media
refers to large-scale organizations which use technology to communicate ideas to the masses.
Cultural capital
refers to non-material assets that help promote your social mobility.
Cultural capital
refers to non-material assets that help promote your social mobility. educational attainment
Power
refers to our ability to get someone else to do something, in spite of obstacles or opposition.
Symbolic culture
refers to our ways of thinking, doing, and believing.
Urban poverty
refers to poverty in an urban area.
Rural poverty
refers to poverty in rural settings
Social reproduction
refers to structures that transmit the existing values and social inequality from one generation to another.
Back stage
refers to the activities we do in private to prepare for our performance of our roles. ---- term refers to a woman using face cream at night, getting highlights, and putting on makeup
The globalization of capitalism
refers to the adoption of capitalism by countries around the world.
Religiosity
refers to the aspects of religious activity of a group.
Social capital
refers to the collective value of the people you know.
Social capital
refers to the collective value of the people you know. example: when someone posts a request to borrow something on Facebook and the request is answered
Role strain
refers to the difficulty an individual can experience in attempting to meet the expectations of their social role.
Intergenerational poverty
refers to the experience of poverty being transmitted from one generation to another. --------Which term refers to a grandmother seeing her granddaughter grow up in the same poverty she herself spent her life in?
Global inequalities
refers to the extent to which wealth and income are unevenly distributed. -----condition in Zambia where the rate of income from the richest 10% to the poorest is 42:1
Suburbanization
refers to the growth of areas on the "fringe of big cities". growth of areas on the fringe of Austin, Chicago, or Seattle
Urban growth
refers to the increase in size of an urban area. ------- refers to the expansion of Austin, Chicago, or Seattle
Feminization of Poverty
refers to the increasing number of female-headed households living at or below the poverty level.
Nuclear family
refers to the individual, their spouse and children.
Emotion work
refers to the management of your own feelings and assisting others in their management.
Emigration rate
refers to the number of people per thousand who are leaving.
Stereotype threat
refers to the phenomenon of poor performance by members of a stigmatized group, because of their worry that they will confirm other's poor perceptions of them.
Class culture
refers to the phenomenon that once someone starts to identify with a social class, they behave according to the expected norms of that class. ----A man who perceives himself as having now worked his way into being part of the upper class wears a suit to work every day, belongs to a country club, drives a high end luxury vehicle, lives in a gated community, and sends his children to expensive private schools. What term describes this phenomenon?
Residential segregation Which term refers to the situation in which certain neighborhoods are populated by certain groups, e.g., Chinatown, Little Italy?
refers to the physical separation of into different neighborhoods.
Assimilation
refers to the process by which an individual's behavior, language, and culture begin to resemble another culture's. -----person has begun using U.S. slang and wearing U.S. couture
Racial formation
refers to the process by which racial categories are formed and destroyed. -----historical event whereby Irish people moved from being considered non-White to White
Urban decline
refers to the process whereby sections of a previously functioning city fall into disrepair.
Social stratification
refers to the ranking of people in a categorical hierarchy.
Socioeconomic gradient in health
refers to the reality that the lower your socioeconomic status, the worst your health is. = link between poverty and poor health
Gender segregation
refers to the separation of the sexes in schools or occupation, which sometimes occurs 'naturally' and other times is purposeful. ------- teachers and nurses to be female, and construction workers and lumberjacks to be male
An endogamy
refers to the social rule that one must marry within one's group;
Informal control
refers to the socialization process.
Isolation
refers to the state of being separated from other people.
Educational stratification
refers to the stratification according to class and race in classrooms.
Spatial inequality
refers to the structure and pattern of inequality in resources and services available to residents of an area. --------Which term describes the experience of living in an area where crime rates are very high?
The hidden curriculum
refers to the subtext underlying educational curriculum. -----term refers to the transmission of middle class norms and values in the classroom -----The hidden curriculum refers to the subtext underlying educational curriculum. It is these unintended lessons that end up reinforcing existing social inequalities.
Social exclusion
refers to the systematic process of blocking access to rights and opportunities of certain people, effectively isolating them. ----experience of physically handicapped individuals in our society
Labeling theory
refers to the theory that how we are labeled, regarded, or classified impacts our behavior.
Cultural transmission
refers to the way we learn and pass information within a culture. ----term explains how all over the U.S., most individuals understand a thumb extended up from the palm from someone standing on the side of the road as an indication that person wants a ride, while in Islamic countries, most people understand that same symbol to indicate an inappropriate and rude sexual sign
Emotion work
refers to the work women do for their loved ones in terms of managing emotional health.
Network theory
refers to theories regarding social networks.
Gentrification
refers to updating a neighborhood and in the process converting it to a middle-class enclave. -----refer to the process of updating previously lower-class neighborhoods into modern, updated housing for the middle-class
Social support
refers to your perception that you're cared for and part of a supportive social network. ---refers to an individual's belief that they are cared for and part of a supportive social network
Sexual orientation
refers to your sexual desires, fantasy, and behavior.
A retreatist
rejects both the means and the goals.
A rebel simply
rejects society's definition of success.
Spurious Correlation
relationship actually based on a 3rd factor/variable; not a direct relationship
Urban Ecology
relationship between people and the urban environment, human behavior determines the layout of the urban area, development also differs by purpose
Empirical Research
relies on use of experience, observation & experimentation to collect facts
Church
religious group integrated with society
Cult
religious group outside standard cultural norms
Sect
religious group set apart from society
participant observation
researchers become directly involved in the situation under investigation
Positive Sanctions
rewards
Sanctions (Positive and Negative)
rewards and punishments used to enforce norms
Georg Simmel
small groups, as groups expand they lose their distinctive features
sample
small number of people drawn from the large population
Conflict Perspective
social behavior understood in terms of conflict between groups, there will always be conflict between groups forces in society that promote competition and change; competition over scarce resources is at the basis of social conflict; those in control set rules to keep what they have (MARX)
Society as a cause in itself( social facts)
social facts- forces that shape individuals mostly beyond their control ex. Baby Boomers live long and won't retire Former confederate state against the idea that things are caused by the individual we need to pay attention to social facts no one person causes things society as a whole does
Caste System
social system based on ascribed statuses.
Weber-Bureacracy and rationalization as cause of alienation
social systems running on scientism (rationalization) dehumanize social relationships scientific revolution lead to rationalization- lead to bureaucracy- lead to dehumanization
The lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world, beginning at birth and continuing until death is:
socialization
Social Dynamics
society allows change in order for it to get better and for development
Emile Durkheim
society consists of interdependent parts - sociology as an academic discipline, studied suicide
Institution
society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose.
Edwin Lemert
sociologist whose work heavily influenced labeling theory, particularly the Primary and Secondary deviance.
Master Status
some characteristic of a person that overrides all other features of the person's identity.
Alexander Liazos
speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that: powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant.
Gender Roles
specific behaviors and attitudes society establishes for men and women
Diffusion
spread of idea from one country to another ex: mc Donald, nike, ( exploration, tourism and mass media) Spanish fast growing language in US, ideas spread from one culture to another. Today idea spread faster than ever before.
Diffusion
spreading ideas from one society to another
Fundamentalism
strict adherence to religious doctrine
history
studies the people and events of the past
Economics
study of choices people make in an effort to satisfy needs and wants
Political Science
study of how and why people vote, and the power struggle within a society
social psychology
study of how the social environment affects an individuals behavior and personality
Anthropology
study of past and present cultures
History
study of past events
Philosophy
study of problems, looking for wisdom
Psychology
study of the human brain and how individuals interact in society
Economics
study of the wants and needs of people (groups)
Sociology
study society
Poverty Risks
children, women and race/ethnicity
economics
choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants is the focus
Bilocality
choosing where they will live near the man's or woman's side of the family
Multiple Nuclei Model
cities develop around centers of activity (nuclei) each of these nuclei is devoted to a specific type of land use - this is done because it is beneficial to the businesses/customers; model developed after the invention/use of autos
Sector Model
cities do grow outward from the center, but the growth occurs in 'wedges' not circles from the center, transportation opportunities determine land use
Primary Relatives
closest relatives from orientation and procreation (mother, father, siblings, spouse, children)
Jean Piaget
cognitive psychologist; created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
Status Set
collection of all our different statuses from every setting
Aggregate
collection of people with no common connection, who happen to be in the same vicinity.
Socioeconomic Status (SES
combines educational level, prestige, place of residence and income----3 different methods used for determining Social Class
Invention
combining of cultural elements into a new form
hate crime
criminal act motivated by prejudice
Enlightenment
cultural movement of intellectuals - another reason to study groups
The life course refers to a
culturally defined sequence of age categories through which you are expected to pass.
Culture Patterns
culture complexes combine to former larger groups
Discrimination
denial of equal treatment based on BEHAVIOR of controlling group *Legal Discrimination---upheld by law *Institutionalized Discrimination---outgrowth of the structure of society
ideal type
description compromised of the essential characteristics of a feature of society.
cultural pluralism
desire of group to maintain sense of identity separate form the dominant group
Deviance is
determined by those who witness it. It is not universal, but changes over time and place. Things can be deviant, but not criminal.
globalization
development of economic, political, and social relationships that stretch worldwide.
Ideal Type
essential characteristics of a feature of society, (ex attitudes about work - examine many different examples of the feature & then look for the essential characteristics)Max Weber rugged individualism
Teacher expectancy
essentially says that whatever a teacher expects is what she will likely get from her students. ----refers to the situation where Ms. Jones expects poor performance from Johnny, and he performs poorly, and she expects good performance from Sally, and she performs well
Race vs. Ethnicity
ethnicity-An ethnic group or ethnicity is a population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality or shared cultural traditions. Shared cultural traits Race-The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry). biological/physical
Random Sample
every person has the same chance as being chosen as another
Causation
exists when a change in one variable causes a change in another
correlation
exists when a change in one variable is regularly associated with a change in another variable
Status Inconsistency
exists when the different statuses occupied by the individual bring with them significantly different amounts of prestige.
self fulfilling prophecy
expectation that leads to behavior that causes the expectation to become reality
Second Shift
expectations women face of not only working full-time outside home has also the household duties
Neighborhood effect
explains our tendency to vote based on our relational interactions with our neighbors
theory
explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena
theory
explanations of the relationships among particular phenomena
Social Interaction
how people relate and influence each other's behavior
social interaction
how people relate to one another and influence each others behavior
Anticipatory Socialization
how we are expected to act in certain situations i.e. work
Impression Management
how we attempt to present our different 'selves' to different groups
Organic Solidarity
impersonal social relationships with increased job specialization; Gesellschaft (Society)
racism
extreme form of prejudice that assumes superiority of one group over others
Family of Procreation
family from which children are born - when you get married you are a part of a new family of procreation - you are creating the children
Karl Marx
fundamental theory of communism, society is in a class struggle between economic classes
Collectivity (Diffuse)
gathering of people who have limited interaction with one another and do not share clearly defined, conventional norms or a sense of group unity
Qualitative Research
general research being able to have more of your own opinion in compared to hard data of quantitative research
theoretical perspective
general set of assumptions about the nature of thing.
theoretical perspective
general set of assumptions about the nature of things
Innovation
introducing an idea or object to a new culture
Glass Ceiling
invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper level positions in business
content analysis
involves counting the number of times a word, phrase, idea, event, symbol, or other element appears in a given context.
