SOCL 2001 Midterm

The belief that all Irish are drunks is an example of

prejudice

What would a sociologist call the belief that members of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group?

prejudice

Children raised with minimal or no human interaction are referred to as

feral children

University leaders ignore rumors and complaints about the football coach sexually abusing students in order to uphold the reputation of the university's award-winning football program. This action to preserve public image over protecting the safety of students is a result of

groupthink

________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.

Conflict theory

________ is/are the tastes, habits, and expectations that children "inherit" or learn from their parents, which help them achieve material success in life

Cultural capital

T or F: Both sides are entirely wrong in the nature vs. nurture debate

False

T or F: Only an authoritative body or formal institution can impose negative sanctions.

False

T or F: Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.

False

T or F: Sociologists would disagree that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us.

False

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences

How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination?

Institutional discrimination is more systemic and widespread.

What is one of the basic principles of social stratification?

It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.

What is something that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis would propose?

Language can structure our perception of reality.

What term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

McDonaldization

In the 1900s, there was a strong prejudice against Irish immigrants and their descendants. What does this tell you about the history of the Irish in the United States?

The Irish were once considered to be a separate race

What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class black man is sentenced to jail for committing?

The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly than others.

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?

There will always be new situations and roles to learn

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?

They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.

________ proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals with stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime.

Travis Hirschi

T or F: Examples of caste systems can be found in both South Africa's apartheid and in the United States as a result of Jim Crow laws.

True

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

a woman learning basic living skills after a car accident

Signs are symbols that stand for or convey

an idea

How should all left-handed people in the United States be classified?

as a category

What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group?

assimilation

Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way in which such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior?

differential association

What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance?

dramaturgy

What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?

expressive

What is the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership?

homogamy

In Los Angeles, you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever's playing USC." What is this an example of?

hostility toward an out-group

"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in

interactions with other people

The exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group's political borders is called

internal colonialism

The definition of "culture"

is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world

Which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of accomplishment and skill?

meritocracy

Which term describes the slights, insults, and misperceptions directed at members of a minority group that play out in everyday interactions?

microaggressions

Which term refers to romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races?

miscegenation

Role conflict can occurs when a person has

multiple roles that have expectations that are in conflict with each other

In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until the ________ century.

nineteenth

In the novel The Human Stain by Philip Roth, a professor at a college in the Northeast is forced into early retirement after he is accused of racism. The charge turns out to be ironic when the reader learns that the professor has a secret. The professor was born to African American parents and has been covering up his heritage and living as a white man his whole adult life. Of what is this an example?

passing

The issue associated with race and ethnicity that Chris Rock's "driving while black" selfies represent is

racial profiling

What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed?

real culture

People attend high school class reunions and often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a ________ group.

reference

What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?

reference groups

What is it called when members of the dominant group—whites, in the case of race—believe they are discriminated against because of their race?

reverse racism

A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time.

set of mores; law

Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?

shared values

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a

subculture

In most cases, a result of the socialization process at home is

teaching culture

Sociologists define the self as

the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people

Some people worry about maintaining a tan. If they do not have the time to tan naturally, they sometimes go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. This might seem bizarre in some cultures, which can help us realize that

the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place.

Charismatic authority is unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority in that it is rooted in

the personal qualities of a leader.

What sort of social mobility often results from losing a job?

vertical

The current demographics of California challenge the way the term "minority" has been used in the past because

whites are now less than half of the population of California

________ is the term in sociology for signs people make with their bodies.

Gestures

Examples of material culture are __________and ___________.

Gym shorts; iPhone 12 Pro Max

What are people a part of if they associate with each other on a regular basis because they enjoy spending time together?

a primary group

A football coach threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder. What kind of power is the football coach wielding?

coercive power

What has most of the sociological literature on deviance traditionally focused on?

crime

What is it called when members of a minority group adopt the cultural practices of the dominant group?

cultural assimilation

What is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values without reference to any other culture's standards?

cultural relativism

Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness.

departure from the norm

Imprisonment was a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century because earlier societies

did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons.

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

the power of peer pressure

________ is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit.

Meritocracy

Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume interaction involves copresence?

New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place

________ are characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships.

Primary groups

African American and Hispanic communities are much more likely to be located near toxic waste dumps than white communities. What does this tell you about race in America?

Race can have an effect on health.

________ argued that the personality passes through four distinct psychosexual stages of development.

Sigmund Freud

According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter MOST in a capitalist system are

economic relations

What is it called when an individual uses applies moral value to the way that a different group does things?

ethnocentrism

A young girl from a poor family is sent to live with wealthy distant relatives. Her relatives expect her to take care of the household, cooking and cleaning instead of going to school. They do not pay her and threaten her when she attempts to return home. Her situation is an example of

modern slavery

A woman is hired at a restaurant. She is given strict instructions on her first day to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's

personal front

In the early nineteenth century, Native Americans survived clashes with the U.S. Army, but were forcibly removed to reservations. This is an example of

population transfer

According to the text, which of the following has the effect of making poverty socially "invisible"?

the use of law enforcement to move the homeless away from visible locations

W. I. Thomas famously argued that "if men define situations as real,

they are real in their consequences."