Intragenerational Mobility
involves status or occupational ranking changes in your own lifetime
Intergenerational Mobility
involves status or occupational ranking differences between multiple generations
A counterculture
is a culture that exists alongside dominant cultures, but whose beliefs oppose the mainstream.
Democracy
is a form of government where the right to govern is held by the majority of citizens.
Totalitarianism
is a government system where the people have no control.
A social category
is a group sharing similar characteristics but who do not necessarily interact, for example, high school students.
An out group
is a group to which you do not feel you belong. There is often animosity directed toward that group. -term refers to the status of Muslim-Americans in the U.S. post 9/11
A reference group
is a group you may use as a standard by which to measure your own behavior.
A secondary group
is a less close and more temporary group. Boss
Vertical mobility
is a movement up or down in socioeconomic status. -getting married
Culture of poverty
is a paradigm positioning poor people as creating a subculture.
Total Institution
is a place of work and residence where a great number of similarly situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life. e.g. nursing homes, prison,army.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
is a prediction that indirectly or directly causes itself to come true. ---A teacher treats all of her students as though they are gifted. Her students perform as though they are academically gifted. Which term refers to the phenomenon described here?
Anticipatory socialization
is a process where we rehearse for future events and situations.
Violence resistance
is a situation where an intimate partner victim fights back.
Intimate terrorism
is a situation where the batterer takes control of his partner. This type of violence destroys lives and includes violence, coercion, verbal threats, etc.
A primary group
is a small group where the members share close, enduring relationships. childhood friend
A triad
is a social group composed of three people. This comes from Simmel's work on groups
A dyad
is a social group composed of two people.
Environmental justice
is a social movement centered upon the inequality of environmental burdens in our society. -----social movement to address inadequate access to healthy food.
Oligarchy
is a society where political control is held by an elite few.
Achieved status
is a status you have earned through occupation, etc. doctor
A meritocracy
is a system of promoting individuals based upon their merit and ability, not their social connections or socioeconomic background.
Formal control
is accomplished through external sanctions via governments. " Regulation "
Formal control
is accomplished through external sanctions via governments. ----Imprisoning people for crimes they have committed is an example of:
Peer pressure
is an instance when the individual feels the need to change their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors to match the group. ---best describes what is happening when a student is being deterred from disagreeing with the majority opinion
Sexual preference
is an outdated term not commonly used anymore.
Sexual orientation
is based upon more than just one's sexual practices and behaviors.
Macrosociology
is concerned with the analysis of social systems and large-scale populations.
Symbolic interactionism
is concerned with the shared meaning of experiences. ------It looks at how the words and gestures we use make shared meaning, and how we navigate that meaning. refers to the view that an individual's shared meaning is central to understanding their experience
Identification
is conforming to someone who you respect and like. It is a deeper form of conformity, and self-motivated.
Peer pressure
is indirect pressure from a group of peers. It may lead you to conform, but is not a type of conformity.
Prejudice
is irrational and inflexible attitudes toward another group. -refers to Jim's irrational and inflexible attitudes toward African-Americans
Colonialism
when a powerful country invades a weaker country in order to exploit its resources, thereby making it a colony
Cultural Diffusion
when an aspect of culture spreads throughout a culture or from one culture to another.
Deviance
the violation of norms
secondary deviance
when and individual is labeled as deviant by society
Conflicting Agents of Socialization
when different agents teach children conflicting lessons.
Anomie
when people feel a loss of direction (Durkheim)
Tertiary occurs
when we are integrated into society and ready for new ideas and values.
Culture Shock
when you move from one country to another and you seem to not fit in in the beginning
Total Institutions
where people are isolated from society - prisons, military boot camps, monasteries, psychiatric hospitals
Consolidation of responsibility
wherein a few students assume the responsibility for the majority of participation in discussion. Students who accept the consolidation of responsibility are contrasted with those who rarely participate in class discussion and depended on to hold that position.
Interactionist Perspective
which focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society; interested in the ways in which individuals respond to one another in everyday situations; also meanings that individuals attach to their own actions and to the actions of others; interested in the symbols in society & how people use symbols when interacting (WEBER) focus on how individuals interact with and influence one another in society
Looking Glass Self
who we are based on others perceptions Charles Horton Cooley- interactive process through which we develop an image of ourselves
Causes
why things happen in a group (behaviors)
prejudice
widely held negative attitudes toward a group and its individual
Role Performance
their actual role behavior; does not always match behavior expected by society sometimes due to performing different roles that contradict
Since there are only two people in a dyad if one leaves, there is no more group. In order to make group decisions
there must be a majority which is why it leads to a two versus one dynamic.
material deprivation
this is a lack of money to buy resources that could help in school. For example, a computer.
Doubling Time
time in number of years necessary for the population to double in size given the current rate of growth
Industrial Revolution
time when industry/people were centralized which created problems - leading to the study of those groups
Bureaucracy refers
to a hierarchical organization with written rules, and organizational rules determining promotion rather than individuals.
Stigma refers
to a state of social disapproval and being disgraced in society as a result of the individual's failure to conform to society's norms.
social system refers
to an entire culture/society.
Play stage refers
to children playing 'roles' in their imaginative play, such as doctor, teacher, or mommy.
The binuclear family refers
to families where members live in separate households.
Prestige refers
to how favorably you're regarded.
The postmodern family refers
to mothers who are single by choice, LGBT families, and other departures from models.
Social mobility refers
to our ability to move up or down in status based on wealth, education, and occupation.
Culture shock refers
to the disorientation an individual may feel when visiting a strange place. -----term refers to Sally's distress and discomfort when she traveled to India
Gender refers
to the expectations placed on one sex or the other by society. -----refers to the tendency of women to color their hair: especially to cover up grey hair, wear makeup, wear skirts, and be caring and warm in their expressive communication
Cultural lag refers
to the fact that sometimes culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations and sometimes social problems result. ----refers to the fact that often laws don't exist to punish certain kinds of cyber crime
Which term describes the experience of living in the smallest house in your neighborhood, the only house without a pool, not having a car while your neighbors drive SUVs, and being unable to join the local country club like your neighbors?
to the perception of poverty due to not having resources to match those of your peers and neighbors. Relative poverty refers
Status refers
to the position one occupies in society.
Racialization refers
to the practice of ascribing racial or ethnic identity to a group, social practice, or relationship that doesn't exist. -----practice of conceiving of "Hispanics" as a cohesive racial group
Homogamy refers
to the practice of marrying someone similar to yourself in background and social status.
McDonalidzation refers
to the process of rationality so that organizations run on tradition rather than logic. - waits in lines for fast food
Sick role refers
to the rights and obligations of the sick person in society.
Industrialization refers
to the shift from being an agricultural center to a manufacturing base. ------ the process of converting a forest into a shopping center or factory
exogamy refers
to the social rules that one must marry outside one's group.
Mediocrity refers
to the state of being mediocre.
Exchange-rational choice refers
to the theory that we are rational actors, who perform a cost-benefit analysis of our decisions. -----a decision made by a corporate worker to steal one penny from each company account, because a software glitch will conceal their behavior
Fictive relations refers
to those individuals we take into our family and who take on obligations in the absence of blood or marriage ties.
Power refers
to your ability to make what you want happen regardless of obstacles. refers to the police officer behind you with his siren on
Social Fact: Altruistic Suicide
too much integration
Social Fact: Fatalistic Suicide
too much regulation
Patrilineal
tracing kinship through the father's side of the family
Matrilineal
tracing kinship through the mother's side of the family
Institution of Education
training the young
Ascribed Statuses
traits or characteristics that people possess as a result of their birth.
Harriet Martineau
translated Comte's work, worried about the plight of women
discrimination
treating others differently based on ethnicity, race, religion, or culture
Industrial Societies
type of society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity; Compulsory education
Preindustrial Societies
type of society where food production, carried out by human and animal labor, is main economic activity
Counterculture
subculture in opposition to dominant culture
Sample
subset of units from a population that a researcher studies
Durkheim Social Causes of Suicide
suicide thus varies inversely with the degree of integration of the religious, domestic, and political groups of which the individual forms a part
Mean
sum of a set of values divided by the number of cases from which the values are obtained: an average
Personality
sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that are characteristic of an individual
social darwinism
survival of the fittest
Erving Goffman
symbolic interactionist, we play roles and present a face for public view
Stratification
system by which society ranks its members in a hierarchy
Ideology
system of beliefs or justifies that social, moral, religious, political or economic interests held by a group or society
Ideology
system of ideas and ideals, especially of economic or political theory and policy.
Slavery
system of stratification in which one person owns another, and exploits the slave's labor for economic gain. Reasons for slavery include debt, crime, war, and beliefs of inherent superiority. Still prevalent today.
genocide
systematic effort to destroy an entire population
Sociobiology
systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior (Edward O Wilson)
Collective Consciousness
the body of beliefs that are common to a community or society and that give people a sense of belonging.
Anthropology
the comparative study of past and present cultures
Status Set
the complete set of statuses occupied by a person at a given time.
Manifest Functions
the consequences people observe or expect
Social Integration
the degree to which an individual feels connected to others.
The Norm of Reciprocity:
the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms.
Workplace Socialization
the expectations that are set for how you will act in the work environment
Covert Participant Observation
the form of participant observation wherein the observed individuals are not told that they are being studied.
Roles
the function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation.
Matching Hypothesis:
the idea that people are more likely to form successful relationships with and express liking for people whose level of physical attractiveness roughly equals their own.
Intersectionality is
the intersection of oppressed identities.
cultural capital
the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society
Socialization
the process by which one learns to become a competent member of a society.
Data Analysis
the process by which sociologists organize collected data to discover what patterns and uniformities are revealed.
Instinct
unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern
Growth Rate
the rate at which a country's population is increasing, subtract death rate from birth rate
Status
the relative social, professional, or other standing of someone or something
Role Conflict
the result of competing demands from two or more roles that vie for one's energy/time.
Role
the set of norms, values, behaviors, and personality attached to a status.
Labeling theory
the significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior
Social Position
the social identity an individual has in a given group or society. Social positions may be general in nature (those associated with gender roles) or more specific (occupational positions).
sociology
the social science that studies human society and social behavior
Sociology
the social science that studies human society/social behavior
Role Expectations
the socially determined behavior expected of a person performing a role--doctors treat patients with skill and care
Diffusion
the spreading of something more widely.
Master Status
the status the plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity; can be ascribed or achieved
Social Darwinism
the strongest will survive, the weak will be eliminated
Political Science
the study of the organization and operation of government
Division of Labor
the systematic interrelation of different tasks that develops in complex societies.
Gender Socialization
the tendency for boys and girls to be socialized differently.
The Propinquity effect:
the tendency for people to form platonic or romatic relationships with those whom they encounter often, forming a bond between subject and friend.
Neocolonialism
the tendency of the most industrialized nations to exploit less-developed countries politically and economically.
Heredity
the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children
lottery winner experience
anomie
Which statement correctly describes a rural area?
25,000 residents
Typification
2nd way habitualizations are generalized
Howard Becker
First proposed labeling theory
Industrialization
The process of the machine production of goods.
Verstehen
The process of understanding social behavior from the point of view of those who engage it
Correlation
Two variables related in someway not necessarily through cause and effect
elements of a culture
norms, values, material, symbols, language
Material Culture
objects created in a given society
An aristocracy
refers to a government run by nobility.
Role Conflict
require different behaviors
Norms
rules of society that regulate the behavior
Fertility
actual number of births to women of childbearing age
Reformulation
adapting borrowed cultural traits
4 stages of social movements
agitation, legitimization, bureaucratization, institutionalization
Cultural Pluralism
allowing each group in society to keep unique cultural identity (Chef Salad)
survey
allows sociologists collect data on attitudes and opinions from large numbers of people
Cooperation
allows the formation of "norms."
Language
organization of written or spoken symbols
language
organization of written or spoken word
Generalized ----
other refers to our awareness of the view and expectations of society as a whole. ---You are sitting in a large auditorium filled with hundreds of other people awaiting the beginning of the performance. Although you are alone and know no one else in attendance, you resist the overwhelming urge to burst into song and dance. Which of these terms refer to the controlling force curbing your behavior?
War on poverty
refers to a range of policies put in place to eradicate poverty.
Which of the following is an example of peer pressure?
A party where your coworkers are all drinking alcohol
prescription
A norm telling you what to do
Independent Variable
A variable that causes change in another variable
Structure
How a group is organized
Symbolic Interaction
Meaning Created through interaction.
Bourgeoisie
Owners
Indicator
Something that points to or reflects an abstract concept
Role
a specific set of behavior patterns
Stigma
a trait or characteristic that is perceived as negative by others.
Triad
group of three
symbolic interaction
meaning , language, and thought
Social Sciences
the study of human behavior
Charles Horton Cooley
"Looking Glass Self" - who we are based on others perceptions
Meads Self
"Me" = social self "I" = response to social self Self develops out of dialogue between "I" and "Me"
The Thomas Theorem
"if a person perceives a situation as real, it is real in its consequences." Our behavior depends not on objective reality, but our subjective interpretation of reality.
George Herbert Mead
"the act" develops through impulse, perception, manipulation, and consummation I and ME, I being own perception, and ME being social perception. Divided the individual into the "I" and "Me". "I" represents a process of fundamental awareness that becomes focused in different ways, leading to the development of the social self or "me". The focusing was said to occur through a process of taking the role of the other, which is how socialization occurred. Unsuccessful socialization might lead to personal disorganization - a self lacking in integration and consistency
Current Poverty Data for U.S, Texas, Children
% of poverty in the U.S- 14.8% % of poverty in Texas- 16.8% % of poverty in ages 18-22 = 22% % of poverty in children= 36% % of child poverty in Texas= 25%
Face Work
'saving face' how you attempt to save your image when something goes wrong
Karl Marx
(1818-1883)-German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development.
Norms (Formal and Informal)
(Formal and Informal/Internalized) - shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
Territory
...does not require geographic borders, only that members of a society- as well as nonmembers- recognize that land as belonging to that society.
Habitualization
1 way to create institutions actions are repeated, cast into patterns Foreground to Background
Value Added Theory
1. Structural Conduciveness: Surrounding social structure that makes it possible for a particular type of behavior to occur 2. Structural Strain: Social conditions that put strain on people so they seek some collective means to relieve strain 3. Growth and Spread of a Generalized Belief: Growth of belief leads to generalizations to individuals 4. Precipitating Factors: Triggering mechanism 5. Mobilization for Action: Coming together to act out collectively 6. Social Control: Mechanism exists to prevent or minimize the situation
Auguste Comte
1798-1857; Father of Sociology. Began studying as a result of the chaos following the French and Industrial Revolutions. Most of his finding have been disregarded as they were based on personal observation rather than objective investigation.
Albion Small
1854-1926 developed qualitative sociology.
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939; Austrian. Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, and transference.
WEB DuBois
1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard. Encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910. One of most renowned sociologists of race relations in America.
Extended Family
2 or more generations that live together (either in the same house or in the same neighborhood or area)
What is a stable replacement fertility rate?
2.1 children per woman
Ideal type
A "pure type," constructed by emphasizing certain traits of social item that do not necessarily exist in reality. An example is Max Weber ideal type of a Bureaucratic organization.
Social Construction
A belief or practice that exists because it is created and maintained by people
Which of these statements is the correct definition for discrimination based on one's ethnicity?
A biased action against a group of people based on socially defined cultural characteristics.
Marxism
A body of thought deriving its main elements from the ideas of Karl Marx. Lays emphasize on conflict, class divisions, power, and ideology.
Which of these scenarios describes how the bystander effect can affect a school's attempts to combat bullying? Please choose from one of the following options.
A child witnesses bullying; however, the child does not intervene to stop the bullying, nor does the child come forward to report the incident.
Social Group
A collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity.
Rationalization
A concept used by Max Weber to refer to the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world.
Multiculturalism
A condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equality in economic and political life.
Which of these would be considered the least socially accepted type of religious organization?
A cult
Value
A culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong/desirable or undesirable.
False Consciousness
A denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed( the working class ) when they fail to recognize the Interests of the Ruling class in their ideology. -Marx
Modernity
A dynamic social force that has changed many aspects of social life, with urbanization and use of technological advances; globalization.
Nonmaterial Culture
Abstract human creations
Values
Abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles
Conformists
ACCEPT society's goals ACCEPT methods of achieving them
Innovators
ACCEPT society's goals REJECT methods of achieving them
Emergent Norm Theory
Acknowledges that individuals in a crowd have different attitudes, behaviors, and motivations
W.E.B. DuBois
African American who worked to help other AA's get better position in society
Agents of socialization
Agents of socialization transmit values, beliefs, and expectations of social roles. Through agents of socialization we learn and develop our own self-identity. Socialization agents function throughout an individual's life course. Agents of socialization often give competing and conflicting messages.
There is no
Alice in Wonderland syndrome.
Karl Marx (causes and types of alienation)
Alienation was caused by the capitalist economics. Alienation was also caused by lack of productive forces, from domination of land, and upper ruling class. -Alienation of Work -Product of Work ( Never get to have the product you are making) -Fellow Workers (Competitors) -Yourself (Dread your work/ lose your identity)
Marx Labor Theory of Value
All the value comes from the labors if you take hold of this power you have everything. Capitalists depend on the labors/ strike and see what happens
Dramaturgy
All the world's a stage And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts.
Generalized other
Allows us to determine how we should behave in a given setting.Any time that an actor tries to imagine what is expected of them. Requires organized community or social system, e.g. baseball team or organized family system (an understanding of the rules governing a number of different players in related roles.)
Welfare Capitalism
Features a market-based economy with an extensive welfare system. Sweden
Mary has just lost her job, and things are very tight for her financially. Her friend, Audra, is employed, but slips and falls on the ice and ends up in the emergency room. She is a bit banged up, but not seriously injured. Audra calls Mary to tell her. Mary goes to the hospital, and anonymously slips a cab driver $20 to take Audra home. A social psychologist might argue that Mary's actions are altruistic, because of which one of the following reasons?
Altruistic behavior implies there will be no sort of benefit on the part of the person engaging in the sacrificing behavior. -----They involved sacrifice on Mary's part and she did not seem to expect repayment.
Generalized Other
An abstract composite of social roles and social expectations
Age Cohort
An aggregate group of people born during the same time period
Estate System
An ancient stratification system composed of the nobility, the clergy, and the commoners.
Socialbiology
An approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles.
Self
An aspect of personality that is self-aware.
Capitalism
An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.
Social Institution
An established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose
Social Institutions
An established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose
Social Construction
An idea or practice that a group of people agree exists. It is maintained by time people taking its existence for granted.
Gesellschaft
An impersonal community
Government
An institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of society.
Clique
An internal cluster or faction within a group.
You are a student at a small, local liberal arts college. While out at the mall, you encounter a large, boisterous group of students having a great time and sporting clothing indicating they are students at a large, public university nearby. For you, they most likely represent a:
An out group is a group to which you do not feel you belong, and toward whom you may likely feel some mutual antagonism.
Feminist Theory
Analyses of women and men in society intended to improve women's lives
Content Analysis
Analysis of meanings in cultural artifacts such as books, songs, and other forms of cultural communication
Microsociology
Analyzation of face-to-face social interaction.
Macrosociology
Analyzation of large-scale society, such as institutions.
Ferdinand Tonnies
Analyzed the different types of societies that existed before and after industrialization. Coined the terms Gemeinschaft ( intimate community) and Gesellschaft (impersonal association).
The sequence of an agricultural society?
Animals pull plows, large land area is cultivated, soil is aerated, yielding more crops over time, productivity increases, towns emerge, job specialization, economy intensifies.
A young boy aspires to be a photographer. He takes photography lessons and attends photography shows. He also reads books and articles on taking pictures and famous photographers. Which terms describes his actions?
Anticipatory socialization is a process where we rehearse for future events and situations.
Concept
Any abstract characteristic or attribute that has the potential to be measured
deviance
Any behavior that violates societies norms and values
Signifier
Any vehicle of meaning and communication. dress patterns, or foods.
Means of production
Anything that can create wealth and business as well as infrastructures necessary to run them. -Marx
Generalization
Applying information obtained on a small sample of units to a larger population of the units
Social Institutions
Are clusters of symbols, languages, values, norms, statuses, roles, and groups that develop to meet a social need.
Sanctions
Are positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including, rewards for Conformity and Punishments for violations.
William Julius Wilson
Argued that welfare was not the culprit. Stated that the cause of poverty was Deindustrialization, globalization, institutional discrimination, and similar structural processes and forces. Lack of jobs as a result of these factors led to a corresponding lack of employed men for women to marry.
Carol Gilligan
Argues that Kohlberg's theory is inaccurate as he studied only boys. Gilligan posits that girls look beyond morality to find the caring thing to do, regardless of whether that action breaks a pre-existing rule.
sugarman
Argues that w/c subcultures have 4 key features, fatalism,collectivism,immediate gratification, present time orientation.
Gender
BEHAVIORAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL traits socially created for males/females; not focused on BIOLOGICAL differences
Post-Industrial Society
Features an economy based on services and technology, not production.
Five Caste's of Indian Caste System
Brahman - Priests and Scholars Kshatriya - Warriors Vaishva - Skilled Craftspeople Shudra - Manual Laborers Harijan - Untouchables
American colonists eventually began to challenge the legitimacy of Britain's rule over them. What terms describe what happened?
Britain lost its authority and had to resort to power by force.
Deductive Reasoning
Broad information going to specific
Buddhism
Buddhists follow the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. Does not feature any all-powerful deity, but teaches that by eschewing materialism one can transcend the illusion of life and achieve enlightenment.
Rite of Passage
Ceremony or ritual that symbolizes the passage of an individual from one role of another
Accommodation
COMPROMISE; state of balance between cooperation and conflict
Second Sight Du Bois
Capacity to critique "dominant" American culture, reveal hypocritical elements or contradictions •Contrast with "single consciousness" or "single sight"
Karl Marx- Key Groups Involved in Class Struggle
Capitalist Class and The Working Class
Crowds (4 types w/ examples)
Casual, Conventional, Expressive, Acting
The culture industry includes:
Celebrities, television, film, magazines, and books
Mass Media
Channels of mass communication that are available to very wide segments of population
Variables
Characteristic that can differ from one individual, group or situation to another in a measurable way
Life Stages
Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old Age Dying These stages are socially constructed.
Extended Family
Closely related people of several generations.
Alternative Families
Cohabitation, childlessness, living alone, single parents, Gay/Lesbian.
Organic solidarity
Cohesiveness that comes from inter dependency
Culture Lag
Coined by William Ogburn. When material and non-material cultures develop at different rates.
Durkheim Collective Effervescence and "Group Mind"
Collective Effervescence- high emotional energy focused on the center of the ritual effective rituals erase individuality; society and person are one Good for society because it creates solidarity: order loyalty and bonding good for individuals- belonging purpose
Nonverbal Communication
Communication between individuals based on facial expression or bodily gesture rather than on language.
Three Tiers of Crime
Crime against the Person Crime against Property Victimless Crimes
Which of the following is correct regarding social foraging?
Competition may occur when resources are scarce.
Material Culture
Concrete, visible parts of a culture, such as food, clothing, cars, weapons, and buildings.
Which statement best describes the difference between conformity and obedience?
Conformity is acting in accordance with norms; obedience is complying with formal authority. Conformity is an *independent decision to go along with unspoken rules. *Obedience is the decision to comply with formal rules.
Looking Glass Self
Cooley Self-image comes from our perceptions of how others perceive us We imagine how others see us 2. We imagine how others think of us or judge us We revise our self-concept accordingly
Calvanist Theory
Core dogma: predestination Uncertainty leads to search for evidence of election Intense worldly activity Most urgent task was "the destruction of spontaneous, impulsive enjoyment"
In the 1960s, we witness social movements such as the hippie peace movement, the feminist movement, or the green movement. At the time, the norms and values of these social group placed it at odds with the dominant (mainstream) culture. They were referred to as:
Countercurrent Culture
The Iron Cage of Rationality
Disenchantment of the world Emphasis on formal vs. substantive rationality Lose touch with substantive rationality and meaning People simply follow the rules without regard to higher values
Proper gestures and body language are important during business interactions. When conducting business with other cultures, how should we understand gestures (such as shaking your head)?
Defined by each culture
Suicide
Depression from lack of connections -a result of anomie- Durkheim
C. Wright Mills
Described the importance of the sociological imagination when viewing the world, especially for people with power.
Vocational
Describes a course or qualification designed to provide more of a 'hands-on' approach to learning. This encourages the application of knowledge and understanding of a subject in a practical way.
Fashions
Desire for particular style of appearance or behavior; most often related to clothes
Talcot Parsons, Robert K merton
Developed functionalism
Robert Merton
Developed the Strain Theory of Deviance clarified the difference between manifest functions and latent functions
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Developed the concept of rationalization-the process by which the social world becomes dominated by precise calculation, cold logic, technical expertise and efficiency.
Walter Reckless
Developed the control theory to explain how some resist the pressure to become deviants.
Superego
Developing second in children, encourages conformity.
Differential Association
Deviance is due to the influence of family and friends
Labeling Theory
Deviance is what it is labeled as. No behavior is inherently deviant, but only becomes deviant when others judge it so.
Age Discrimination
Different and unequal treatment of people based solely on their age
McDonald's is a fast food chain that originated in America. It has continued to spread all over the world through which sociological process?
Diffusion
Durkheim's Major Works
Division of Labor in Society-Durkheim described how social order was maintained in societies based on two very different forms of solidarity (mechanical and organic), and the transition from more "primitive" societies to advanced industrial societies. A Study in Religious History- Suicide a study in Sociology
Double Consciousness Du Bois
Double Consciousness •Looking at one's self through the eyes of others •Torn between "warring" ideals -Du Bois
A waiter at an upscale restaurant acts respectful and cheerful when in the dining room with the customers and complains in the kitchen how he hates his job. This scenario best demonstrates:
Dramaturgical Approach
Collective Conscience
Durkheim The totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society forms a determinate system which has its own life; one may call it the collective or common conscience
Anomie
Durkheim's term for a lack of social integration.
Function
Durkheim; role of the parts - each person has a role in a group Purpose of the structure
Legacies of Institutional Racism
Enviormental Racis, Profiling, Redlining Slavery Apartheid- other as dangerous inferior Segregation Jim Crowe Laws Hate Groups Genocide 1928 Austin city leaders redlined a new city plan to handle the African American problem still can be seen today
Control Theory
Each person has a set of Inner and Outer controls that work against their desire to deviate.
Charles Horton Cooley
Early Sociologist. Created The looking-glass self. Our self image reflects how others respond to us. We only develop a self-concept by interacting with others.
bordieu
Economic, social and cultural capital. Multi-dimensionality of stratification allows for status inconsistency. Expands numbers of social categories.
Hypothesis
Educated guess about what scientist believe will happen between 2 variables
Travis Hirschi
Elaborated on the control theory, saying four elements render an individual more or less likely to commit deviance. Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief
Functions of Deviance
Emile Durkheim argued that deviance is necessary and normal, and that it contributed to social order: Deviance affirms the social norm. Deviance unifies non-transgressors. Promotes social change
Suicide Study
Emile Durkheim; those with more positive close interactions are less likely to commit suicide
Dependent Variable
Factor that is changed (or not) by the independent variable
Independent Variable
Factor that is predicted to cause change
What are the basic characteristics of a hunter-gatherer society?
Family-based and driven, Small and nomadic, Generally Interdependent, Labor division is based on sex, with men hunting and women gathering.
Which of following conceptualize socialization as a means to create and maintain social order?
Functionalist
Gender Ideology and Socialization
Gender Ideology- The attitudes about the appropriate roles, and rights Traditional gender ideology- Male= Breadwinner Female= Homemaker Gender Socialization- Learning your gender role
Gender Norms and Policing
Gender Role- The attitudes, behaviors, and activities that are socially appropriate Gender policing- Sanctioning someone who breaks gender norm
Gemeinschaft
German for community, a state characterized by a sense of common feeling among the members of a society, including strong personal ties, sturdy primary group memberships, and a sense of personal loyalty to one another; associated with rural life.
Max Weber
German sociologist theorized that the engine of government needs bureaucracies to provide expertise in a way that short-term elected or appointed official cannot.
Total Institutions
Goffman A place of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time together lead an enclosed formally administered round of life. Depart from basic social arrangements in modern western society
Social Networks
Group or system of social interactions and personal relationships. (not solely on social media like Facebook, but in the real world, people we meet and those we meet through them etc.)
Reference Groups
Group we compare ourselves to for self-evaluation.
Subcultures
Group who lives differently, but not opposed to, the dominant culture.
Countercultures
Group who lives opposite of the dominant culture.
Dominant Cultures
Group whose members are in the majority OR who wield more power.
Secondary Groups
Groups Characterized by a large size and informal, impersonal fleeing relationships.
Primary Groups
Groups that are characterized by intense emotional ties, face to face interaction, intimacy and a strong, enduring sense of commitment.
Out-Group
Groups to which one feels antagonism and contempt- "those people."
In-Group
Groups toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect- the group to which "we" belong to.
Irving Janis
Groupthink; likely to occur in a group that has unquestioned beliefs, pressure to conform, invulnerability, censors, cohesiveness within, isolation from without, and a strong leader.
Norm
Guideline or expectation for behavior. Each society makes its own rules, and decides when rules are violated and how to punish transgressors.
Sonja's teacher asked each student his or her favorite color. When Sonja replied that her favorite color was red, her teacher told her that pink was a more appropriate color for a girl to like. What is the term for this form of social reinforcement?
Hidden Curriculum
Which of these scenarios would fit into the first stage of the demographic transition theory?
High birth rate, high death rate, positive population growth
Scientific Control
Holding a third variable constant while testing for a relationship between two variables
While the rate at which interracial marriages take place is growing, they may experience more conflict and instability than same-race marriages. Which one of the following is the reason for this?
Homogamy is the practice of encouraging individuals to select a mate with similar social background characteristics, and may be based on socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, or religion.
Ideal Type
How an organization should ideally be run, but is often different from how it operates in reality.
How could a symbolic interactionist phrase a research question to investigate the relationship between medicine and education?
How do the labels a patient applies to the level of education differ between nurse practitioners and doctors?
Saints and Roughnecks
Hypothesized that the label of Deviant is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Of 16 high school boys, The Saints were well-to-do and well-liked, while the Roughnecks were poorer and discriminated against. Chambliss found the labeling of the boys effected others perceptions and treatment of them for the same transgressions, and how their lives followed this same path.
George Herbert Mead
I Self, Me Self; Symbolic Interactionist - self was a social product from observation of others
Freud's Theory of Personality Development
ID -> Superego -> Ego
Values
Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad. What individuals value is highly influenced by the specific culture they happen to live.
Hypothesis
Ideas or guesses about a given state of affairs, put forward as bases for empirical testing.
Microsociology
Identifying the small groups and individual relationships that exist in society
Hypothesis
If (insert change in independent variable), then (insert change in dependent variable)
Which of these best describes an assumption of exchange theory perspective?
If a person receives social approval from an action, that action will be repeated.
Thomas Theorem
If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures
Illegal means to achieve success
3 Stages of Role-taking (Meade)
Imitation stage (0-3 years)-Imitating significant others Play Stage (3-5 years) playing out specific roles, coming in contact with others, Game Stage/School Stage taking on roles and beginning an understanding and the expectations of the roles of those around us
Which of these refer to a professor's practice of wearing a blazer and nice slacks, speaking loudly and authoritatively, and refraining of using slang and colloquial terms in front of his students?
Impression management
Presentation of Self Goffman
Impression management •Impression we give vs. impression we give off • Front region vs. back region • Teams •Dramaturgical loyalty •Dramaturgical discipline •Dramaturgical circumspection • Even the audience will sometimes collude to help "save the show"
Baby animals sometimes acquire behavioral characteristics from their parents. This type of copying behavior is referred to as:
Imprinting
Theodicy
In theology/philosophy: justification of Jewish or Christian God in light of evil and suffering Weber: explanations of evil and suffering across religious traditions Berger: any explanation of evil and suffering (including 'secular theodicies') Illouz: expands on this argument - popular culture helps us understand inexplicable suffering
Weak ties
Information carrying connections between people. Are responsible for the majority of the embedded-ness and structure of social networks in society as well as the transmission of information through these networks. e.g. Acquaintances
Social Stratification (Tilly)
Initial State: Randomness/equality Stage 1- Classification line up/put into groups clustering similar traits (each has a label) Stage 2: Evaluation- Hierarchy of groups based on arbitrary criteria or needs ex. good, bad, worst Stage 3 Allocation- distribution of resources of opportunities based on ranking.
Economy
Institution that produces and distributes goods and services.
Institutional Racism vs. Individual Racism
Institutional Racism-Exclusion for opportunities and resources Trans- Generational Hard to identify and eliminate sanctioned by law and social movements often subconscious Individual Racism- Name calling, ridicule, Interpersonal conflict Easy to identify sanctioned by primary groups and norms often intentional
Non-Material Culture
Intangible aspects of a culture, such as values and beliefs.
Focused interaction
Interaction between individuals engaged in common activity or direct conversation with one another.
Unfocused interaction
Interaction occurring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in direct face to face communication.
Auguste Comte
Invented the term sociology, believed the scientific method could be applied to the study of society( called positivism)
Second Social Revolution
Invention of the Plow. Led to agricultural societies emerging 5-6,000 years ago.
Third Social Revolution
Invention of the steam engine. Led to the shift from agriculture to an industrial society.
Impression Management
Is a goal-directed conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event; they do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.
EGO
Is the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the ID (Dealing with reality;mediator)
Ethnocentrism
Judging another culture on basis of it not being your own; the thought that "yours is superior".
Reliability
Likelihood that a particular measure would produce the same results if the measure were repeated
League tables
Lists produced by the government indicating the position of each school in comparison to others depending on their exam performance.
Waiting for Superman
Location in city made a difference to education, income and class position, family legacy, race and ethnicity What structural factors get in the way of education- Tenure and teachers unions lemon dance
Tabula Rasa
Locke - we are born with a blank slate and we learn from our surroundings
Social Movements (characteristics)
Long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change: Long Duration, Highly Structured, Deliberate attempt to institute change Types: Reactionary, Conservative, Revisionary, Revolutionary
Debunking
Looking behind the facades of everyday life
Sociological Imagination
Looking for social influences in our lives
More
MORE-AY Norm based on morality, usually results in disapproval. Sex before marriage/marriage equality.
Industrial Society
Makes use of advanced energy, rather than human or animal labor.
Urbanization and Population:
Malthusian Theory (Geometric Progression; Preventive and Positive Checks) Demographic Transition Theory (3 Stages) Urban Anomie Theory (Diffusion of Responsibility and Kitty Genovese) Compositional Theory (Five identifiable lifestyles) Subcultural Theory (Primary group relationships and diversity)
Exogamy
Marriage from different classes or groups
Monogamy
Marriage to only one person at a time
Endogamy
Marriage within the same class or group
Which of these theorists is NOT associated with conflict theory?
Marx Gumplowicz Weber
Industrial Society
Marx A condition in which humans are dominated by forces of their own creation, which confront them as alien powers.
Estrangement (Alienation)
Marx The object produced The process of production Our human nature, or "species-being" Our fellow human beings
Which of these terms describes a couple that lives with or close by to the wife's family after marriage?
Matrilocality
Which of these statements is a criticism of the perspective of relative deprivation theory?
People may not choose to join a social movement because of lack of resources.
First Department of Sociology founded at...
McGill University in Montreal, Canada in 1922. Harvard in 1930. University of California at Berkeley in 1950s.
I and Me Theory
Me self: the socialized self, attitudes and expectations of society; I self: unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and selfidentity
There is no I, me, you phase.
Mead has a theory about me and I, which states that 'me' is who we learn to be through social interaction. And 'I' is our response to the attitude of our community.
Social Control
Means of encouraging conformity to norms.
Validity
Measuring precisely what is intended
Social Sanctions
Mechanism of social control that enforces norms
Interaction
Members of a society must come in contact with one another. Geographic distance and language barriers can separate societies within a country.
Which one of the following describes the connection between social expectations and altruism?
Members of society internalizing the idea that it is a good thing to help others, is an example of a social pressure exerted on the individual. Thus, changing their behavior and creating a connection between social expectations and altruism. -----
Criminal Profile
Men in their mid-teens to early-twenties in lower income neighborhoods are most likely to commit crimes of any nature. Age, Sex, Social Class, and Race are all used to build a basic criminal profile.
Anticipatory Socialization
Mentally and physically preparing yourself for new role; planning ahead, testing the waters. e.g. dressing for an interview, preparing resume. visualizing future in that role/status.
Labeling Theory
Merton primary device rule breaking behavior in which many engage secondary deviance a person is labeled as deviant
Ritualism
Merton's theory of those who know the rules and follow them without hope.
Retreatism
Merton's theory when faced with failure drugs or alcohol is used to escape the realities of life.
Rebellion
Merton's theory where the individual rejects both the cultural goals and traditional means of achieving them but actively attempts to replace both elements of the society with different goals and means.
Innovator
Merton's theory where there is acceptance of the goals of a culture but the rejection of the traditional and/or legitimate means of attaining those goals.
Controlled Experiment
Method of collecting data that can determine whether something actually causes something else
Controlled Experiments
Method of collecting data that can determine whether something actually causes something else
Median
Midpoint in a series or values that are arranged in numerical order
Mode
Most frequently appearing score among a set of scores
Weber- Role of Culture/ Ideas in Social Theorizing
Most people interpret the world around them based on their own experiences. ex. dog would be seen as a pet here but food in Korea Really emphasized value
GCSE (general certificate in secondary education)
National examinations taken at the age of 16.
Which of the following assumption is correct regarding optimal foraging behavior?
Natural selection favors behavior that provides the maximum energy return.
Age Prejudice
Negative attitude about an age group that is generalized to all people in that group
The Sociological Imagination
Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both." "...enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society."
Symbol
One item used to stand for or represent another- as the case of a flag, which symbolizes a nation.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
Opportunity theory Proposed that crime doesn't just result from limited legit opportunity but also from readily access to illegal opportunity. Cloward and Ohlin also argued that if people were dissatisfied with what they had, what they earned, or where they lived, they would be motivated to work harder to improve their circumstances.
American Dream
Oppurtunity The widespread belief that the United States is a land of opportunity and that individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success.
Three Sociological Families
Order- Durkheim, Parsons, and Merton Conflict- Marx (now dominant unit of sociology) Meaning- Goffman, Weber, Mead-(Culture, Symbol Personality)
Key Ideas from Chapter 3
Other- self relating to other, fluidity, lack of clear boundary( self and other always go together) Interdependence ( They should never be separated) we depend on each other pluralism dealing with difference- one response if its not like me it needs to be thrown away pluralism is a natural state of human beings its good and essential, it would be futile to try and push it away
Self
Our concept of who we are, as formed in relationship to others
Impression Management
Our desire to manipulate other's impressions of us.
Research Design
Overall logic and strategy underlying a research project
Bourgeoisie
Owners; own the means of production and employ wage laborers. -Marx
Rate
Parts per some number
Latent Function
Patterns or behaviors that serves a social purpose that is not socially recognized (psychiatric hospitol helping, vs controlling people)
Conformity helps maintain peer group cohesion.
Peer group cohesion
Case of Anna
Pennsylvania, 1938; Mother kept her in storage room with barely enough food and minimal contact.
Industrialized Societies differed from previous societies in that...
People and goods traversed much longer distances because of innovations in transportation, such as trains and steamships. Rural population moved to cities for jobs; the majority living within commuting distance of a major city. Suburbs popped up to provide housing for the incoming population. Occupational specialization became drastically more prevalent.
Attachment in the Expanded Control Theory
People feel a strong attachment to others are less likely to be deviant.
Outer Controls
People in our lives encourage us not to deviate.
Reciprocity
People look for an equal exchange in their interactions with others in order to maintain attraction.
Studies show that most people select mates who have similar characteristics or genotype as themselves. This type of mate selection can be referred to as:
Positive assortative mating
Strain Theory of Deviance
Posits when people are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals through institutional means, the experience strain that can lead to deviance.
Conflict Theory and Crime
Powerful Capitalists pass laws protecting an benefitting themselves, while the working class criminals have no such protection.
Working Class
Powerless class who well their labor to the capitalist class.
An exchange student travels to Morocco to learn local language and culture. The first month he was there, he spent a lot of time at local bazaars where he learned about Moroccan "material culture". Which of the following is not an example of material culture?
Prayers
Age Stereotypes
Preconceived judgments about what different age groups are like
Judaism
Predates Christianity. Believes they are the chosen people of God.
Meads 3 Stages
Preparatory stage: imitation Play stage: start to take on perspectives of others Game stage: start to understand attitudes, beliefs, behaviors of "generalized other," not just "significant others"
College professors are highly regarded in our society, despite the typically low incomes. Conversely, funeral directors are regarded lowly, even though their incomes are rather high. What term refers to this?
Prestige
Exchange
RECEIPROCITY; interaction in hopes of a reward; Exchange Theory is based on idea people are motivated by self-interests
Ritualists
REJECT society's goals ACCEPT methods of achieving them
Retreatists
REJECT society's goals REJECT methods of achieving them IGNORE achievement altogether
Rebels
REJECT society's goals REJECT methods of achieving them REPLACE with their own methods
4 types of social movements
Reactionary, Conservative, Revisionary, Revolutionary
Sometimes in altruism, individuals recognize altruistic behavior from organisms that are unrelated to them, and at a later time, they in turn are inclined to support them. This behavior is referred to as:
Reciprocal altruism
Empirical
Refers to something that is based on careful and systematic observation
Groupthink
Refers to the tendency of people in positions of power to conform to the will of a group and ignore dissenting opinions.
Social Structure
Regularity or pattern in the way people behave; A social institution that meets the need of society by performing functions necessary to maintain social order or stability. - C.Wright Mills
Selfhood in Modern Society
Reinterpretation occurs more frequently •Geographic mobility •Social mobility •Number of roles increases •Heightened potential for "role conflict" •Source of "individuality"
Sociological imagination/ perspective
Relationship between the individual and society, the overall understanding of how individuals and society interact.
Sociological Imagination
Reliance on speculation, rather than evidence; The interplay of self and the world. The ability to translate Private troubles, into Public Issues - C.Wright Mills
Marx Idea of Culture
Religion and media are used by the elites to confuse the masses regarding true interests ex religion is like an opiate it keeps you in a trance
Secondary Deviance
Repeated deviance in response to other's reaction/punishment to their primary deviance. The Deviant does not change their behavior as a result of any reaction.
Replication
Repeating research by different people in different settings to asses its accuracy
Which of these is NOT a trait of a minority (subordinate) group? Please choose from one of the following options. Treatment distinguished by physical or cultural traits Involuntary membership in the group Awareness of unequal treatment of the group
Represent a small percentage of the population
Evaluation Research
Research assessing the effect of policies and programs
Replication Study
Research that is repeated exactly, but on a different group of people at a different point in time
Quantitative Research
Research that uses numerical analysis
symbolic capital
Resources of honor, prestige, recognition. Ex: framed diploma, PhD=Dr.
Government conflict takes these three forms:
Revolution, War, Terrorism.
Which of these terms best describes the significance of events such as a high school graduation, retirement party, wedding, or confirmation party in our socialization process?
Rites of passage are rituals and ceremonies meant to mark and validate significant changes in our lives.
rite of passage
Rituals that mark the termination of one stage of life and the beginning of another
McDonaldization
Ritzer fast food restaurant is the ultimate form of rationalization in our own society. Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability, Control, Irrationality of Rationality
Which of the following refers to the instance in which an individual practices a conversation with a parent to imagine his/her responses?
Role Taking
A full-time account executive is struggling to decide between staying home with a sick child and making a very important meeting. Which term describes this phenomenon?
Role conflict
A first-year college student struggles to keep up with the demands of her courses. She is having difficulty juggling the deadlines, keeping up with the reading, and writing papers at a high level of analysis. Which term describes what is happening?
Role strain refers to the difficulty an individual can experience in attempting to meet the expectations of their social role.
Oligarchy
Ruled by a small minority within an organization or society.
norms
Rules and standards of behavior
Norms
Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations.
Oligarchy
Ruling many by a scant few.
Islam
Same God as Christianity & Judaism. Muslims believe that the true word of God was revealed to the prophet Muhammad around 570 AD.
Random Sample
Sample that gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected
Ideologies
Shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of a dominant group.
Response Cries
Seemingly involuntary exclamations individuals make when, for example, they are taken by surprise, or want to express pleasure.
Subculture
Segment of society, which shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differ from the larger society
Mead's Theory of Social Behaviorism
Self develops from social experience Social experience consists of communication Understanding through "taking the role of the other" Above results in self-awareness, with an active "I" and an objective "me". The I initiates and the me either continues, interrupts, or derails depending on how others respond.
Name stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Period Birth - 2yo Main achievement is object permanence, learn by senses. Preoperational Period 2yo - 7yo Can achieve thought, but not reason. also aren't capable of conservation. Concrete Operational Period 7yo - 11yo Can perform mental operations, but only with tangible objects or real events. Formal Operational Period 11yo - on Become capable of mental operations on abstract concepts.
Group
Set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations who possess some degree of common identity
How can norms differ from society to society?
Setting, Culture, Time Periods. church v. party, Asia v. US, 50s v. now.
What is the difference between sex and gender?
Sex is biological and physiological; gender is socially constructed and learned.
Gender as Performed vs. Sex as biological
Sex= Physical status of being male or female Gender= The culturally and socially constructed differences between males and females
Beliefs
Shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture
Power Elite
Small groups of wealthy, powerful, influential people monopolizing business/government/military.
Social Facts
Social Conditions that cannot be reduced to individuals.
Herbert Spencer
Social Darwinism
Religion
Social Institution demystifying life and death.
Government and Poverty
Social Security, Medicare and Social Welfare Programs
Social Work v. Sociology
Social Work is an applied science, as it is designed to solve a specific problem using knowledge gleaned from sociological study.
Mores
Social behaviors with great moral significance
Social control
Social control: the various means used by a society to bring its recalcitrant members back into line
Which of the following theories would a social psychologist probably be drawn to as an explanation for altruistic behavior?
Social exchange theory The reciprocity norm The social responsibility norm
Which theory about helping behavior states that people weigh the costs and benefits to themselves of helping, prior to acting?
Social exchange theory argues that all behavior is the result of a kind of cost-benefit analysis.
While waiting at a stop light, Tom witnesses an accident in which another vehicle smashes into the driver's side of an oncoming vehicle. Glass shatters, and when the smoke clears, he sees the passenger of the car that was hit struggling to get out of the vehicle. He is obviously hurt. The driver is bleeding, making Tom very uncomfortable, and he wants to help. Tom feels empathy for this victim, because he was in a sports accident recently and remembers the pain. He recalls his teammates helping him off the field and to get medical attention. All these thoughts occur in an instant. Tom is about to get out of his car and rush to the scene; then he thinks to himself. "What if I can't really help this person? I'm not a trained medical professional. I might get sued if I do something wrong." Tom closes his door and remains in his vehicle. Which of the following best explains Tom's actions?
Social exchange theory argues that all behavior is the result of a kind of cost-benefit analysis. This view is a type of economics of relationships, in which rewards and consequences are the major motivators.
How does mass society theory describe social movements?
Social movements are dangerous, dysfunctional, irrational, and motivated by suspicious intentions.
Relative Deprivation Theory
Social movements arise when large numbers of people feel economically or socially deprived
Social Facts
Social pattern that is external to individuals
Which of these terms describe the way our educational system reproduces social class and social class differences from one generation to the next?
Social reproduction refers to structures that transmit the existing values and social inequality " from one generation to another."
Ascribed status
Social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. It is a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned. e.g. mother, father, siblings(sister,brother).
Social Ranking
Social status is the position or rank of a person or group, within the society
Hypothesis
Statement about what one expects to find in research
SRGI
Status, Role, Group, and Institutions
A woman about to take a math test is told that women tend to perform poorly compared to men. She is told her results will be coded by her gender. She ends up performing poorly on the assessment. Which term describes what happened?
Stereotype threat
What is the difference between a self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotype threat?
Stereotype threat results from stereotypes associated with the social group to which the person belongs. A self-fulfilling prophecy results from a false definition of a situation.
Which term describes what these three groups have in common: the obese, the ugly, and people with anorexia?
Stigma
Law of Primogeniture
Stipulates that only the first born son can inherit his family's wealth.
Durkheim Causes of Alienation
Structure and Norms are good Anomie (normlessness)= bad Alienation is caused by isolation from society Losing yourself to find yourself
Max Weber
Studied Bureaucracy and did not think economic factors were important. Also though sociology could not be studied as a science and focused more on ideas and values have just as much effect on social change.
Edwin Sutherland
Studied deviance from the symbolic interaction perspective
Counterculture
Subculture that rejects societal norms and values while seeking alternative lifestyle and establishing new cultural patterns
Countercultures
Subcultures as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture
National Curriculum
Subjects and subject content that must be studied by all children in state schools, in an attempt to standardise educational provision.
How would a social scientist phrase the just-world hypothesis as a phenomenon of social exchange theory?
Success is dependent on the motivation to maximize one's own status in society through proper analysis of costs and benefits of a decision.
Semiotics
The study of ways in which nonlinguistic phenomena can generate meaning- as in an example of a traffic light.
SLVN
Symbols,Language, Values, and Norms
Social Institution
System of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more needs of
Sociology
Systematic and scientific study of human social behavior (including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions). Sociology particularly places special emphasis on studying societies, both as individual entities and as elements of a global perspective.
Cross-Tabulation
Table that shows how the categories of two variables are related
Banking Model
Teacher is the subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects. teacher=bank student=withdraws information
Socialization
Teaching people, especially children, how to behave in various circumstances
Ethnomethodology
Technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy
Which of the following constitutes a deviant act?
Teenagers drink at a party; the cops come and issue a citation.
What is necessary for a society?
Territory, Interaction, Culture
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe your own culture to be superior to others and to filter information through that lens.
The French have a practice of banning head scarves worn by Islamic women in an effort to help maintain a 'secular society and gender equality.' What term describes this approach?
ID
The ID develops first in a newborn, responsible for the satisfaction of physical desires.
Conflict Theory
The Idea that Conflict between social groups is central to the workings of society and serves as the engine of social change. -Marx
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
The Idea that Language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language. (much like symbolic interaction) e.g. groups of individuals in high school: jocks, preps, geeks,nerds etc. what these words mean to people can vary greatly, or mean nothing at all specially to other cultures, etc.
Weber's Major Works
The Protestant Ethic and Spiritual Capitalism- is a study of the relationship between the ethics of Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism. Sociology and Religion-proposes that people pursue their own goals , and that religion facilitates that. Economy and Society-he book covers numerous themes including religion, economics, politics, public administration, and sociology.
The Veil Du Bois
The Veil •Metaphor for racial barrier of "the color line" •Makes Black Americans "exiles within" -Du Bois
L'Enfant Sauvage
The Wild Child 1970 film of the alleged true story of a feral child and his re-socialization.
Power
The ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold. Power is persuasive element in all human relationships. Many conflict in society are struggles over power, because how much power an individual or group are able to achieve determines how far they are able to put their wishes into action.
Socialogical Imagination
The ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life
Racial steering occurs when prospective homeowners are shown available homes only in certain neighborhoods. Which example would describe the beliefs and actions of a real estate agent, who is an unprejudiced discriminator?
The agent believes in accepting people as individuals, but shows African-Americans only certain areas without conscious discrimination.
Social Change
The alteration of social interaction, social institutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over time
Positivism
The application of the scientific method towards the analysis of society. The belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation, in this case particularly that society can best be understood through scientific inquiry.
Personal Space
The area around our bodies that a person claims for their own.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups
Postmodernism
The belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no "grand narrative" guiding its development.
Personality
The cluster of needs, drives, attitudes, predispositions, feelings, and beliefs that characterize a given person
world view
The combined cultural goals, values, and beliefs of a culture
Culture
The complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society
Anomie
The concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.
Social Constraint
The conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies we are a part of. Social restraint was viewed by Emile Durkheim as one of the distinctive properties of social facts.
Life Course
The connection between people's personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience, and the social and historical context of these events
Dominant Culture
The culture of the most powerful group in society
Validity
The degree to which a measure or scale reflects the phenomenon under study
Folkways
The general standards of behavior adhered to by a group
Ofsted (Office for standards in education)
The government agency given the task of monitoring the quality of schools and teachers in the UK.
Age Stratification
The hierarchical ranking of age groups in society
Contagion Theory
The hypnotic power of a crowd encourages people to give up their individuality to the stronger pull of the group
Dramaturgy
The idea that life is a never-ending play in which people are actors. When we are born, we are thrust onto the stage of everyday life, and socialization is our learning our role.
Looking-Glass Self
The idea that people's conception of self arises through reflection about their relationships to others
Reflection Hypothesis
The idea that the mass media reflect the values of the general population
Equality
The idea/belief that all people are of equal worth. Informal mechanisms such as prejudice and discrimination, work to elevate certain groups and oppress others, thusly eliminating equality.
big 5 personality trait
The inclination to engage in altruistic acts may be highly dependent on a specific context and the expectations surrounding that situation rather than the traits of an individual. Therefore, the answer is the Big Five personality traits.
Psychology
The study of the mental processes that occur within an individual and how society effects them, specifically. Particularly brain functions, memory, dreams, learning, and perception.
Which of the following refers to the labeling theory assertion that no behavior is automatically or inherently deviant?
The relativist view looks at deviance as only relative to how people react to the act.
The broken windows theory is integrated into law enforcement strategies across the United States. Improper implementation of this policy has resulted in discrimination against people of lower socioeconomic status, minorities, and the mentally ill. Many of these individuals obtain criminal records. Most states restrict the voting rights of felons. Which type of discrimination does this scenario describe?
The restriction of franchise for felons is a result of side-effect discrimination.
Social groups encourage conformity.
The sense of belonging, gained from membership, often results in members identifying with one another. Those inside and outside the group often measure their own behavior against the group. Social groups do NOT embrace nor encourage individualistic behavior from members.
Alienation
The sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else. Condition estranges a person from their humanity. according to Karl Marx
Culture
The shared language, values, beliefs, behavior, and material that constitute a society's way of life.
Status
The social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society.
Socialization
The social process through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self. No individuals are immune from the reactions of other around them, which influence and modify their behavior at all phases of the life course.
Division of Labor
The specialization of work tasks by means of which different organizations are combined within a production system.
Game Stage
The stage in childhood when children become capable of taking a multitude of roles at the same time
Play Stage
The stage in childhood when children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment
Imitation Stage
The stage in childhood when children copy the behavior of those around them
Scientific Method
The steps in a research process, including observation, hypothesis testing, analysis of data, and generalization
Political Science
The study of government in societies.
Sociology
The study of human behavior
Microsociology
The study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction.
Micro-sociology
The study of human behavior in the context of face-to-face interactions
Anthropology
The study of individual cultures in a society, rather than the society as a whole. Traditionally, it focuses on "primitive" cultures and their languages, kinship patterns, and cultural artifacts.
Macro-sociology
The study of large scale groups, organizations, or social systems
Macrosociology
The study of large scale groups, organizations, or social systems.
Economics
The study of production and distribution of a society's goods and services.
The culture industry involves the commodification of culture to entice the worker to indulge himself in pleasurable experiences as a means to endure his untenable life.
The theory asserts that popular culture produces standardized goods to manipulate us into being docile.
Functionalism
The theory that social event can be best explained in terms of the functions they preform, that is, to continuity of society.
Cultural Diffusion
The transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another
Intergenerational mobility
The upward or downward movement in a social class by family members from one generation to the next.
Culture
The values, norms, and material cultures characteristics of a given group.
Diversity
The variety of group experiences that result from the social structure of society
Materialist Conception of History
The view developed by Karl Marx according to which material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical change. Class struggle.
Determinism
The view that behavior is caused by factors external to free will
Probabilistic thinking
The view that factors affect the chances of behavior
Rational choice approach
The view that people are motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs. The theory is borrowed from economics
Deviance
The violation of a norm, good or bad.
A voter will not vote for a politician because he is old and all older people are slower and less competent. How could this voter's actions be categorized?
The voter's actions are ageism or prejudice and discrimination against a person based on age.
Symbolic Interaction
Theoretical perspective claiming that people act toward things because of the meaning things have for them
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Theory that power increasingly falls into the hands of a scant few in an organization.- -Most of which act out of self-interest and carefully control outsider's access to power or resources.
Symbols
Thing or behavior in which people give meaning
totem
Things with special cultural significance
During reading time, students are required to sit quietly and listen attentively to the story the teacher is reading. The children who are able to do this are rewarded at the end of the week with a prize. How would the functionalist perspective describe this interaction?
These children are being openly socialized to prepare for later roles in adult life. This is a manifest function of education.
An individual may occupy multiple status' with multiple roles attached to each. T/F?
True
Media Representation of Minorities
Tv has more robots than asians compared to populations of ethnicities they are no properly represented on Tv in film it is the same can be a bad reflection of ethnicities
Group
Two or more who interact, belong, and have norms that nonmembers do not have.
Class structure in the US. and social mobility
U.S class structure is bottom heavy 55% make ledes than $35,000 Social Mobility us economy provides opportunities for movement up and down the class system social mobility is of limited range caste systems and controlled economics do not have social mobility.
The Poverty Line
U.S government calculates the poverty line as an income three times the cost of nutritionally adequate diet 1 person- $11,770 4 person- $24,250 Some people say this line is to high because it doesn't take into account the non-cash forms of income Too low because it is based upon faulty assumptions
Serendipity
Unanticipated, yet informative, results of a research study
Fads
Unconventional thought or action in a large number of people (objects, activities, ideas, personalities)
Qualitative Sociology
Understands societies by immersing oneself in the group's experiences. Including in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data. developed by Albion Small.
Quantitative Sociology
Understands societies by observing the group. Relies on statistical analysis to understand experiences and trends.
Nation States
United States Government of All 50 states.
Population
a relatively large collection of people (or other unit) that a researcher studies and about which generalizations are made.
Culture Trait
an individual tool, act or belief that is related to a particular situation or need
college degree and being married
Within the first 10 years of marriage, the divorce rate for those with a college degree has plummeted to just over 16%. Those without a college degree have a risk of 35%.
Which statement reflects the role of gender in intimate partner violence?
Women and men batter at similar rates, although most of the attention goes to male batterers. This is especially true of situational couple violence.
Which reflects the role of gender in emotional expression and detection?
Women are socialized to be responsible for emotion work and emotional labor. Women are socialized to be responsible not only for controlling their own emotions in public, but for the emotional health of their relationships, families, and people in their lives.
Second Shift
Women having day jobs as the first shift and then coming home to the second shift or cooking cleaning and taking care of the kids
Proletariat
Workers
Proletariat
Workers; No means of production of their own and reduced to selling their labor power in order to live. -Marx
Immanuel Wallerstein
World Systems Theory
Institution Building
World-openness World-closedness. Human constructed to create Weltanschauung
Laws
Written set of guidelines that define what is right and wrong in society
Which of the following reflects the positioning of sexual orientation as identity?
You are the only person who can determine your sexual identity, which is independent of your sexual practice.
Impression Management
a process by which people attempt to control how others perceive them.
Ascribed Status
a status determined at birth.
Ascribed Statuses
a status determined at birth.
Society
a system of social interaction, typically within geographical boundaries, that includes both culture and social organization.
Scientific Method
a systematic organized series of steps that ensure maximum objectivity & consistency in researching a problem 1. Defining the problem 2. Reviewing the literature 3. Formulating a hypothesis 4. Choosing a research design 5. Collecting the Data (survey, experiments, observations, existing sources) 6. Analyzing the Data 7. Presenting Conclusions
Artificial control is
a term referring to self-control.
Achieved status
acquire on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen.
Goals
an aim, ambition. or aspiration
Values
an assumption of what is right and important
Stereotype
an assumption we make about a person/people usually based on inaccurate information.
verstehen
an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions.
Status
an established position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of prestige.
Roles
behavior expected of someone occupying a certain status
Role
behavior others expect from a person associated with a particular status.
Social Stratification
being arranged in social classes
Significance of Sacred and Profane
believes that all societies divide into sacred and profane a type of us/them this then forms the basis of law, identity, religion,and social order ex. We are the people of _____ and you are not Us/ them boundary about things objects and beliefs that are sacred is a few things that we defend with our all profane has to do with run of the mill items if society didn't have this there would be no order or basis for law
Ethnocentrism
believing that your culture is better than everyone else's culture
Xenocentrism
believing that your culture is inferior to other cultures
Secondary Group
belong until meeting ends, meet infrequently, task-oriented, non-intimate.
Primary Group
belong, meet often, share no tasks, are emotionally intimate.
When predators are present, vervet monkeys give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys. In doing so, they attract attention to themselves, increasing their personal chance of being attacked.This behavior can be referred to as:
biological altruism
Fecundity
biological capability to bear children
Assimilation
blending of culturally distinct groups into single group with common culture and identity (Melting Pot)
assimilation
blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society
wealth
both property owned and income made by the person minus debts
Resocialization
break from past experiences - learning of new values and norms - directed towards and individual's personality & social behavior
functionalist perspective
broadly based on the ideas of comte, spencer, and durkheim
Social Control
enforced through internal or external forces only when the majority follows norms, become internalized
Race
category of people who share inherited PHYSICAL characteristics; Sociologists not as concerned with the color of skin rather how people react to these physical characteristics
Minority Groups
category of people who share physical characteristics or cultural practices that result in a group being denied equal treatment; Ascribed Status
Independent
causes change in another variable
Correlation (Positive/Negative)
change in one behavior is regularly associated with a change in another
Mobility
change in status
Change
change in structure, function or behavior of the group
subculture
changes that happens from moving from like florida to DC. ex: parking
Mead's "self"
childhood socialization from view of Mead, and symbolic interaction. Play(imitation), Game(significant other) and generalized other.
Most who are poor
children
Self Fulfillment
commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents and potential
Society
common culture with unity, independent of others, similar territory
Nonverbal Communication
communication by means other than speech, as by touch, gestures, use of distance, eye movements, and so on.
anthropology
comparative study of past and present cultures
Technology
component of culture: rules for how to use the objects
Urbanization
concentration of the population in cities, usually higher standard of living, higher literacy rates, health care better and also better economic opportunities
Social Control
concept that refers to the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, appearance, and behavior are regulated in social systems
William Chambliss
conducted study of "Saints and Roughnecks" in 1973.
Role Strain
conflicting expectations within the same role.
Sociological Imagination
connecting the larger world and one's personal life
function
consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system.
Culture
consists of all shared products of human groups
Reciprocal Roles
corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related status----husband/wife or teacher/student; most of the roles we perform are types of reciprocal
Patriolocality
customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father's community
experiment
data is gathered under controlled conditions set by the researcher.
Social Cohesion
defined as the willingness of members of a society to cooperate with each other in order to survive and prosper.
Culture Lag
delay in cultural adjustments to change social conditions
specific types of Sociologists
demographers, criminologists, social workers
de facto segregation
denial of equal access based on everyday practice
De jure segregation
denial of equal access based on the law
Melvin Tumin
disagreed with Davis and Moore's assumption that the relative importance of a particular job can always be measured by how much money or prestige is given.
Social Sciences
disciplines that study human social behavior
social sciences
disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and the functions of human society in a scientific manner.
how to transmits culture
discoveries, technology, diffusion, invention, environment, new ideas
Human Nature
distinguishing characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—which humans tend to have naturally, independent of context.
stereotype
distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplified image applied to a category of people
Class System
distribution of scarce resources and rewards is determined on the basis of achieved statuses
Stratification
division of society into categories, ranks or classes; stratification implies inequality
Protestant Ethic
elective affinity between the capitalist economic system and the "Protestant ethic"
Conflict
emphasis on defeating opponent; deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, harm, or resist the will of another
conflict perspective
focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change
interactionist perspective
focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society
Psychology
focuses on individual behavior rather than group behavior
conflict perspective
forces in society that promote competition and change
Sanctions (Formal and Informal)
formal carried out by an organization, informal public sentiment and feeling
Laws
formal norms enforced by legal powers
Institution of Government
formal organization; regulates through laws
Secondary Group
formed to do a job
Auguste Comte
goal to improve society, should study society, social and natural worlds follow the same rules, seen as the father of sociology
Population Pyramid
graphic representation of the age and sex distribution of the population
Institution of Family
group composed of a man, woman, children
Social Class
group identifiable by values, actions, possessions
ethnic minority
group identified by cultural, religious, or national characteristics
Society
group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture.
minority
group of people with physical or cultural traits different form those of the dominant group in the society
Dyad
group of two
When a particular behavior has been selected for because it benefits the entire population or species, it is called:
group selection
A reference group is a group to which an individual is compared to.
groups may individuals use as a standard to evaluate themselves
In Groups
groups we belong to and feel loyal to.
Out Groups
groups we do not belong to and feel no loyalty to.
Nuclear Family
husband, wife, children
Extended Family
husband, wife, children, near relatives
William Ogburn
identified six primary functions: (1) reproduction; (2) socialization; (3) protection; (4) regulation of sexual behavior; (5) affection and companionship; (6) provision of social status.
Major symbols in US
ideological, advertising, status, practical
importance of cultural transmission
if a culture is not passed on it will die out
Role Modeling
imitation of the behavior of an admired other.
Public Realm Interaction
in main public places there us a good deal of "sharing common values" and "cooperating for a common purpose" Persons in public urban spaces appear to pay careful attention to others. we want social approval. We take others into account in producing our own behaviors. These are taken for granted: Cooperative motility Civil inattention Audience role performance Restrained helpfulness Civility toward diversity.
Stratified Society
in which there is an unequal distribution of society's rewards and in which people are arranged hierarchically into layers according to how much of society's rewards they possess.
Disaster Behavior (characteristics)
increased structure NOT chaos, decision making more centralized
Peer Groups
individuals with similar age and social characteristics
Mass Media
instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending / receiving information, most time spent in a day 2nd only to sleeping, children will see approximately 300,000 acts of violence by the time they are 18
Manifest Function
intended & recognized consequence of some element of society
manifest function
intended and recognized consequence of some elements of society
manifest function
intended consequence of some element in society
case study
intensive analysis of a person, group, event, or problem
Symbolic Interaction
interactionist perspective - meaningful objects
Length of time for most in poverty
less than a year
Bilateral Descent
kinship traced through both parents - property can be inherited from both sides of the family
Anomie
lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
language proceeds thoughts, the language that you learn helps you visualize, learn your world (reality)
Government enforces a norm
law
Legal Protection
legal steps to protect rights of minority groups
Institutionalized Means
legitimate ways of achieving success
Class refers to
levels of wealth, influence and status.
Poverty Effects
life chances and patterns of behavior
Patrilocality
live near or with the man's side of the family (most common)
Matrilocality
live near or with the woman's side of the family
Social Movement
long term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change
microsociology
looking at a small group setting and the everyday face to face interactions among group members
socialogical perspective
looking beyond the commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions
Representative Sample
looking for people that are typical of the population of the group to be studied
Microsociology
looks at small-scale social, face-to-face interactions.
Means of Production
materials and methods used to produce goods and services
To determine the poverty line
low cost food budget times by 3
Subjugation
maintaining control over another group through force; slavery
Homo faber
man the maker
Emotion work
management of feelings.The individual often works on inducing or inhibiting feelings so as to render them "appropriate" to a situation. g.e. target employees
Exogamy
marriage outside of certain group; not allowed under Caste system marriage outside of your 'group'
Polygamy
marriage with multiple partners, expectation is that you can support all of your spouses - even when legal it is not practiced that much since the cost is prohibitive
Endogamy
marriage within certain caste/group marriage within your 'group'
Cultural Lag
material culture changes faster than nonmaterial culture
Death Rate
number of deaths per 1,000 members of the population
Percentage
number of parts per hundred
Preindustrial Society
one that directly uses, modifies, and/or tills the land as a major means of survival.
Polyandry
one woman marries several men (more in Asia than anywhere else)
Monogamy (Serial)
one man and one woman, viewed throughout time as the preferred relationship (one at a time)
Polygyny
one man marries several women
American/French Revolution
one of the reasons that people realized that groups needed to be studied
Nuclear Family
one or both parents and their children - most common family form recognized by Americans, maybe family of orientation & family of procreation
Sanctions
penalties for norm violations as well as approval or disapproval for norm adherance
Meritocracy
people achieve social class based on their achievement, not by birth or parental background. US is meritocracy, continuous social mobility, based on ability not on background. USA. Great upward and downward.
Resource Mobilization Theory
people join groups because it helps them and they hope to mobilize to gather resources
Mechanical Solidarity
people share common tasks and therefore are united in a common whole; Preindustrial; Gemeinschaft (Community)
race
people sharing certain inherited physical characteristics that are considered important within a society
underclass
people typically unemployed who come from families that have been poor for generations
Age cohorts are
people who share the common characteristic of age.
City
permanent concentration of a relatively large number of people who engage in non-farming activities
Material Culture
physical objects that people create
Urban Sprawl
poorly planned development on the edge of cities and towns - consume large amounts of land
World System Theory
posited that as societies industrialized, capitalism became the dominant economic system, leading to the globalization of capitalism
Divine Right of Kings
posited that the authority of nobility comes directly from God.
Status
position in society
hypothesis
predicts the relationship between 2 or more variables
Bias is a
preference for one thing over another.
Education
preparation for adult life by teaching them societal values and encouraging social integration.
Social construction of gender
recognizes that society creates gender roles, which are prescribed to us as ideal behavior. -----idea that pink is for girls and blue is for boys ---refers to the view that race and gender are not real
Ethnicities
refer to ethnic groups.
Affinal relationships
refer to relationships established through marriage.
Total fertility rates
refer to the average number of children born to a woman if she were to survive to the end of her fertility life cycle and experience the average fertility rates.
Sexual identity
refers specifically to your own conception of yourself as a sexual person.
Mass hysteria
refers to a collective delusion, which spreads panic.
Deviance
refers to a failure to conform to social norms.
Bureaucracy
refers to a hierarchical organization with written rules, and organizational rules determining promotion rather than individuals.
Absolute poverty
refers to a lack of basic necessities. -----Which term describes the experience of not having access to safe drinking water and a home
Back-stage
safe haven when you can let guard down. where you can prepare for your role, the front-stage performance ,e.g. when working at a restaurant, you can hide away in the kitchen and bitch about awful customers.
How do we get people to follow norms
sanctions, formal sanctions, informal sanctions, positive sanctions, negative sanctions
Caste System
scarce resources and rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed statuses; a newborn child's lifelong status or caste is determined by the status of parents
Conflict theory
sees conflict for resources at the heart of everything. ---- terms refers to the view that competition is at the heart of all social relationships
Subculture
segments that differ it from the broader culture
Segregation
separation of minority group from dominant group; *De jure Segregation---based on laws *De facto Segregation---based on informal norms
Ethnicity
set of CULTURAL characteristics that distinguishes one group from another, generally based on national origin, religion, language, customs and values
Agricultural Society
tended crops with an animal harnessed to a plow.
Ethnocentrism
tendency to evaluate one's own culture as superior to others
The ego is a psychology
term referring to an aspect of personality.
Object Permanence
the ability to recognize that an object can exist even when its no longer in their field of vision.
Conservation
the ability to recognize the measurable features of objects (i.e. length, volume, etc.) can be the same even when objects appear different.
Sexism
the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the others
Population
the number of people living in a particular area at a particular time
Social Organization
the order established in social groups.
Family of Orientation
the people that are around you - family you are born to or adopted by
Social Status
the position we occupy in a particular setting
hidden unemployment
unemployment that includes people not counted in the traditional unemployment categories
Social Inequality
unequal sharing of scarce resources
institutionalized discrimination
unfair practices that grow out of common behaviors and attitudes and that are a part of the structure of a society
Latent Function
unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element in society
latent function
unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element in society
latent function
unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society
Organic Solidarity
unity based on role differentiation, not similarity.
Mechanical Solidarity
unity based on similarity, not difference, of roles.
Prejudice
unsupported generalization about a category of people based on ATTITUDES and stereotypes
class system
upper class, middle and lower. It allows a degree of social mobility. Allowing them to go them up or down to a social mobility. example: EDUCATION
Public Opinion and Propaganda
used to sway people's beliefs about a topic or person
Dependent Variables
variable that is changed by the independent variable
Sign vehicles
various mechanisms we use to present ourselves to others, such as appearance, manner, setting.
Functionalist Perspective
view society as a set of interdependent parts that work together to produce a stable social system; society is held together by consensus (COMTE, SPENCER, DURKHEIM)
Cultural Relativism
viewing behavior via your own cultural beliefs (Verstehen), judge the cultural beliefs by the standards of that culture
feminist perspective
viewing society as "a sex/gender system in which men dominate women, and that which is considered masculine is more highly valued than that which is considered feminine"
functionalist perspective
viewing society as a set of parts that work together
Sociological Facts
ways of acting, thinking, and feeling, external to the individual, and endowed with a power of coercion, by reason of which they control him.
Dimensions of Social Stratification
wealth (total assets), power (ability to control others), prestige (recognition given by others)
Three variables in determining social class according to Max Weber
wealth, power, prestige
Operational definition
what do you hope to investigate? Abstract concept but specific enough to be measurable
Consequences
what has happened because of the change - the result of the change
Intersections of race
with ethnicity refers to intersectionality, which looks at the systems of oppression and domination in overlapping marginalized identities. A black feminist is acknowledging her lack of privilege in both identities of being female and being black. ---refers to the fact that conception of a group as a race exists only with collective acceptance, imposition, or agreement
Cooperation
working together to achieve a desired goal
C. Wright Mills
wrote Sociological Imagination - connection between the larger world and you
Horatio Alger
wrote books in the 1800s that centered around the rags-to-riches exploits of fictional boy heroes.